Start-stop System Research Articles

Improvement of economic and ecological characteristics of a car with a Start-Stop system

This work analyses the existing Start-Stop systems. The proposed improvements to the Start-Stop system allow increasing its efficiency. Its feature is a second generator, and, thanks to it, the increased time and power of recuperative braking; besides, the engine can be stopped in a vehicle that is running by inertia or downward; at a certain speed of the car the engine is started without a starter; the energy of recuperative braking is used for electrical heating of the coolant. The paper presents a kinematic diagram of the transmission of a car with an improved Start-Stop system. A poly-V-belt drive has been chosen as a drive of the second generator. Experimental studies of the engine start in various modes have been carried out, the graphs of the dependence of the vehicle speed on the time are presented.

Determining the environmental indicators for vehicles of different categories in relation to CO2 emission based on road tests

The article discusses the possibility of determining the environmental indicators for vehicles of different categories in relation to CO2 emissions. These are called toxicity indicators because they concern the compounds: CO, THC and NOx. Three Euro V compliant vehicles with different propulsion systems types were used for the study: a 0.9 dm3 urban passenger car with a SI engine and a start-stop system, a 2.5 dm3 off-road vehicle with a CI engine, and a city bus with a hybrid drive system in series configuration and a CI engine with a displacement of 6.7 dm3. Measurements were made in actual operating conditions in the Poznan agglomeration using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The paper presents the characteristics of the operating time shares of vehicles and propulsion systems as well as CO2 emissions depending on the engine load and crankshaft rotational speed for individual vehicles. The determined toxicity indicators allowed to indicate their usefulness, to make comparisons between tested vehicles, and to identify directions for further work on the application and interpretation of these indicators.

Damage Prediction for the Starter Motor of the Idling Start-Stop System Based on the Thermal Field

Damage Prediction for the Starter Motor of the Idling Start-Stop System Based on the Thermal Field

Motorcycle Start-stop System based on Intelligent Biometric Voice Recognition

Current mechanical key in the motorcycle is prone to bulgary, being stolen or misplaced. Intelligent biometric voice recognition as means to replace this mechanism is proposed as an alternative. The proposed system will decide whether the voice is belong to the user or not and the word utter by the user is ‘On’ or ‘Off’. The decision voice will be sent to Arduino in order to start or stop the engine. The recorded voice is processed in order to get some features which later be used as input to the proposed system. The Mel-Frequency Ceptral Coefficient (MFCC) is adopted as a feature extraction technique. The extracted feature is the used as input to the SVM-based identifier. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed intelligent voice recognition and word recognition system. It show that the proposed method produces a good training and testing accuracy, 99.31% and 99.43%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed system shows the performance of false rejection rate (FRR) and false acceptance rate (FAR) accuracy of 0.18% and 17.58%, respectively. In the intelligent word recognition shows that the training and testing accuracy are 100% and 96.3%, respectively.

城市道路工况下改进的发动机起停节油控制策略

随着车辆油耗限值标准越来越严格，为了降低燃油消耗率、满足标准，很多车辆装有怠速起停系统。但实际城市运行工况下的分析表明，在早晚高峰时期车辆频繁地短时怠速停车，导致起停系统频繁起停，这不仅会影响驾驶舒适性更不能实现起停系统应有的节油效果。因此对实际工况的行驶情况进行分析，找到早晚高峰等频繁短时怠速停车的工况特点，提出了改进的起停控制策略。改进方法先根据工况的特点判断工况类别，再判断是否需要关闭发动机。所提出的改进的控制策略，能够有效地减少起停系统在早晚高峰时段的频繁起停，提升起停系统的节油效果。实际行驶工况的节油分析表明改进后的起停系统确实能够实现更好的节油效果。 With the vehicle fuel consumption limits becoming more and more strict, many vehicles are equipped with an idle start-stop system to reduce fuel consumption and meet standards. However, analysis of real urban running conditions shows that, vehicle frequently stop during early morning peak and evening peak hours and frequently start and stop engine, what resulting in not only bad driving comfort but also a loss of fuel economy. Therefore, according to the analysis of real urban driving cycle, the improved start-stop control strategy, which determines to shut down the engine or not based on cycle type determination, is proposed. The proposed improved start-stop control strategy could decrease frequent start-stop and achieve better fuel economy. Fuel saving analysis of the real urban driving condition showed that improved start-stop strategy can get better fuel economy.

The optimization of on-board H2 generator control strategy and fuel consumption of an engine under the NEDC condition with start-stop system and H2 start

The addition of hydrogen has been proven to be an effective way for improving the engine efficiency and lowering carbon-related emissions. However, difficulties in the hydrogen onboard storage and production are barriers for its practical applications in the automobiles. This paper first conducted a series of experiments to optimize the control strategy of the on-board hydrogen generator and then proposed a start-stop system and pure hydrogen start strategy for the engine to improve overall fuel economy. Bench tests for optimizing the control strategy of on-board hydrogen generator was conducted on a four-cylinder gasoline engine equipped with an electronically controlled hydrogen port-injection system at engine speeds of 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2600 rpm, respectively. For a given engine speed, the intake manifolds absolute pressure (MAP) was increased from 25 to 100 kPa. The test results showed that the production of hydrogen could be started when the engine speed was greater than 1300 rpm and MAP was higher than 48 kPa to gain better fuel economy. A simulation model was built based on AVL CRUISE code to investigate the overall fuel consumption of vehicle equipped with on-board hydrogen generator and adopted the start-stop system-and-hydrogen start strategy under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). The numerical results demonstrated that the adoption of start-stop system could reduce the fuel consumption by 5.09% when the hydrogen generator was continuously worked within the whole NEDC. By further adopting the optimal working range acquired from this test, the vehicle fuel consumption could be reduced by 8.43%.

Direct start of a gasoline direct-injection engine without a starter

When start–stop system technology is employed, the direct-start method without requiring a starter is considered to be a viable and low-cost solution for a gasoline direct-injection engine in a good thermal state to guarantee that the engine starts frequently and quickly. In this experimental work, the effects of the initial start conditions on successful realization of the direct-start method were investigated by using a four-cylinder gasoline direct-injection engine without considering the effect of the residual gas. Moreover, the changes in the combustion pressure and the rotational speed of the engine with different control parameters of the cylinders which were stopped on the compression and expansion strokes were examined, and the reliability and the stability of the direct-start method were analysed. Some control parameters have significant influences on the combustion pressure and the rotational characteristics of the crankshaft. The initial position of the piston stopped on the compression stroke and located between 60° crank angle before top dead centre and 70° crank angle before top dead centre is optimal to the direct-start method. The raised fuel pressure is beneficial for accomplishing a direct start, resulting in a lower fuel consumption and a shorter response time during the start. When the initial position of the piston is between 50° crank angle before top dead centre and 85° crank angle before top dead centre, the direct start method can still be realized successfully at an injection pressure of 0.5–2.3 MPa. From 50 tests, it was demonstrated that the direct-start method has a better reliability and a better stability at the initial piston position of 50°–85° crank angle before top dead centre, which acquired a nearly 100% probability that the gasoline direct-injection engine is successfully started with a variation in the rotational speed of less than 7%. The engine can almost reach the idle speed after the initial five working cycles. In comparison with the conventional start mode with a starter, the direct-start mode also has a better start response.

Experimental Analysis of Microstructured Steel Surfaces for Wet Tribological Applications in the Low Velocity Regime

The surface topography plays an important role in the design of a function-optimised surface. Therefore, the influence of topography with microsized structures produced by laser surface texturing (LST) is experimentally examined under lubricated sliding conditions. The structured specimens were made of AISI 51200 (DIN 100Cr6) hardened to about 800 HV. Concerning the requirements of tribological testing without any debris caused by the preprocessing, the structuring was carried out using a picosecond laser system (Trumpf TruMicro) with 6 ps pulse duration. A laboratory pin-on-disc tribometer (Plint TE-92 HS) was used for the tests, which were run under wet conditions with counterbodies made of bronze and steel at a nominal contact pressure of up to 4 MPa and sliding speeds between 0.04 and 2.0 m/s. Furthermore, start-stop cycles with accelerating and decelerating shares were used to simulate an automotive start-stop system. In the tribological experiments, a significant reduction of the friction coefficient was observed compared to sliding pairs without microstructured pin surfaces. Whereas no measureable wear occurred on the steel pins and discs, the bronze discs showed a significant amount of wear and the microstructures on the pin surfaces mated against bronze discs were almost completely filled with wear debris.

Experimental investigation of the evaporation characteristics of the fuel in a direct-injection spark ignition engine subjected to a direct-start process

Because stopping an engine in the idling state and quickly restarting the engine can improve the engine’s fuel consumption, this paper studied the direct start of a direct-injection spark ignition engine that does not require a larger electrical starter for the conventional start–stop system. The formation of the fuel–air mixture before the first combustion determines the success of the direct start because the explosion energy acquired from first combustion to move the crankshaft is relatively small. The purpose of this study is to explore the evaporation characteristics of the gasoline in a spray chamber that was designed to simulate the cylinder of a direct-injection spark ignition engine. Fundamental studies were conducted to investigate the evaporation process under direct-start conditions. A numerical study was also conducted using evaporation and wall interaction models. The measurements obtained using a fast-response flame ionization detector hydrocarbon detection system (HFR500) indicated that the evaporation ratio of the gasoline spray increased with increasing temperature and achieved an upper limit of 90% at an ambient temperature of 140 °C. The lower limit of the equivalence ratio for a successful direct start should be 1.4–1.7 when the temperature is less than 100 °C. Suitable ignition timing of the first combustion should be 25 ms after the start of injection. Methanol–gasoline and ethanol–gasoline were tested in this study, and a poor evaporation performance was observed owing to the higher evaporation heat values of these fuels. Consequently, gasoline is preferable to oxygenated fuels for the direct start of direct-injection spark ignition engines.

Carbon Dioxide Potential Reduction Using Start-Stop System in a Car

Operating fuel consumption increases significantly when the vehicle stops frequently while driving or when the engine is idling during braking. In such cases, the internal combustion engine consumes the fuel but the mechanical energy is not used by the drive system. The amount of fuel that is consumed in this time by the engine can potentially be saved if the car is equipped with a Stop-Start system. Start-Stop system automatically shuts down and restarts the internal combustion engine due to strategy used by controller reducing this way toxic compounds emissions in exhaust gasses and the fuel consumption, which is directly connected to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The paper presents an analysis of the potential reduction in CO2emissions for selected vehicles with Start-Stop system during operation in selected urban agglomeration using different strategies to control this system. The study was carried out using numerical models of propulsion systems. The results were compared with the statistical data derived from regular use of vehicles equipped with such a system.

The On-Road Exhaust Emissions from Vehicles Fitted with the Start-Stop System

The paper describes the influence of the start-stop system on the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. The tests were performed for two vehicles. The first one was a vehicle designed specifically to operate in city conditions. It was fitted with a gasoline engine of the displacement of 0.9 dm3 and maximum power output of 63.7 kW. The other vehicle was an SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle) fitted with a diesel engine of the displacement of 3.0 dm3. The measurements of the exhaust emission were carried out on the same route under actual traffic conditions. For the tests a portable exhaust emissions analyzer from the PEMS group SEMTECH DS was used (PEMS Portable Emissions Measurement System).

OBD-II 인터페이스를 이용한 차량용 스마트키 시스템에서의 공회전 방지 알고리즘의 구현

자동차에 환경 관련 규제가 강화되고 있으나 대체 에너지 개발 이전에 에너지 절감 기술에 대한 필요성이 대두되어 차량의 공회전 상태 시 엔진 구동을 정지시키는 공회전 방지 시스템에 대한 연구가 자동차 제조사 중심으로 연구되어 왔다. 이와 함께 관심도가 높은 차량용 스마트키 시스템에 공회전 방지 시스템을 융합하여 소비자의 구매 욕구를 높임과 동시에 편의성에 대한 장점을 높이고 에너지도 절약하여 친환경적인 공회전 방지 시스템을 보급하기 위한 움직임도 보이고 있다. 본 논문에서는 하나의 전자제어장치에서 두 개의 상이한 시스템을 제어해 친환경적인 공회전 방지 기능과 지능적인 스마트키 기능을 동시에 사용할 수 있는 OBD-II 인터페이스를 이용한 사후 시장용 스마트키 시스템에서의 공회전 방지 알고리즘을 구현하였다. 구현된 공회전 방지 알고리즘은 차량과의 통신 인터페이스를 표준화함으로써 다양한 차종에 대해 시스템을 실제 차량에 장착하는 시간을 단축하였고, 차량 상태 요청신호에 대한 표준 응답 제한시간을 만족함으로써 시스템 제어 시 통신 응답 지연 시간으로 인한 장애가 발생하지 않음을 확인하였다. Along with the strengthening vehicle environmental regulations and the growing needs for the energy consumption reduction technology, the researches on the engine idle stop system, have been briskly carried out around the automobile manufacturers before the development of alternative energy. Furthermore, there is a movement to disseminate the environment friendly idle stop system by combining the system to the generalized smart key system to not only increase purchasing but also provide the convenience and save the energy as well. In this paper, we designed and implemented the idle stop system algorithm for the aftermarket smart key system with the OBD-II interface. The implemented start stop system is capable of controlling two independent systems, the smart key system and intelligent idle stop system, on a single ECU. In addition, the implemented start stop system standardizes the communication interface with the vehicles to reduce the time required for installing the start stop system to the various vehicles, and satisfies every standard response time limit for the vehicle status request signals.

The implementation of start stop system with the OBD-II interface in the automotive smart key system

Along with the growing needs for the low energy consumption technology and the strengthening vehicle environmental regulations, the researches on the start stop system, which stops the engine on idle, have been briskly carried out around the automobile makers before the appearance of the alternative energy. In addition, the automobile makers are trying to popularize the start stop system by combining the system to the generalized smart key system to not only arouse purchasing but also provide the convenience and reduce the energy consumption as well. In this paper, we designed and implemented the start stop system algorithm for the aftermarket smart key system which uses the OBD-II interface. The implemented start stop system is capable of controlling two independent systems, both an eco-friendly start stop system and a convenient smart key system, on a single ECU. Furthermore, the implemented start sop system standardizes the interface with the vehicles to reduce the time required for installing the start stop system to the various vehicles, and satisfies every standard response time limit for the vehicle status request signals.

The Analysis of the Emission from SUV Vehicle Fitted with Ci Engine and Start-Stop System / Analiza Emisyjności Pojazdu Kategorii Suv Z Silnikiem Zs Wyposażonego W System Start-Stop

Abstract The article presents the results of emission test Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) with diesel engine, equipped with start-stop system. Measurements was carried out in on-road conditions in urban traffic. Article presents a method of work implemented start-stop system, and the characteristics of the implemented battery Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM). Analysis of the results allowed to indicate the effectiveness of the system and its impact on emission per second. In addition was determined road emission and fuel consumption from performed test. For measurement was used mobile gas analyser SEMTECH DS included in Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS)

Effects of Thermal Loading Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of S45C/Cu/Si3N4 Composites

The effects of thermal loading conditions on the mechanical properties of S45C/Cu/Si3N4 composites with brazing filler metals of AgCu and AgCuTi are described. Thermal loading tests were conducted on test samples under various heat conditions, after which the joint parts of the samples were observed with a focus on the Cu interlayers using an optical microscope. Four-point bending tests were conducted on the samples to evaluate the residual strength and stress strain characteristics of the samples. In addition, fracture surfaces and the origins of the fractures were observed using an optical microscope. The results showed that thermal loading of the S45C/Cu/Si3N4 composites caused fatigue damage to the Cu interlayers and its amount increased with increases in the cycle number and temperature range of thermal loading. In the case of relatively-mild thermal loading conditions, fracture initiation regions were observed at the Cu/Si3N4 boundary. In contrast, fracture initiation regions were observed in the Cu interlayer for the samples subjected to relatively-extreme thermal loading conditions. The increases in the cycle number and temperature range of thermal loading promoted reductions of residual strength, resilient modulus and residual fracture ductility for the samples. The reductions of the mechanical properties of the S45C/Cu/Si3N4 composites were affected by the fatigue damage of the Cu interlayers. It was concluded that continuous operation (no start-stop system) is suitable for long-term use of ceramic/metal composites including interlayers in order to minimize reduction of their mechanical strength.

On-Road Exhaust Emissions from Passenger Cars Fitted with a Start-Stop System

On-Road Exhaust Emissions from Passenger Cars Fitted with a Start-Stop System

Noise immunity of synchrosignal reception in a start-stop communications system

An option of start-stop communications frequency-modulation system with orthogonal signals and the separate transfer of the synchrosignal and message has been considered. It was shown that optimal results during the synchrosignal reception could be achieved at the quadrature detection of its elements in channels of the frequency detector.

The analysis of a possibility of construction of a START–STOP system based on an elastic type mechanical starter-accumulator

The paper presents research results of a combustion engine ignition start-up process for a city car with the use of a conventional electric starter-motor and with the use of rubber elastic components. The objective of the research work was to compare the ignition dynamics of both concepts and determine the necessary parameters for the rubber elastic components. The results of the performed research contain the course of torque; the energy and power needed for the ignition are shown on the diagrams. A comparison of these two systems shows that the use of the system with the elastic components having reasonable weight is sufficient enough for a reliable ignition and its mechanical parameters are similar to or even better than the electric starter-motor ignition. Positive results became the basis for the initiation of design works on a concept of a new mechanical START-STOP- system. The preliminary assumption as well as the concept of an integrated mechanical device that combines both the engine starter and the energy accumulator have been presented. The last paragraph describes possible advantages of the new START-STOP system, among which the most important are high energy and cost efficiency as well as its simplicity.

A fast scanner for fluorescence microscopy using a 2-D CCD and time delayed integration

We have developed an imaging system for high speed image acquisition in fluorescence microscopy. The use of a two- dimensional CCD array in a special operation mode called TDI (Time Delayed Integration) permits a significant increase in photon integration time compared to 1D scanners (higher signal-to-noise ratio) without compromising the total data throughput rate. Instead of a start–stop system we use continuous stage motion in the CCDs parallel shift direction. Synchronizing the parallel clock and the stage velocity guarantees a one-to-one relationship between a moving cell and its image onto the CCD. Compared to start-stop system, TDI scanning offers a speed improvement, negligible blurring in the scanning direction and a complete suppression of pixel variability boosting the SNR more than 10 dB.

Start-Stop Data Transmission Without the Stop Element

The existing start-stop telegraph system as used in the telex service allows for the transmission of 400 telegraph characters per minute when the CCIT recommended speed of 50 bauds is used. The signals comprise a start element and 5 information elements, each of unit length (20 msec), and a stop element with a duration of I 1/2 units, so that a telegraph signal of this type has a duration of 150 msec. This system allows for the transmission of 52 different letters and figures and six functionals, two of which are used for the change from letter shift to figure shift and vise versa. In this paper it is shown that it is possible to omit the stop element in a start-stop transmission of telegraph signals. This increases the telegraph speed from 400 characters per minute to 500 characters per minute. When special means are used and when it is possible to limit the the system to the transmission of numerical information, only a start element and four information elements are required. The telegraph speed will increase in that case to 600 characters per minute. This gain in speed may be exchanged for a parity check on the correct transmission. Various possibilities and their consequences are discussed in this paper.