Starch Production Research Articles

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme non-reducing end α-l-arabinofuranosidase from the genetically modified Trichoderma reesei strain NZYM-GV.

The food enzyme non‐reducing end α‐l‐arabinofuranosidase (α‐l‐arabinofuranoside non‐reducing end α‐l‐arabinofuranosidase; EC 3.2.1.55) is produced with the genetically modified Trichoderma reesei strain NZYM‐GV by Novozymes A/S. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in grain treatment for the production of starch and gluten fractions. Since residual amounts of total organic solids (TOS) are removed by washing and purification steps applied during grain treatment, the estimation of a dietary exposure is considered not necessary. Genotoxicity tests did not indicate a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 1,116 mg TOS/kg body weight per day, the highest dose tested. Similarity of the amino acid sequence to those of known allergens was searched and no match was found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood for this to occur is considered to be low. Based on the data provided and the removal of TOS during the grain treatment, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Environmental Impact Evaluation for Heterogeneously Catalysed Starch Oxidation.

Oxidised starch is currently produced from native starch using sodium hypochlorite as an oxidising agent. The use of hypochlorite has undesired side reactions and produces stoichiometric amounts of waste (salt), thus alternative oxidation methods are desired. In this study, the potential of two catalysed starch oxidation methods to reduce the environmental impact (EI) of oxidised starch production are assessed. We compared the EI of oxidation with molecular oxygen (heterogeneously catalysed) and hydrogen peroxide (homogeneously catalysed) to hypochlorite oxidation through life cycle assessment (LCA). The results confirm that hypochlorite oxidation is the main environmental hotspot in the current process of oxidised starch production, and that both hydroperoxide oxidation and molecular oxygen oxidation can significantly lower the EI of the process. The impact reduction is most significant in the categories of freshwater eutrophication (∼67 %), ozone depletion (∼66 %), climate change (35–60 %) and resource use (40 %–78 %) for peroxide and molecular oxygen oxidation, respectively.

PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF PULLULANASE FROM BACILLUS CLAUSII FOR ENHANCED RESISTANT STARCH PRODUCTION IN GARRI

Resistant starch is the portion of starch which escapes digestion in the small intestine and passes into the large intestine where it is fermented by gut microflora. It is considered a functional component of food due to the health benefits it confers following its consumption. The aim of this research was to produce garri with high resistant starch using pullulanase enzyme from Bacillus clausii. The organism was isolated from different cassava processing sites in Awka and identified based on phenotypic, biochemical and molecular characteristics. Pullulanase assay was carried out using standard procedures at 540 nm. Optimum conditions for pullulanase production was determined, after which the pullulalanse enzyme was used to modify garri. The test organism with the highest pullulanase activity was identified as Bacillus clausii. Optimum pullulalanse activity was observed with an innoculum size of 3.0ml, pH 6, an incubation temperature of 35o C and incubation time of 48 hours. The resistant starch content was found to be higher for enzyme-treated garri samples (13.81%) than for the untreated garri samples with (2.69%). This research shows that pullulanase enzyme from Bacillus clausii is a very useful industrial raw material for the increased production of resistant starch in foods.

Morphology and Starch Production Potential of Sago Palm Found in Village Haripau, East Mimika Subdistrict, Mimika, Papua Province, Indonesia

Papua, Indonesia is the largest sago palm (Metroxylon spp) distribution area in the world. Most (85%) of the total sago area in the world is in Indonesia, and 95% of the sago area in Indonesia is in Papua and West Papua. Field observation of accessions of sago palm was conducted at the sago growing area at Hiripau village. The aim of the study was to determine the diversity of sago palm accessions from Hiripau village and compare their morphology and starch production. Based on interviews with the local farmers, the four accessions of sago palm that dominated the Hiripau area are Nakowai, Mapartaro, Tuhai, and Korearipi. These accessions vary in the spine characteristics, features of the trunk, leaf, pith, and starch production. Sago Mapartaro leaves are the largest (23.56 m2) and the leaflet areas are almost twice the size of the other accessions. Tuhai has the highest starch yield but it has high ash content resulting in low starch quality.

Genetic Perturbation of the Starch Biosynthesis in Maize Endosperm Reveals Sugar-Responsive Gene Networks.

In maize, starch mutants have facilitated characterization of key genes involved in endosperm starch biosynthesis such as large subunit of AGPase Shrunken2 (Sh2) and isoamylase type DBE Sugary1 (Su1). While many starch biosynthesis enzymes have been characterized, the mechanisms of certain genes (including Sugary enhancer1) are yet undefined, and very little is understood about the regulation of starch biosynthesis. As a model, we utilize commercially important sweet corn mutations, sh2 and su1, to genetically perturb starch production in the endosperm. To characterize the transcriptomic response to starch mutations and identify potential regulators of this pathway, differential expression and coexpression network analysis was performed on near-isogenic lines (NILs) (wildtype, sh2, and su1) in six genetic backgrounds. Lines were grown in field conditions and kernels were sampled in consecutive developmental stages (blister stage at 14 days after pollination (DAP), milk stage at 21 DAP, and dent stage at 28 DAP). Kernels were dissected to separate embryo and pericarp from the endosperm tissue and 3′ RNA-seq libraries were prepared. Mutation of the Su1 gene led to minimal changes in the endosperm transcriptome. Responses to loss of sh2 function include increased expression of sugar (SWEET) transporters and of genes for ABA signaling. Key regulators of starch biosynthesis and grain filling were identified. Notably, this includes Class II trehalose 6-phosphate synthases, Hexokinase1, and Apetala2 transcription factor-like (AP2/ERF) transcription factors. Additionally, our results provide insight into the mechanism of Sugary enhancer1, suggesting a potential role in regulating GA signaling via GRAS transcription factor Scarecrow-like1.

Physico-chemical properties of starch and starch products as an advantage of their use in food industry

Physico-chemical properties of starch and starch products as an advantage of their use in food industry

Results of competitive testing of potato varieties in the environmental conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

New breeding numbers of potatoes have been identified in terms of a set of indicators, yield, starch content, preservation, significantly superior to the zoned varieties in Eastern Siberia. New breeding numbers of potatoes for the breeding nursery and their further transfer to the State test are recommended. Based on the studies carried out on the assessment of samples in competitive variety testing carried out in 2019 - 2020, we came to the conclusion that the breeding work on the goals and objectives set for us was successfully completed. A new breeding material was obtained, surpassing the standard potato varieties used in the state variety testing in terms of yield and quality. According to the results of the variety study, the following samples are recommended for further propagation and transfer to the state variety testing: a - 134 as table, a - 326 for starch production, and - 635 for dietary nutrition.

Two Dietary Patterns From China Might Benefit Kidney Function, as Indicated by Latent Profile Analysis

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly influenced by diet. However, there is a lack of a special dietary pattern to promote kidney health; there might have been some dietary patterns that could be beneficial in preventing the decline of renal function. The aim of this study is to assess the latent friendly dietary patterns for the kidneys in the year with low incidence of CKD in China. In this cross-sectional survey (2009), 4,267 adults no less than 18years old without CKD, hypertension, diabetes, and so on were analyzed in the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Kidney function was reflected by 3 common indicators: uric acid, urea, and creatinine. Food intake was determined based on 3 consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls from the first day of midnight to the fourth day of midnight. Latent profile analysis was used to identify dietary patterns among participants. After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle characteristics, 2 dietary patterns (low animal and high plant diet and high cereal and vegetable diet) which were characterized as higher intake of plant derived food (cereals, tubers, legumes, fruits, and vegetables) from China might benefit kidney function. The median intake of foods in the first dietary pattern was cereals and cereal products 433.33g/day, tubers and starch products 150.00g/day, dried legumes and legume products 46.67g/day, vegetables and vegetable products 303.33g/day, meat and meat products 40.00g/day, and egg and egg products 20.00g/day. The median intake of foods in the second dietary pattern was cereals and cereal products 616.67g/day, dried legumes and legume products 38.33g/day, vegetables and vegetable products 700.00g/day, meat and meat products 66.67g/day, and egg and egg products 20.00g/day. It was shown that there were two dietary patterns in China might benefit kidney function. Future studies are needed to confirm these associations and design dietary patterns specifically to promote kidney health based on these characteristics.

Modeling temporal variations of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) storages across biomes

Recent findings on non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) highlight their importance for plant growth and survival. Process-based biogeochemical models (BGC) focusing on primary production hardly capture the lagged NSC-related effects on tree mortality and growth. This study modified BIOME-BGC by adding sugar and starch NSC pools to incorporate NSCs as a temporary carbon reservoir between production and growth. The modified BGC-NSCs were evaluated with field NSC and flux sites across different biomes. As a result, the BGC-NSCs simulated the daily variations in gross primary production (GPP), the monthly and interannual variations of starch with a mean R2 of 0.60, 0.55 and 0.62, respectively. The simulation demonstrates that the starch pool size regulates the coupling strength between production and growth, implicating the involvement of NSCs in tree growth and mortality lagging. Consequently, we proposed future modeling guidance for mapping and simulating NSC dynamics to analyze growth and die-back process under climate change.

Polysaccharides of nutritional interest in jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) during root development.

Jicama root applications have focused on their nutraceutical properties without clearly specifying which compounds are related to this effect. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify the changes in polysaccharides of nutraceutical interest in two commercial jicama roots (YS – Yellow Seed; PS – Purple Seed) during four stages of maturation, focusing on starch, fructooligosaccharides, and pectin (via galacturonic acid), and on their glycemic index, with the goal of determining, if possible, the best cost‐effectiveness between jicama growing stages and nutraceutical effect. Both materials (YS, PS) presented similar growth rates (0.069 and 0.072 cm/day) and final sizes (12.7 ± 1.25, 12.3 ± 1.63 cm). Changes in size were accompanied by changes in protein, fiber, ashes, lipids, and carbohydrates, after 106 or 127 days of growing. It was also found that fructose content was higher than glucose during the maturing stages, possibly because of the hydrolysis of fructooligosaccharides or sucrose for starch production. Concerning inulin, its levels decreased (<6.0%), after the first days (YS: 13.4% ± 0.7%; PS: 8.4% ± 0.2%, 106 days); however, during development, the presence of other fructooligosaccharides was observed (nystose‐YS 106 days 15.8% ± 0.9% and PS‐106 days 18.5% ± 0.1%), while galacturonic acid and native starch levels increased, which must be related to the jicama's low glycemic index found (<25%), and their nutraceutical properties. This work proves the presence of inulin in jicama roots by analytical methods, its dependence on root development and classifies jicama as a low glycemic index food, supporting its nutraceutical character.

Effect of Different Nitrogen Supply on Maize Emergence Dynamics, Evaluation of Yield Parameters of Different Hybrids in Long-Term Field Experiments

This paper aims to examine the effect of various nitrogen (N) supply treatments on the date of emergence of maize hybrids classified in different age groups. The study site was at the University of Debrecen’s Látókép Experiment Station in Hungary. The date of emergence of the tested maize hybrids was monitored under control (0 kg N ha−1), 120 kg ha−1 N + PK, and 300 kg ha−1 N + PK nutrient levels in a long-term field experiment. In 2020, maize hybrids (H1 = FAO 490; H2: FAO 420–440; H3 = FAO 420; H4 = 490; H5 = 320–340; H6 = FAO 350–370) growing under natural precipitation supply conditions without irrigation were included in the study. During the days of emergence, different moisture, protein, oil, starch, and yield production levels were observed, according to the variance analysis. In diverse maize hybrids, increasing or decreasing fertilizer treatment resulted in diverse productivity metrics. Regression analysis revealed that the day of emergence had a greater impact on protein, moisture, starch, and oil content than N fertilizer; however, yield production was influenced by N fertilization, rather than day of emergence. Regarding productivity parameters, this study suggests that H1 has the best productivity until the fourth day of emergence.

Influence of short chain fructo-oligosaccharide (SC-FOS) on the dough rheological, microstructural properties and, bread quality during storage

Objective of this study was to understand the impact of short chain fructo-oligosachharides (SC-FOS) on the dough rheological characteristics and bread quality. SC-FOS was used in place of sucrose and studied for dough rheology, bread making and sensory characteristics. Farinograph, extensograph, amylograph and rheometer were used to evaluate the rheological characteristics. The interaction of SC-FOS with starch was explored from a structural perspective, as well as how SC-FOS influences to keep the bread softer over a period of time. For mechanistic insight, FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), PXRD (Powder X-ray diffraction), and SEM (Scanning electron microscope) were used to investigate the structural changes. Starch crystallization through molecular and supramolecular reorganization primarily dictates the texture of bakery products, particularly the firmness of product like bread where moisture content is higher; SC-FOS can successfully slow down the crystallization of starch and yield softer product during a shelf life of 7 d. Bread with SC-FOS has shown better retention of water and modulating mobility of water. As a result, incorporating SC-FOS to bread has led to a positive outcome, with improved quality and an excellent sugar replacer.

Study on the Potential Use of Modified Tapioca Starch Sludge Waste for Volatile Fatty Acid Generation

Starch sludge (SS) is a bulky main waste from modified tapioca starch production, a high potential substrate for alternative volatile fatty acids (VFA) production. Because it has relatively high organic content in SS is easy and fast to convert into VFA. However, there are limitations when fed overloading rate to anaerobic digestion (AD) system affecting the VFA production yield and system performance. This research aims to study the effect of initial feeding concentrations of SS between 0.5 and 2.5 % total volatile solids (TVS) on the VFA production efficiency by applying a batch continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for digestion. The maximum VFA yield was 115 mg VFA/g TVS at a feeding rate of 2.0 % TVS of SS after 4 days of digestion. The digestion system could run under proper system performance and stability by showing higher pH. Besides, acetic acid was the predominant VFA intermediate indicating great effective digestion. Finally, the main bacteria in the inoculum were Arenimonas up to 33 % because it preferred to grow on glucose. And inoculum obtained from the beverage plant’s wastewater treatment system. These were so useful to select the inoculum for organic starch digestion.

Use of pullulanase as a biocatalyst for starch hydrolysis: Part 1. Study of the effect of pullulanase on maize amylopectin starch

The use of debranching enzymes in starch hydrolysis is a topical direction for obtaining new types of starch products with controlled properties and a potential for the further use. The aim of the work was to study an effect of pullulanase (EC3.2.1.41) on maize amylopectin starch in the native and gelatinized state. The objects of the research were maize amylopectin starch and enzyme preparation Promozyme D6 (Novozymes, Denmark). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the carbohydrate composition of hydrolysates. The mass fraction of reducing substances (RS) was determined by the Lane and Eynon method. A rotational viscometer was used to measure dynamic viscosity of the starch hydrolysis products. It was found that analyzed starch in the native state showed low enzymatic sensitivity to the action of pullulanase with insignificant changes in viscosity, solubility and iodine binding capacity of the samples. Pullulanase showed the highest effect on gelatinized starch during the first eight hours of incubation. After eight hours, the maximum degree of starch hydrolysis by pullulanase at a dose of 10 units/g dry matter (DM) was 4.7% on DM basis, iodine binding capacity of the hydrolysate was D600 = 0.343 (in the control experiment D600 = 0.154), and the viscosity of the hydrolysate decreased from 7887 mPa · s to 4.3 mPa · s. Hydrolysates cooled to 8 °C and held for 20 hours along with hydrolysates that were not cooled showed high susceptibility to attack by glucoamilase (97–98%) at 60 °C and 24 hours of saccharification, which suggested the absence of their resistance to the action of glucoamilase in the conditions of the experiment. The use of pullulanase in dextrinization of the analyzed starch, which was gelatinized and partly hydrolyzed by α-amylase (RS6.1%), enabled obtaining hydrolysates with the mass fraction of reducing substances in a range of 10–24% on DM basis with the process duration of 2 to 24 hours and the enzyme dose of 2–10 units, which contained mainly maltotriose, maltohexose and maltoheptose with their total amount of 45–60% on DM basis. The results indicate a need for further research of the biocatalytic action of pullulanase to develop new methods for enzymatic modification of starch.

Bioactive compounds of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) juice: from industry waste to food and medical applications

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), consumed daily by millions of people around the world, are one of the most important food crops. Potato juice (PJ) is a by-product of the starch production process and contains all the constituents of potato tubers except starch and fiber. A large volume of PJ is produced annually during the starch campaign. Currently, it can, at best, serve as a source of protein for animal nutrition. The proteins are isolated using an acidification and thermal treatment, and the remaining liquid fraction is generally considered a problematic waste. Literature reports indicate that PJ is a valuable raw material not only because of its high nutritional value but, above all, due to the biological activity that can facilitate the treatment of certain gastrointestinal tract diseases. Medicinal use of PJ in folk medicine dates back to the beginning of the 19th century when it was used to alleviate the symptoms of gastrointestinal tract dysfunctions. Currently, the compounds responsible for this activity have been identified, and their mechanism of action is known. Additionally, many more compounds were found in potato which are responsible for invoking various health-benefiting effects. This manuscript provides an overview of the data published on the production of potatoes and the accompanying PJ. First, the chemical characteristics of the protein and nonprotein fractions are described together with the conventional methods for the handling of this by-product. Second, novel technologies of PJ processing are presented with emphasis on the separation of protein and its hydrolysis, and various potential applications in food technology and biotechnology. Finally third, the medical potential of PJ is reviewed. This includes antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive activities of various constituents of the juice. The wide range of potential applications and a vast spectrum of beneficial properties make PJ a substance well worth the attention of researchers and industry.

Characterization of wheat lacking B-type starch granules

The physicochemical and agronomic properties of a new form of bread wheat lacking B-type starch granules (BlessT) were assessed. Three BlessT mutant lines made by combining homoeologous deletions of BGC1, a gene responsible for the control of B-granule content, were compared with two sibling lines with normal starch phenotype and the parent line, cv. Paragon. Quantification of starch granule size and number in developing grain confirmed the lack of small, B-type starch granules throughout development in BlessT. Most starch, flour, grain and loaf characteristics did not vary between BlessT and the wild type sibling controls. However, BlessT starches had higher water absorption, reduced grain hardness and higher protein content, and dough made from BlessT flour required more water and had increased elasticity. Despite the lack of B-granules, BlessT lines do not display a significant decrease in total starch content suggesting that it should be possible to produce commercial wheat varieties that lack B-type starch granules without compromising yield. These findings support the potential utility of this novel type of wheat as a specialist crop in applications ranging from bread making and alcohol production to improved industrial starch products.

BRS 420: Early maturity cassava cultivar for production of flour and starch, adapted to no-till planting and mechanization

The cultivar BRS 420 has superior starch yields in early and late harvest, moderate resistance to the main diseases of the crop, adaptation to mechanized planting and to the no-till system, as well as rapid formation of soil cover (which assists in weed control). It represents an alternative for cassava growers in Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul.

Influence of Cocatalysts on Efficiency and Composition of Tempo Oxidation Products of Hyaluronic Acid and Starch

Influence of Cocatalysts on Efficiency and Composition of Tempo Oxidation Products of Hyaluronic Acid and Starch

Sago Extraction Machine Design

The production of sago starch in Papua is around 200 thousand tons per year, even though the potential is 4.75 tons of dry starch per year. The large potential for sago starch production cannot be realized optimally due to the low production capacity. The production capacity is doubtful because the sago processing process is still carried out traditionally. The problems encountered can be solved by applying machining technology to the sago production process. The application of technology in the form of production machines will improve the quality of sago starch and production capacity. The production capacity of sago starch can be increased through the application of technology in the production process. Especially the sago pith grating machine technology and sago starch extraction machine technology, because these two processes consume the most time when using traditional methods. The working principle of the sago starch extraction machine that has been made is that the rotation generated by the driving motor is channeled through the pulley transmission and the V-belt drives the gearbox, the rotation of the gearbox output shaft through the pulley transmission and the V-belt drives the stirring shaft. The production capacity of the sago extraction machine is planned to be 80 kg/hour. The design of the sago extraction machine uses wheels to facilitate the mobilization of the machine to the sago plantation area.

Razvoj i ocena performansi integrisane mašine za mlevenje-prosejavanje-ispiranje u proizvodnji žitnog skroba

This study involves development and integration of a rotary vacuum drum filter to an existing milling and sieving machine to enable full mechanized/continuous milling, sieving, dewatering and water recycling operation in slurry starch production from cereal grains. The resulting milling-sieving-dewatering machine consists of a water dispenser, burr mill, screw press-sieve, rotary drum, 0.5hp 65 kPa vacuum pump and 4.5 HP electric motor as major components that were sequentially assembled to enable flow of material by gravity. This integrated machine operates with an average throughput and extraction efficiency of 70.44 kg/hr and 98.48% respectively while 31.52% constitutes the average moisture content of slurry starch cake processed with it. The innovation induced over 5.39 hours saving and 10% reduction in moisture content of the slurry starch while retaining less than 2% food loss associated with its seed machine. Thereby improving the shelf life/storage potential and mobility of the processed grain slurry starch cake. Water consumption during grain slurry starch production was drastically reduced with this machine because it recycles the water drained after dewatering back to its dispenser for milling and sieving. It also reduced drudgery and improved hygiene through elimination of human contact involved in loading/discharging of intermediate processed grain among the three most strenuous and time consuming unit operations in grain slurry starch processing. Therefore, the recommendation of this novel milling-sieving-dewatering machine for effective grain slurry starch production.