Chitosan Starch Research Articles

Characterization of corn starch/chitosan composite films incorporated with amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched dendrimers: A comparative study

Bio-based materials are gaining traction as sustainable plastic replacements, but their performance in terms of mechanics, antibacterial action, and water resistance is often subpar. Our research sought to enhance these attributes by integrating nanoscale dendrimers into a starch/chitosan (SC) matrix. We introduced three varieties of dendrimers—amino-, carboxyl-, and hydroxyl-terminated—at a modest 2.5 % w/w concentration to fabricate NSC, CSC, and HSC films. Comprehensive analyses revealed that the dendrimers fostered intermolecular interactions, prompting an order-disorder shift in the matrix. This interaction textured the film surface and bolstered its thickness, opacity, and tensile strength. The HSC films achieved the highest tensile strength (9.96 MPa) and substantial elongation (254.30 %), attributed to their more disordered structure. The HSC films also showcased enhanced thermal stability and reduced moisture absorption. Notably, NSC films exhibited excellent antibacterial effects against S. aureus and E. coli. The performance improvement of CSC film is mediocre. This study underscores the promise of dendrimer-fortified SC films in the realm of biodegradable materials.

Recent Progress on the Application of Chitosan, Starch and Chitosan–Starch Composites for Meat Preservation—A Mini Review

The preservation of meat via sustainable methods and packaging is an area of continued interest driven by the need to address food security. The use of biomaterial films and coatings has gained significant attention due to their non-toxicity and biodegradability compared with conventional synthetic films. Starch and chitosan are sustainable sources for the preparation of films/coatings owing to their relatively low cost, natural abundance derived from numerous sources, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and film-forming attributes. These remarkable features have notably increased the shelf life of meat by inhibiting lipid oxidation and microbial activity in food products. Furthermore, recent studies have successfully incorporated binary biopolymer (starch and chitosan) systems to combine their beneficial properties upon composite formation. This literature review from 2020 to the present reveals that chitosan- and starch-based films and coatings have potential to contribute to enhanced food security and safety measures whilst reducing environmental issues and improving sustainability, compared with conventional synthetic materials.

Starch-based self-assembled three-dimensional network nanostructure materials for sustainable cascade adsorption

Toward the development of a sustainable utilization strategy for adsorption materials, a starch-based adsorbent starch–chitosan–tannic acid (St–CTS–TA) with a three-dimensional (3D) structure was fabricated in water via electrostatic and hydrogen bonding reactions between St, CTS, and TA without using toxic reducing agents or special instruments. St-CTS-TA demonstrated a high specific surface area of 37 m2/g as well as a mesoporous/macroporous distribution ranging from 30 to 80 nm, which enhanced the mass transfer of adsorbate and the exposure of catechol groups in TA. The Langmuir isotherm adsorption model revealed that the highest adsorption capacities of St–CTS–TA for Fe3+ and Co2+ were 1678.2 and 944.8 mg/g, respectively. Surprisingly, the specific surface area of St–CTS–TA increased from 37 to 87 and 42 m2/g after Fe3+ and Co2+ adsorption, respectively, and the resulting St–CTS–TA–Fe and St–CTS–TA–Co could continuously adsorb basic fuchsin (BF) and rhodamine B (RhB). The adsorption capacities of St-CTS-TA-Fe and St-CTS-TA-Co for BF/RhB were found to be 1854.79/401.19 mg/g and 2229.77/537.49 mg/g, respectively, based on the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model.

The potential of starch-chitosan blends with poloxamer for the preparation of microparticles by spray-drying

Using biopolymers as wall materials in spray drying poses challenges, particularly in attaining flowability and thermal stability among their physicochemical properties. This paper addresses these challenges by preparing microparticles using a blend of starch–chitosan and a poloxamer, commercially named Pluronic® F127. We aimed to elucidate the effects of varying poloxamer concentrations on the resulting particles through the spray drying technique. Blends with a poloxamer concentration of 3% (w/v) demonstrated a notably higher yield, especially when compared to those with 0% and 1% concentrations. Microparticles with 3% and 5% (w/v) poloxamer displayed a narrower particle size distribution, with the 3% blend showing a superior yield attributed to arrangements of blend components that improve flowability. X-ray diffraction analysis showcased the characteristic peaks of A-type starch form, with shifts suggesting enhanced interactions between components. Microparticles with increased poloxamer content showed elevated thermal degradation temperatures, with the 3% blend registering a significant rise, opening avenues for encapsulating heat-sensitive bioactive. This study primarily focuses on the preparation and basic characterization of microparticles. It underscores the potential of blends with optimal poloxamer concentrations in microencapsulation, emphasizing further research to harness their capabilities thoroughly.

Characterization of films and film‐forming solutions of chitosan/thermoplastic rice starch associations: Role of starch oxidation and plasticizer type in the molecular interactions

AbstractPolysaccharide films are alternative sources to replace fossil‐based compounds. This study aimed to use rice starch modified by gelatinization and oxidation processes. Different properties were observed after blending it with chitosan and polyols, as evaluated on the film‐forming solutions by rheology. The interaction between chitosan and oxidized starch appeared higher, as the plasticizers exhibited a low effect on the rheological behavior. Polyols played an essential role in chitosan/gelatinized associations, driven by the number of OH groups. Films were evaluated by thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), water vapor permeability (WVP), water solubility, and tensile tests. The effect of the plasticizer type on chitosan/gelatinized starch was related to an increase in the temperature of the endothermic peak observed by DSC, confirming the role of hydroxyl groups of polyols in the polymer–polymer chain associations. The WVP and solubility decreased with starch oxidation due to increased chitosan–starch interactions. The decrease in tensile strength with adding polyols was correlated to reduced direct interactions between chitosan and starch chains. A drop of about 77% in elongation at break was observed in chitosan/oxidized starch film. On the other hand, elongation at break increased by around 14% in films with sorbitol (SO).Highlights Starch oxidation reduces the viscosity of film‐forming solutions. The number of OH groups influences the gelation point measured by rheology. The WVP is reduced in oxidized starch/chitosan associations. Plasticizers enhanced the elongation at break of polysaccharide films.

Ecological Sorption of Iron and Sulfate Ions onto Starch and Chitosan Biopolymer Blend

Providing safe drinking water free of heavy metal ions like iron and oxyanions like sulfate has become a worldwide issue. Starch, as one of the widely cheapest and available biomaterials, has demonstrated its capability to adsorb heavy metal ions from water in various scientific research, but in low adsorption rates. Therefore, this paper aims to prepare a biopolymer based on a starch–chitosan blend to raise the adsorption efficiency of starch. Two types of chitosan were used to modify potato starch (ps): low molecular chitosan (ch60) and high molecular chitosan (ch4000). Nano potato starch (n.ps) was prepared from potato starch and was also modified with both chitosans. The surface property, the morphology, the particle size, and the structure of the samples were analyzed. Moreover, the investigation of the samples by the zeta potential and charge density were evaluated to determine the charge of the adsorbents’ surface. Furthermore, the pseudo first order (PFO) and pseudo second order (PSO) were employed to examine the adsorption kinetic. The adsorption isotherms of Fe2+/3+ and SO42− were fitted employing Langmuir, Sips, and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption models. The maximum achieved sorption capacities from the FeSO4 solution for Fe2+/3+ were as follows: 115 mg/g for n.ps & ch4000, 90 mg/g for ps & ch4000, 80 mg/g for n.ps & ch60, and 61 mg/g for ps & ch60. Similarly, for SO42−, it was 192 mg/g for n.ps & ch4000, 155 mg/g for n.ps & ch60, 137 mg/g for ps & ch4000, and 97 mg/g for ps & ch60.

Membranes of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes in Chitosan–Starch with Mechanical and Compositional Properties Useful in Li-Ion Batteries

This work reports on membranes of a combination of chitosan–starch with lithium-modified multiwall carbon nanotubes. One of the most important contributions of this article is the functionalization of the surface of multiwall carbon nanotubes by means of an accessible technique that allows for high grafting yields of lithium and their incorporation into a polymeric matrix. The natural compounds chitosan and starch were used as a support to embed the nanotubes, forming membranes with good mechanical stability. A thorough characterization via Raman, infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, transmission and scanning electron microscopies and dynamic mechanical analysis is presented here, as well as electrochemical characterization. The composition, structure and mechanical stability of the membranes make them viable candidates to be used as anodes sustainable Li-ion batteries.

Starch–chitosan composite films for the effective removal of protein in water

Starch–chitosan composite films for the effective removal of protein in water

Development of an Indicator Film Based on Cassava Starch-Chitosan Incorporated with Red Dragon Fruit Peel Anthocyanin Extract.

The increase in new technology and consumer demand for healthy and safe food has led to the development of smart packaging to help consumers understand food conditions in real time. The incorporation of red dragon fruit peel anthocyanin into cassava starch and chitosan films was used in this study as a color indicator to monitor food conditions. This indicator film was generated using the solvent-casting method. The mechanical, morphological, and physicochemical characterizations of the film were studied, and food freshness monitoring was carried out. The results showed that adding red dragon fruit peel anthocyanin increased up to 94.44% of the antioxidant activity. It also improved its flexibility, indicated by the lowest tensile strength (3.89 ± 0.15 MPa) and Young’s modulus (0.14 ± 0.01 MPa) and the highest elongation at break (27.62 ± 0.57%). The indicator film was sensitive to pH, which was indicated by its color change from red to yellow as pH increased. The color of the film also changed when it was used to test the freshness of packaged shrimp at both room and chiller temperatures. According to the results, the indicator film based on cassava starch–chitosan incorporated with red dragon fruit peel anthocyanin showed its potential as a smart packaging material.

Facile fabrication and characterization of an economical active packaging film based on corn starch–chitosan biocomposites incorporated with clove oil

Facile fabrication and characterization of an economical active packaging film based on corn starch–chitosan biocomposites incorporated with clove oil

Bio-Based pH Indicator Films for Intelligent Food Packaging Applications.

The widespread concerns about the environmental problems caused by conventional plastic food packaging and food waste led to a growing effort to develop active and intelligent systems produced from renewable biodegradable polymers for food packaging applications. Among intelligent systems, the most widely used are pH indicators, which are generally based on a pH-sensitive dye incorporated into a solid support. The objective of this study was to develop new intelligent systems based on renewable biodegradable polymers and a new bio-inspired pH-sensitive dye. The structure of the dye was elucidated through FT-IR and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. UV-VIS measurements of the dye solutions at various pH values proved their halochromic properties. Their toxicity was evaluated through theoretical calculations, and no toxicity risks were found. The new anthocyanidin was used for the development of biodegradable intelligent systems based on chitosan blends. The obtained polymeric films were characterized through UV-VIS and FT-IR spectroscopy. Their thermal properties were assessed through a thermogravimetric analysis, which showed a better stability of chitosan–PVA–dye and chitosan–starch–dye films compared to those of chitosan–cellulose–dye films and the dye itself. The films’ sensitivity to pH variations was evaluated through immersion in buffer solutions with pH values ranging from 2 to 12, and visible color changes were observed.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Thermal, Mechanical, and Barrier Properties of Corn Starch-Chitosan Biodegradable Films Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals.

Packaging materials play an essential role in the preservation and marketing of food and other products. To improve their conservation capacity, antimicrobial agents that inhibit bacterial growth are used. Biopolymers such as starch and chitosan are a sustainable alternative for the generation of films for packaging that can also serve as a support for preservatives and antimicrobial agents. These substances can replace packaging of synthetic origin and maintain good functional properties to ensure the quality of food products. Films based on a mixture of corn starch and chitosan were developed by the casting method and the effect of incorporating cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) at different concentrations (0 to 10% w/w) was studied. The effect of the incorporation of CNC on the rheological, mechanical, thermal and barrier properties, as well as the antimicrobial activity of nanocomposite films, was evaluated. A significant modification of the functional and antimicrobial properties of the starch–chitosan films was observed with an increase in the concentration of nanomaterials. The films with CNC in a range of 0.5 to 5% presented the best performance. In line with the physicochemical characteristics which are desired in antimicrobial materials, this study can serve as a guide for the development this type of packaging for food use.

Application of Edible Coating of Durian Seed Starch Chitosan Composites With Kesum Leaves Extracts on Microbiological Quality And TVB-N of Beef Sausage

The edible coating is one alternative that has the potential to extend the shelf life of sausages. This study aimed to determine the effect of the type of packaging and the storage times of beef sausages at frozen storage. The study using the factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor is the type of packaging (K1: edible coating durian seeds starch-chitosan; K2: edible coating durian seeds starch-chitosan with kesum leave extract; K3: plastic LDPE). The second factor is storage time (L0: 0 months; L1: 1 month; L2: 2 months; L3: 3 months; L4: 4 months) with four replication. The research variable observed was the sausage quality like TPC (Total Plate Count) and TVB-N (Total Volatile Bases). The result showed that the treatment of type packaging, storage time, and the interaction had a very significant effect on TPC with the lowest value K3L0 (2.31 x 104 CFU/g) and the highest value K1L4 (11.79 x 104 CFU/g). And, it had a significant effect on TVB-N with the lowest K1L0 (9.19 mg/N/100 g) and the highest value K1L4 (50.93 mg/N/100 g). Edible coating of durian-chitosan seed starch with kesum leaf extract can extend the shelf life of beef sausage for four months at freezing temperature based on the TPC value of 9.65.104 cfu/g and TVB-N value 23.96 mg N/100 g.

Chitosan-starch cross-linked citric acid as adsorptive hemodialysis membrane

The development and application of membrane methods in the medical field are essential to separate and eliminate toxins and impurities in the bloodstream through the process of hemodialysis. To be able to eliminate all toxic substances in the body fluid, the hemodialysis membrane must have the dual ability of adsorption properties and diffusion through the pore membrane. The chitosan-starch hemodialysis membrane un-crosslinked and cross-linked has been made to separate creatinine compounds with those with the dual ability to combine diffusion and adsorption from the membrane. Chitosan-binding starch membranes are made using citric acid as a cross-linking agent. Chitosan starch membrane uncross-linked has a clean water flux of 96 Lh−1 m−2, whereas chitosan-starch membrane cross-linked has 90 L h−1 m−2 clean water flux. Chitosan-starch membrane uncross-linked can remove creatinine of 11.89 mg/gram where the amount removed by adsorption reaches 8.66 mg/gram membrane. The chitosan-starch cross-linked membrane can remove creatinine 9.86 mg/gram membrane with the amount removed by adsorption reaching 5.14 mg/gram membrane. Chitosan-starch membranes have hemodialysis characteristics that are integrated with adsorption, where blood toxins are released in one step.

Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of Modified Corn Starch-Chitosan Biodegradable Films.

Starch is a biopolymer with enormous potential for generating new biodegradable packages due to its easy availability and low cost. However, due to its weak functional properties, limitation of its interaction with some hydroxyl groups and evaluation of blends with other polymers are necessary in order to improve its performance. Glycerol-plasticized acetylated corn starch films were developed using the casting method, and the impact of incorporating chitosan (TPS:CH) in various proportions (75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 v/v) was studied in the present research. The effect of chitosan ratios on the physical, mechanical, water-vapor barrier, and thermal properties of the film was studied. Chitosan-protonated amino groups promoted the formation of intermolecular bonds, improving tensile strength, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, water adsorption capacity, and the gas barrier of starch films. The results show that the film composed of TPS25-CH75 proved to be the best barrier to water vapor; thus, these composite films are excellent choices for developing biodegradable packaging for the food industry.

The Preparation and Characterization of Quantum Dots in Polysaccharide Carriers (Starch/Chitosan) as Elements of Smart Packaging and Their Impact on the Growth of Microorganisms in Food.

Nanocomposite materials are increasingly commonly used to ensure food safety and quality. Thanks to their unique properties, stemming from the presence of nanoparticles, they are used to develop advanced sensors and biosensors, e.g., for various harmful substances, heavy metals, microorganism growth, and environmental changes in food products. The aim of this study is to produce novel films based on natural resources—potato starch and chitosan—incorporating generated quantum dots of zinc sulfide and cadmium sulfide. The biocomposites were subjected to the following assays: FTIR spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and SEM/TEM spectroscopy. Their mechanical properties were also analyzed, a colorimetric analysis was performed, and the water content, solubility, and water absorption capacity were determined. A storage test was also performed, using poultry meat covered with the produced films, to assess the microbiological quality. The results confirmed the presence of the quantum dots in the starch–chitosan matrix. The unique optical properties of the films were also demonstrated. It was shown that the composites with nanoparticles limited the growth of selected microorganisms in poultry meat. The food storage time was found to have an impact on the fluorescent properties of the composites. The results point to the possibility of using the produced films as active and smart packaging.

Biodegradable plastic modification from durian seed starch and shrimp chitosan with the addition of plasticiziers glycerol and polyglycerol using microwaves

Plastic waste takes up to 450 years to decompose. These problems can be overcome by creating other alternatives, one of which is by using biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastics are plastics made from natural polymers that are easily degraded by microorganisms. This study aims to examine the effect of the amount of plasticizer on the length of the degradation process and the effect of using microwaves on the length of time for molding biodegradable plastic. This biodegradable plastic is made by combining durian seed starch, shrimp chitosan and plasticizers in the form of glycerol and polyglycerol with volume variations of 1 mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, 4 mL, and 5 mL. This polymerization was carried out using a microwave with a power of 100 watts for 60 minutes. The resulting biodegradable plastics were characterized using the FTIR test, the Mechanical Properties test, the Absorbency test, and the Biodegradation test to determine the quality of the biodegradable plastic. The results of this study indicate the greatest tensile strength value is 1.9768 MPa, the largest elongation value is 21.2772%, the smallest water absorption is 45.40% for 5 minutes, and the largest degraded mass is 0.908 grams for 7 days. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the use of polyglycerol can accelerate the plastic degradation process. In addition, the use of microwaves can speed up the molding time of biodegradable plastics.

Influence of Ulluco Starch Concentration on the Physicochemical Properties of Starch-Chitosan Biocomposite Films.

This work aimed to prepare ulluco starch (US)/chitosan (Ch) edible films and evaluate the effect of the concentration of US on their physicochemical properties. The use of edible films is a means of adding value to the ulluco crop and evaluating the viability of using new sources to produce packaging materials. Different samples were prepared at different US concentrations (2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% w/v) and a fixed chitosan concentration (1.5% w/v); then, samples were analyzed, considering their physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. The US/Ch edible films showed an increase in solubility from 17.5% to 21.7%, swelling power (SP) from 38.9% to 267%, tensile strength (TS) from 3.69 MPa to 10.7 MPa, Young modulus (YM) from 18.0 Pa to 652 Pa, and thermal stability as the US concentration increased. However, samples with low US concentrations showed higher elongation at break (EB) (36.6%) and better barrier properties (WVP) (5.61 × 10−11 g/m s Pa). The films evaluated in this work presented good physical, mechanical, and barrier properties, revealing their potential as packaging material ensuring food security, and demonstrating the technological potential of US.

The Effect of Amylose on Structures and Properties of Chitosan‐Vanillin Films

AbstractThis study experimentally investigates the effect of changes in amylose‐to‐amylopectin ratio on the multi‐scale structures, hydrophilicity, and thermal properties of starch–chitosan essential oil (EO) films incorporated with vanillin. The results indicate that aggregates and uneven structures tend to form in the EO films with a higher proportion of amylose. In Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as the chitosan content increases, the wavenumber of stretching vibration of hydroxyl and the bending vibration of amino groups decrease, while the wavenumber of stretching vibration of C‐O increases. Furthermore, with an increase in the chitosan content, the changes in the starch–chitosan EO film structure impacts the hydrophilic trend, and the hydrophilic changes in the EO films with common starch and G80 starch are significant changes with the proportions of starch to chitosan from 7:3 to 5:5. When their mass ratio is 3:7, the starch–chitosan EO films investigated exhibit the lowest decomposition peak temperature.

STUDI OPTIMALISASI KOMPOSISI GLISEROL DAN KITOSAN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK SIFAT FISIK PLASTIK BIODEGRADABLE DARI LIMBAH NASI AKING DAN TEPUNG TAPIOKA

Aking rice is rice waste that is no longer suitable for public consumption, however, the high starch content of aking rice can be used as a raw material for making biodegradable plastics. Good biodegradable plastic made from cassava starch and rice flour, to increase its elasticity and extensibility it is necessary to add chitosan additives and glycerol plasticizers. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for the composition of glycerol and chitosan for the physical properties of biodegradable plastics made from aking rice and tapioca starch. Biodegradable plastics in this study were made with 3 grams of aking rice flour and 7 grams of tapioka flour with the addition of variations in the composition of chitosan (3 grams, 5 grams, and 7 grams) and the addition of variations in the composition of glycerol (2 ml, 4 ml, 6 ml, and 8 ml). As a result, the highest tensile strength value at 7: 2 composition variation is 41.29 MPa, the highest elongation percentage at 3: 8 composition variation is 135.8%, the highest water resistance at 7: 8 composition variation is -206%, the highest percent water absorption and the fastest biodegradation process at a variation of the composition of 3: 2, namely 1603% and completely degraded on the 4th day.Keywords: aking rice, biodegradable plastic, chitosan, glycerol and tapioca starch.