Stannous Sulfide Research Articles

Stannous sulfide nanoparticles for supercapacitor application

A facile hydrothermal method has been employed for the synthesis of stannous sulfide nanoparticles for the electrochemical supercapacitor application. The microscopic, optical and surface property of the synthesized material was characterized using different analytical techniques. The electrochemical performance of the synthesized material was reinforced by introducing carbon black. The electro-capacitive properties of the hybrid material were investigated by cyclic-voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge methods where the system exhibited highest specific capacitance value of 201 F g−1 at the current density of 0.1 A g−1.

Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterization and Raman Vibrations of Chalcogenide SnS Nanorods

One dimensional nanostructure have been considered promising candidates for optoelectronics and energy storage devices. However, cost-effective approach for large-scale production using wet chemical method is still a big challenge. Here, single crystalline monodispersed stannous sulfide (SnS) nanorods in the range of 400nm to micrometer have been synthesized using solution-based method. The morphology of the prepared nanorods was controlled by tuning the parameters, including the concentrations of reagents, reaction time and temperature. The resultant nanorods were characterized using XRD, FESEM, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Four vibrational modes 141 cm-1, 165.3 cm-1, 218 cm-1 and 289.6 cm-1 were observed by Raman spectroscopy, which is consistent with nano orthorhombic SnS herzenbergite phase.

Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and optical properties of SnS prismatic nanorods

One dimensional nanostructures have been considered promising candidates for optoelectronics and energy storage devices. However, cost effective approach for large scale production using wet chemical method is still a big challenge. Here, single crystalline monodispersed stannous sulfide (SnS) nanorods in the range of 400nm to micrometer have been synthesized using solution based method. The morphology of the prepared nanorods was controlled by tuning the parameters, including the concentrations of reagents, reaction time and temperature. The resultant nanorods were characterized using XRD, FESEM, TEM, PL and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Three modes 160.2, 190 and 213.6cm−1 were observed by Raman spectroscopy, which are consistent with nano orthorhombic SnS herzenbergite phase. Addition, hydrogen absorption characteristics of SnS nanorods performed at 373K shows a good absorption capacity of 0.82wt%.

Solution synthesis of stannous sulfide and stannic disulfide quantum dots for their optical and electronic properties

Quantum dot devices have been viewed as one of solutions for the next step in the development of integrated circuit. Two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductors such as tin sulfide (SnS) and tin disulfide (SnS2) are promising materials for fabricating quantum dots (QDs) devices. However, the challenges in the synthesis of QDs with pure phases severely limit applications in such fields. In this work, uniform SnS and SnS2 QDs were synthesized via a convenient and facile ultrasonic method. TEM and AFM images confirmed the morphology of the SnS and SnS2 QDs. The optical characteristics of the QDs were obtained via UV–vis absorption and Raman spectroscopy. Finally, volt-current measurements of devices fabricated using the SnS and SnS2 QDs were carried out. Our results demonstrate the potential of SnS and SnS2 QDs for optical and electronic applications.

Highly efficient photo-degradation of methyl blue and band gap shift of SnS nanoparticles under different sonication frequencies

Stannous sulfide (SnS) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via a sonochemical route with 20 and 50kHz sonication frequencies. Structure study revealed an orthorhombic phase of SnS. The SnS NPs that were synthesized by 20kHz sonication had smaller diameter in comparison to the NPs that were synthesized by 50kHz sonication. An optical investigation confirmed that the SnS particles had strong emission bands located at the UV and visible regions and suggested that they have the potential to be used as optical devices. This inference was further strengthened by the absorption coefficient values. In addition, their photocatalytic properties were tested by degrading methyl blue in distilled water under visible light. The results showed that SnS nanoparticles synthesized under the lower sonication frequency had better photocatalytic activity. Given these results, the sonication frequency appears to be an important synthesis parameter in the formation of SnS nanoparticles and their optical and photocatalytic properties.

Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and hydrogen storage of SnS nanorods

Stannous sulfide (SnS) with high absorption coefficient and dual nature semiconductivity is a promising candidate for solar cell fabrication. In the present research, the single crystalline SnS nanorods were synthesized using the hydrothermal growth technique. The as-prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Structural characterizations result have illustrated that length of the as-grown tin (II) sulfide nanorod is 1−2μm, width is about 80nm and thickness is few nanometers. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns have revealed that the as-synthesized SnS nanorods exist in single-crystalline nature. Two Raman modes 190.5cm−1 and 219.6cm−1 were observed by Raman spectroscopy, which are consistent with nanoorthorhombic SnS herzenbergite phase. The first ever study on hydrogen absorption characteristics of SnS nanorods performed at 373K shows a good absorption capacity of 0.73wt%.

Influence of the deposition parameters on the properties of orthorhombic SnS films by chemical bath deposition

Orthorhombic stannous sulfide (SnS) films were prepared by chemical bath deposition in which stannous dichloride (SnCl2), ammonium citrate (C6H5O7(NH4)3) and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) were used as tin source, chelating reagent and sulfur source, respectively. The influence of the deposition temperatures and the concentration ratios of Na2S2O3/SnCl2 on the morphologies, compositions and electrical and optical properties of the SnS films were investigated. The results show that the compactness of the SnS films gets worse when the deposition temperature increases, while the compactness of the films gets better when the concentration ratio of Na2S2O3/SnCl2 increases. The compositions of the films (the molar ratio of S/Sn ranges from 46.7:53.3 to 48.9:51.1) are all close to the stoichiometric ratio of SnS, and the molar ratio of S/Sn in the films increases as the deposition temperature and the concentration ratio of Na2S2O3/SnCl2 increase. The optical bandgaps of the SnS films are in the range of 1.01eV–1.26eV. The dark conductivities and photo conductivities of the SnS films all increase as the deposition temperature and the concentration ratio of Na2S2O3/SnCl2 increase.

Preparation and properties of zinc blende and orthorhombic SnS films by chemical bath deposition

SnS (stannous sulfide) films were prepared by chemical bath deposition in which a novel chelating reagent ammonium citrate was used. The film has a zinc blende structure or an orthorhombic structure which is determined by the pH value and the temperature of the deposition solution. The reason for this result is considered to be that SnS films prepared under different conditions have different deposition mechanisms (ion-by-ion mechanism for the zinc blende structured SnS and hydroxide cluster mechanism for the orthorhombic structured SnS). The prepared SnS films are homogeneous and well adhered. SEM images show that the SnS films with different structures have different surface morphologies. Electrical test shows that the resistivity of the films is as low as 420 Ω cm and 3300 Ω cm for orthorhombic and zinc blende SnS films, respectively, which are much lower than the ever reported values. Persistent photoconductivity (PPC) phenomena are observed for both the films with zinc blende and orthorhombic structures by photo-current responses measurement. The optical bandgaps of the SnS films are determined to be 1.75 eV and 1.15 eV for zinc blende structure and orthorhombic structure, respectively.

Chemical bath deposition of SnS films with different crystal structures

SnS (stannous sulfide) films were prepared by chemical bath deposition in which a novel chelating reagent ammonium citrate was used. The film has a zinc blende structure or orthorhombic structure which is determined by the pH value of the deposition solution (zinc blende structure at pH = 5 and orthorhombic structure at pH = 6). The reason for this result may be that SnS films prepared at different pH values have different deposition mechanisms, which results in different structures. The prepared SnS films are all smooth and well adhered. The optical bandgaps of the SnS films are determined to be 1.75 eV and 1.12 eV for zinc blende structure and orthorhombic structure, respectively.

ぶりきの硫化黒変の生成機構

In tinplate cans filled with sulfur-containing foodstuffs such as fish and meat, tin reacts with H2S and HS- ion produced by thermal decomposition of content during pasteurization and sulfide stain is formed inside of cans. The effect of tin crystal faces, tin oxide and passivation film by cathodic dichromate treatment on the sulfide staining was studied and noted on the mechanism of sulfide stains by transmission electron microscopic techniques.The summary is as follows:(1) Sulfide stain on tinplate cans packed with tuna was identified by electron diffraction as stannous sulfide SnS. The degree of tin sulfide stain depend on tin crystal orientation, and the closely packed (010) and (110) planes are more stable against sulfide staining.(2) Tin sulfide staining is prevented by passivation film, the staining on passivated tinplate starts at the sites uncovered with passivation film and tin oxide is peeled at the interface of tin and tin oxide by growth of SnS. When nuclei of stannous oxide SnO are formed during baking of lacquer, the staining starts at them.(3) The sulfide staining is inhibited by formation of passivation films at defect sites of tin oxide. And stannic oxide SnO2 on tin layer act as barrier layers against the formation of SnS.

ブリキ表面の硫化スズと硫化鉄の分別定量

This paper describes an analytical method for the fractionating determination of stannous sulfide and ferrous sulfide formed on the surface of some tinplates…the tinplate treated by dipping in potassium polysulfide solution and the inner face of the can of foods containing sulfide. The method is based on the difference in solubility between the sulfide and iron matrix in an dilute hydrochloric acid solution. The outline of procedure is as follows:To dissolve all the sulfide on the surface, sample fixed in the special dissolving vessel made of acrylic acid resin is treated with 20ml of 4N hydrochloric acid at room temperature for 20 minutes under the passing of nitrogen gas. Evolved hydrogen sulfide is absorbed in zinc acetate solution and sulfur as sulfide is determined by the methylene-blue spectrophotometric method. Then, iron in the solution is determined by the o-phenanthroline spectrophotometric method. The micro-amounts of stannous sulfide and ferrous sulfide on the surface of the sample are calculated from these analytical values.By this method, several samples were analysed and the satisfactory results were obtained.

The esterificaiton of tin(II) oxide

Aromatic o-hydroxy-ethers react with blue-black stannous oxide (1) to give o-phenylenedioxytin(II), water and the corresponding o-dialkoxy-benezene. Salicylic acid also reacts to produce a novel, six membered, tin(II)-containing ring system (3) for which infrared evidence shows intermolecular bonding through the carbonyl oxygen in the solid. (3) dissolves in and forms a 1:1 complex with triethylamine where the tin (II) atom is three-coordinate. Catechol produces (2) and hydrogen sulfide from stannous sulfide, suggesting (1) as the original of the water oxygen in these reactions. The esterification of hydrous tin(II) oxide 4 by catechol and o-methoxyphenol procees uncatalyzed to produce (2) Monofunctional alcohols (which require a catalyst) and phenols also reac with (4) to produce products of the composition RO(SnO)2R whre n = 1, 2 or 3 as shown by microanalytical and molecular weight data. These compounds hydrolyze to regenerate the starting alcohol or phenol. Ethylene glycol gives a polymer of the back-bone structure [OCH2CH2OSn]. The presence of tin(II) is established by treatment with mercuric chloride and by Sn119m Mössbauer spectroscopy. Mössbauer data indicate that slow hydrolysis in air is accompanied by oxidation to tin(IV) oxide. Catalysis in the alcohol in the alcohol reactions increases in effectiveness Cu>CuO>1:1Cu+Cu2O>Cu2O in competition with the dehydration of (4). Alkyl and arylthiols give tetrathiotin(IV) derivatives with (4) but with (1) thiophenol produces the simple tin(II) mercaptide. The insertion reactions of phenyl isocyanate with tin(II) dimethoxide and phenoxide yield tin(II) carbamate compounds with a tin(II)-nitrogen bond. The insertion of phenyl isocyante into the tin(II)-oxygen bonds of 2,2′ biphenylenedioxytin(II) results in ring expansion to a novel element-membered heterocycle. The reactions of tin(II) acetate with alcohols and phenols are also described.

Mössbauer-Effect Studies of Lattice Dynamic Anisotropy and Line Asymmetry in Semiconductor and Organometallic–Tin Compounds

The lattice dynamic anisotropy in double-layer molecules of stannous sulfide and dioctyltinoxide was investigated in the temperature range of 60°–320°K by observing the Karyagin effect in Mössbauer doublet spectra. It was found that in molecules with a two-dimensional polymeric network the motion of the Mössbauer atom is largest in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the extended layer and that the lattice dynamic anisotropy increases at higher temperatures. The “polymer effect” enhances the recoilless fraction by restricting the motion of the molecule in the direction of the polymer bonding. An analysis for the evaluation of absolute values of the recoilless fraction has been outlined. It was shown that stannous selenide is lattice dynamically and electronically isomorphous with stannous sulfide. The observed lattice dynamic anisotropy in both SnS and SnSe would contribute to the anisotropic semiconducting behavior in these materials. It was suggested that a rigid-body treatment as applied to a layer-type structure could be extended to include the motion of atoms on the surface of small particles. A Thirring expansion analysis was used to determine the frequency moment in the high-temperature limit for SnS.