Acceptable Standards Research Articles

Spiced-marinating injection brine effect on the entire pork quality

Searching for new alternatives to commercialize pork from entire male pigs that could be affected by a boar taint sensory defect would be adequate. In this study, two different marinade mixtures (additives, salt, white wine plus different spices for mixture 1 and 2) were injected into pork loin pieces from castrated (C1 and C2) and entire male pigs (E1 and E2) with a high boar taint level (5.51 µg.g−1 AND and 0.73 µg.g−1 SKA) to evaluate their effect on the physicochemical and sensory quality of pork, and to assess their boar taint masking properties. To achieve this, physicochemical and sensory analyses with trained panellists were carried out. Marinated meat showed some differences in colour and a reduction in cooking losses. Mixture 2 achieved the best boar taint masking effect, due to spices content mainly nutmeg and ginger, and other ingredients such as white wine. In conclusion, marinating pork from entire male pigs can contribute to achieving an acceptable quality standard.

A Discourse Analysis of Online Library Resources: A Study of Students’ Projects abstract

Many students in tertiary institutions have not followed the normal structure of writing their projects’ abstracts. Despite lecturers' efforts to supervise students in order for them to follow projects’ writing rules, there are disparities in the patterns of writing project abstracts by undergraduate students in Nigeria. This study investigates online abstract from students’ projects submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of first degrees in Nigeria universities. It adopts Hyland’s (2000) and Swales and Feak’s (2009) Models of Move Analysis. The study also adopts a qualitative research design; with data collected at random from colleges with online abstracts of undergraduates’ projects stored in the library on-line institutional repository. Findings reveal that universities in Nigeria has no agreed patterns of abstract structure for students’ project; none of the projects has complete macro and micro patterns of abstract, and none has the concluding part of a standard abstract. The study concludes that Nigeria University students' abstract writing does not meet the acceptable global standard. However, universities should organize a project writing workshop with a greater emphasis on how to write an acceptable abstract.

P086 Trends in the Incidence and Management of Gout in England: A Nationwide Study using the OpenSAFELY Platform

Abstract Background/Aims Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis worldwide, yet one of the worst managed. Few population-level studies have evaluated how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted on incidence, prevalence, management and hospitalisations for people with gout. We investigated this in England using the OpenSAFELY platform. Methods With the approval of NHS England, we conducted a population-level cohort study using primary care and hospital data via the OpenSAFELY platform for 17.9 million adults (40% of England’s population). We analysed the following outcomes between 1 March 2015 and 28 February 2023: 1) incidence and prevalence of recorded gout diagnoses; 2) incidence of hospitalisations with primary admission diagnoses of gout; 3) initiation of urate-lowering therapy (ULT); and 4) serum urate target attainment. Results From 17.9 million adults, there were 246,695 incident gout diagnoses between March 2015 and February 2023. The mean age of diagnosed patients was 61.3 years; 66,265 (26.9%) were female; and 189,035 (90.9%) of 208,050 with available ethnicity data were White. On a background trend of decreasing gout incidence since 2015, new gout diagnoses fell by 31.0% in the first year of the pandemic (from 1.78 to 1.23 diagnoses per 1,000 adults), relative to pre-pandemic. A partial recovery in gout incidence was seen in the years commencing March 2021 and March 2022, but this remained below pre-pandemic levels. Gout prevalence was 3.07% in 2015/16 and 3.21% in 2022/23. Gout hospitalisations decreased by 30.1% in the year commencing March 2020, relative to the preceding year (9.58 vs. 13.7 admissions per 100,000 adults). People presenting with gout during the pandemic did not have more severe disease than those presenting pre-pandemic, but did have proportionately fewer comorbidities. Of 228,095 people with incident gout and available follow-up, 66,560 (29.2%) were prescribed ULT within six months of diagnosis. Of 65,305 ULT initiators with available follow-up, 16,790 (25.7%) attained a urate ≤360 micromol/L within six months of ULT initiation. In interrupted time-series analyses, ULT prescribing improved modestly during the pandemic, relative to pre-pandemic, while urate target attainment was similar. Conclusion The incidence of recorded gout diagnoses in England decreased markedly during the pandemic. No rebound increase in incidence has been observed as of early 2023, suggesting many people remain undiagnosed as a consequence of the pandemic. For patients who were diagnosed during the pandemic, ULT initiation improved modestly relative to before the pandemic; however, absolute levels of ULT initiation and target attainment remain far below an acceptable standard. Importantly, we showed how country-wide, routinely-collected data can be used to map disease epidemiology and monitor care quality for rheumatological diseases. Disclosure M.D. Russell: Honoraria; AbbVie, Biogen, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Menarini. Grants/research support; from Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Janssen and UCB. J. Massey: None. E. Roddy: None. B. MacKenna: None. S. Bacon: None. B. Goldacre: Grants/research support; Laura and John Arnold Foundation, NIHR, NHS England, Mohn-Westlake Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Good Thinking Foundation, HDRUK, Health Foundation, WHO, MRC, Asthma UK, BLF, National Core Studies. C.D. Andrews: None. G. Hickman: None. A. Mehrkar: Other; former employee and interim Chief Medical Officer of NHS Digital, RCGP representative on GP Data Professional Advisory Group to NHS Digital. A. Mahto: Honoraria; AbbVie, Galapagos. Grants/research support; Educational support from Eli Lilly. A.I. Rutherford: Grants/research support; Educational support from Eli Lilly. S. Patel: None. M.A. Adas: None. E. Alveyn: None. D. Nagra: None. K. Bechman: Grants/research support; Educational support from UCB, and Grants from Versus Arthritis/Pfizer. J.M. Ledingham: Other; BSR President, secretary for The Federation of Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Specialist Certificate Exam Board, and a trustee of BSR. J. Hudson: None. S. Norton: None. A. Cope: Honoraria; BMS, AbbVie, GSK/Galvini. Grants/research support; BMS. J. Galloway: Honoraria; Abbvie, Biovitrum, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Sobi, and UCB.

Multi‐mode converter control for linear generator‐based wave energy system

AbstractThe electrification of remote islands has long been a subject of research interest, primarily because of their historical reliance on fossil fuels, leading to a significant carbon footprint. Recent advancements in wave energy converters offer a promising avenue to make these islands more self‐sustainable while considerably reducing carbon emissions. However, the persistent issue of voltage dips due to weaker grids continues to pose a challenge. This study introduces a multi‐mode converter control strategy with the goal of electrifying remote islands, employing a linear generator‐based wave energy converter in a unified electrical model. Various scenarios, including voltage dips and mainland grid disconnection, are simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The study demonstrates the converter's ability to transition swiftly and smoothly in response to these scenarios, ensuring an uninterrupted power supply. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the power quality at the point of common coupling remains well within acceptable standards.

Reduction of Malnutrition Related to Unsafe Water Consumption in Developing Countries: Potabilization of Surface Water and Traditional Well Water, with Plant Extracts.

The consumption of unsafe water in rural areas is a real public health problem in developing countries. This situation mainly affects children under five years of age and causes several deaths and many cases of malnutrition every year. The objective of this study was to evaluate and optimize the capacity of four local plant extracts in the potabilization of unsafe water. Thus, Moringa oleifera and Boscia senegalensis seeds, or Aloe vera and Opuntia ficus-indica mucilages were prepared in a solution and applied during a jar test as biocoagulants and bioflocculants on three raw water samples of 82.3 NTU, 549.8 NTU and 796.9 NTU. After treatment results showed that 0.9 g/L of Moringa biocoagulant or 1 g/L of Boscia biocoagulant applied with 0.4 mL of Aloe vera bioflocculant or 0.6 mL of Opuntia ficus-indica bioflocculant reduced the turbidity of each water sample to values less than 5 NTU after only 15 min of decanting. Moreover, the sanitary quality of the water treated by these different extracts showed a perfect conformity of the physicochemical and microbiological parameters with the standards of acceptability in drinking water decreed by the World Health Organization. Thus, the application of these local plant extracts has made it possible to considerably improve the quality of unsafe water in record time. Their popularization could be an alternative in the fight against malnutrition related to the consumption of unsafe water, especially in rural areas.

0445 Comparing Adherence for a Prescription Digital Therapeutic for Insomnia Across Controlled and Real-world Settings

Abstract Introduction Digital Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for insomnia (dCBT-I) offers scalable first-line treatment versus face-to-face care, but a potential trade-off is lower treatment adherence. In clinical trials, adherence rates to dCBT-I have been variable, and there is no defined standard for acceptable adherence to dCBT-I. Further, the generalizability of adherence data from clinical trials to real-world settings is unknown. This study compared adherence data from two dCBT-I clinical trials to adherence within a real-world study. Methods The dCBT-I intervention was a prescription digital therapeutic (Somryst) that includes 6 treatment Cores (e.g., sleep restriction, stimulus control) delivered over 9 weeks. Participants must complete a Core and wait 7 days before starting the next Core. Clinical trial adherence data was derived from two RCTs previously submitted to FDA as part of its authorization (RCT-1 [USA; N=151, age 21-65 years] and RCT-2 [Australia; N=574, age 18-64 years]). Real-world adherence data was derived from a prospective, single-arm, pragmatic clinical study (DREAM [USA; N=991, age ≥18 years]). Adherence was defined as the percentage of participants with dCBT-I access who completed each treatment Core. Automated notifications prompt engagement with the therapeutic. Results Real-world adherence rates from the DREAM study were 94.1%, 71.1%, 60.7%, 55.7%, 49.1%, and 42.8% for Cores 1-6. For RCT-1, adherence rates of Cores 1-6 were 93.4%, 88.1%, 76.8%, 67.5%, 66.9%, and 60.3%, respectively, whereas adherence rates of Cores 1-6 in RCT-2 were 80.8%, 67.9%, 60.5%, 54.0%, 47.6%, and 40.8%. Conclusion Real-world adherence to dCBT-I appears comparable to RCTs, with the largest decrease occurring between Cores 1 and 2. These findings support the generalizability of adherence data from RCTs and potential opportunities to increase adherence early in treatment. Further work is needed to determine acceptable standards for adherence to dCBT-I in the real world. Support (if any) DREAM study: Pear Therapeutics, Inc. RCT-1: NIMH grant #R01 MH86758; NCT01438697. RCT-2: NHMRC project grant #1005867; ACTRN12611000121965. Additional support provided by Nox Health, Inc.

Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution in AL6061 Frame Structures Under Varying Applied Loads

The demand for lightweight and high-performance structures has driven the popularity of commercially available aluminum alloys such as AL6061, particularly in the transporterindustry. However, predicting stress distribution accurately within AL6061 frame structures under diverse loading conditions remains a significant challenge for clients due to the complex nature of their behavior. To address this challenge, a study has been conducted that utilizes the advanced 3D simulation software SolidWorks 2023 to model a custom dimension frame structure and evaluate their behavior under varied loads of up to 200% of the structure's weight, which is a significant departure from the standard loading conditions. The goal is to offer a thorough and accurate assessment of the frame structure's capabilities. This investigation analyzed the stress, strain, displacement, and safety factors of a specifically designed frame structure, ensuring that each value met or exceeded acceptable standards. This study also provides valuable insights into the structure's performance under various loading conditions, including the handling of heavy items and specimens that require the use of a transporter in industrial engineering applications. Additionally, a detailed assessment of the material properties of the aluminum alloy used in constructing the frame structure provides useful information for designing and optimizing high-performing structures in the industry. Based on the results, it appears that the critical von Mises stress, when exposed to maximum varying loads (76.54 MPa), remains below the structure's yield strength of 275 MPa. The equivalent strain reaches a maximum value of 0.5607E-03, and the structure's deformation at maximum loads is just 0.6705 mm. The safety factors of the structure, tested at three different varying loads, are above 3. These values conclusively demonstrate that the AL6061 frame structure is safe and reliable for industrial applications and can withstand loads up to 200% wt.

The Upper Limit of Normal Rate of Lung Function Decline in Healthy Adults in the Framingham Heart Study

BackgroundLung function declines over the course of adulthood; however, a consensus on the normal range of decline in an individual’s lung function is lacking. Research QuestionWhat is the normal range and the upper limit of normal (ULN) decline in lung function of adults without prior tobacco use, occupational dust exposure, or a known diagnosis or symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease? Study Design and MethodsA retrospective analysis of healthy, never-smokers (n=1,305) from the Framingham Heart Study with repeated lung function meeting standards for acceptability and reproducibility was conducted. Longitudinal change was derived using a linear mixed-effects model and estimated to a 6-year interval. The ULN decline was defined as the 95th percentile. ResultsThe mean follow-up between spirometry examinations was 5.5 years, while the mean follow-up between diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) studies was 5.9 years. Decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and DLCO accelerated with age, while decline in FEV1/FVC decelerated with age. Decline varied with sex, age, and height. Over a 6-year period, the ULN decline in FEV1 ranged from 383 mL to 667 mL, and the ULN decline in DLCO ranged from 3.6 ml/min/mmHg to 9.5 ml/min/mmHg. Overall, men had faster absolute rates of decline than women, while relative (%) rates of decline were similar between sexes. InterpretationLung function decline is non-linear and accelerates with age. In this cohort, the ULN decline over 6-years often exceeded current guidelines for interpreting significant longitudinal change in lung function.

Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Chao Phraya River, Thailand

Understanding heavy metals in rivers is crucial, as their presence and distribution impact water quality, ecosystem health, and human well-being. This study examined the presence and levels of nine heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in 16 surface water samples along the Chao Phraya River, identifying Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cr as predominant metals. Although average concentrations in both rainy and dry seasons generally adhered to WHO guidelines, Mn exceeded these limits yet remained within Thailand’s acceptable standards. Seasonal variations were observed in the Chao Phraya River, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient analysis established significant associations between season and concentrations of heavy metals. The water quality index (WQI) demonstrated varied water quality statuses at each sampling point along the Chao Phraya River, indicating poor conditions during the rainy season, further deteriorating to very poor conditions in the dry season. The hazard potential index (HPI) was employed to assess heavy metal contamination, revealing that during the dry season in the estuary area, the HPI value exceeded the critical threshold index, indicating the presence of heavy metal pollution in the water and unsuitable for consumption. Using the species sensitivity distribution model, an ecological risk assessment ranked the heavy metals’ HC5 values as Pb > Zn > Cr > Cu > Hg > Cd > Ni, identifying nickel as the most detrimental and lead as the least toxic. Despite Cr and Zn showing a moderate risk, and Cu and Ni posing a high risk to aquatic organisms, the main contributors to ecological risk were identified as Cu, Ni, and Zn, suggesting a significant potential ecological risk in the Chao Phraya River’s surface water. The results of this study provide fundamental insights that can direct future actions in preventing and managing heavy metal pollution in the river ecosystem.

Phytonutrients, Minerals, and Organoleptic Properties of Bread Produced from Bicarbonate Pretreated African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) Seed Coats Flour and Wheat Flour

Industrial consumers are facing a pressure on their foreign currency reserves due to the importation of wheat flour for bread manufacturing. The study investigated the phytonutrient composition, mineral composition, and sensory characteristics of bread made from a combination of wheat flour and pre-treated seed coatings derived from African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa). The bread was prepared by blending African yam bean seed coat with wheat flour in ideal quantities ranging from 21.8 to 78.2g. The bread sample underwent evaluation for its phytonutrient and antioxidant content, including total phenol, ABTS, and total carotenoid. Additionally, the sample was analysed for minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and salt, as well as anti-nutrient components like trypsin inhibitor, oxalate, phytate, and tannin. Descriptive sensory evaluation was carried out on the appearance, texture and odour. Data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with the use of Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). The results obtained for the phytonutrients and antioxidants were phenol (0.87 to 3.48 mg/g) ABTS (0.001 to 0.004 Mmol/g), carotenoid (0.52 to 1.04 mg/g). Mineral results were calcium (37.46 to 44.28 ppm), phosphorus (24.16 to 28.89 ppm), potassium (57.44 to 65.04 p pm), zinc (1.50 to 1.66 ppm) and sodium (64.21 to 76.30 ppm). Anti- nutrient factors of Trypsin inhibitor (1.06 to 5.34 %), oxalate (0.01 to 0.17 mg/g), phytate (0.11 to 0.35 mg/g) and tannin (0.21 to 1.39 mg/g). The sensory assessment of the bread indicated that sample 506, which is made from a composite flour derived from the seed coat of African yam beans, met the acceptable standards.

Distribution and bioaccumulation of trace elements in two Cyprinidae fish species in the Indus river, Pakistan, including the impact of hydraulic structure on macroinvertebrates' biodiversity

The concentration of trace elements (chromium, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, and iron) was determined in water, sediment and tissues of two Cyprinidae fish species - Labeo rohita and Tor putitora – collected from the eight sampling stations of Indus River in 2022 for four successive seasons (autumn, winter, spring, summer), and also study the present condition of macroinvertebrates after the construction of hydraulic structure. The obtained results of trace element concentrations in the Indus River were higher than the acceptable drinking water standards by WHO. The nitrate concentration ranges from 5.2 to 59.6 mg l−1, turbidity ranges from 3.00 to 63.9 NTU, total suspended solids and ammonium ions are below the detection limit (<0.05). In the liver, highest dry wt trace elements (μg/g) such as Cr (4.32), Pb (7.07), Zn (58.26), Cu (8.38), Mn (50.27), and Fe (83.9) for the Labeo rohita; and Tor Putitora has significantly greater accumulated concentration (Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) in muscle and liver than did Labeo rohita species. Additionally, lower number of macroinvertebrates were recorded during the monsoonal season than pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. Local communities surrounded by polluted environments are more probably to consume more fish and expose them to higher concentrations of toxic trace elements (lead and copper). The findings also provide a basis for broader ecological management of the Indus River, which significantly influenced human beings and socioeconomic disasters, particularly in the local community.

Evaluation of effects from hemoglobin variants on HbA1c measurements by different methods.

The impact of seven hemoglobin variants (Hb Q-Thailand, Hb G-Honolulu, Hb Ube-2, Hb New York, Hb J-Bangkok, Hb G-Coushatta, and Hb E) on the outcome of HbA1c was investigated for six methods by comparing withliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) reference method. Twenty-nine normal and 112 variant samples were measured by LC/MS/MS, Sebia Capillarys 3 TERA, Intelligene Biosystems QuanTOF, Premier Hb9210, Arkray HA-8190V, Bio-Rad D-100, and Tosoh G11, then evaluated for correlation, consistency, and mean relative bias among six methods. The lowest biological variation bias of ±2.8 % was an acceptable standard. All methods showed poor correlation and consistency with LC/MS/MS for Hb E. The unacceptable biases were observed for Capillarys 3 TERA (-14.4 to-3.7 % for Hb Q-Thailand, Hb Ube-2, Hb New York, Hb J-Bangkok and Hb E), QuanTOF (-8.3 to-2.9 % for Hb Ube-2, Hb New York and Hb G-Coushatta), Premier Hb9210 (-18.3 to-3.6 % for Hb Q-Thailand, Hb Ube-2, Hb New York, Hb J-Bangkok and Hb E), HA-8190V variant mode (-17.3 to 6.6 % for Hb G-Honolulu, Hb Ube-2, Hb New York, Hb G-Coushatta and Hb E). All variant samples showed larger biases than ±2.8 % comparing HA-8190V fast mode, D-100, and G11 with LC/MS/MS. The accuracy of different HbA1c methods was influenced by some Hb variants, especially Hb Ube-2 and Hb New York. Thus, laboratories need to choose appropriate methods to measure HbA1c with different Hb variants.

Non-destructive inspection technologies for repair assessment in materials and structures

Aging infrastructure globally faces degradation, posing risks and requiring substantial repair investment. Strategic maintenance practices are crucial for evaluating structural conditions and ensuring sustainability. The growing demands on modern materials and structures necessitate enhanced health monitoring approaches. Shifting from reactive to proactive maintenance methodologies is paramount, due to lower investment while keeping the structural performance at acceptable standards. However, quantitative assurance of repair/reinforcement/retrofit programs or self-healing effect in structures is similarly crucial for the operation of the infrastructure. Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, such as ultrasound, acoustic emission, and optical methods, play a vital role in assessing structural health. Through real-world case studies, the effectiveness of repair in addition to damage assessment are evaluated, encouraging a more systematic approach to monitoring structural repair efficacy. The paper intends to address the research gap in monitoring the repair effectiveness in civil structures and materials and provides valuable insights to enhance repair strategies in civil engineering.

The Impact of Wage Levels on the Quality of Employment and Economic Sustainability of Households

The problem of compliance of the wage level of employees with social standards of living standards, having undoubted regional features, is relevant for all subjects of the Russian Federation. When determining the wage of organizations funded from regional budgets, we believe they should proceed from the general methodological basis for determining its size. In the article is analyzed the situation with the wage level of employees in the sector of organizations, which is the main segment of Russian employment. It has been revealed that the level of wages most strongly affects its quality and is one of the main indicators of precarious employment. The peculiarities of the distribution of employees by wage level are revealed, depending on the level of qualification of employees and their working conditions, taking into account the forms of ownership and the size of organizations. Based on the author’s tools, the analysis of the impact of wage levels on the economic sustainability of households due to (not) achieving socially acceptable and higher standards of living is carried out. It is shown that for more than 80% of employees, the wage level currently does not allow to ensure such standards. A radical increase in the wage level is proposed based on the development of industry-specific social wage standards. This will improve the quality of employment: reduce the scale of precarious employment, link the level of wages with the qualifications of employees and their working conditions, taking into account the characteristics of sectors of the Russian economy, as well as significantly increase the economic sustainability of households.

Design Thinking Method Application in UI/UX Design on the Sabiekah E-Commerce Website

The rapid growth of electronic commerce (e-commerce) has compelled organizations, including educational entities such as Islamic boarding schools, to strategically prioritize the refinement of user experience on their website. Institution of Diniyyah Puteri Padang Panjang, one of the oldest Islamic boarding schools for girls, has a business unit under the supervision of Diniyyah Business Pillar. This business unit has established an e-commerce website to promote their services to the public. However, the user experience in terms of design (user interface) and functionality (user experience) has not received adequate attention. Therefore, a redesign of the Sabiekah e-commerce website has been undertaken with the goal of enhancing user experience through improved visuals. This research employs the design thinking method to design the UI/UX of the Sabiekah e-commerce website. The design thinking method consists of five stages: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and testing. The usability testing results using the System Usability Scale (SUS)(Derisma, 2020; Sembodo et al., 2021; Welda et al., 2020) generated a score of 90. This calculation confirms that the prototype design meets acceptable standards in usability testing evaluation

A Closed-Form Solution to the Mechanism of Interface Crack Formation with One Contact Area in Decagonal Quasicrystal Bi-Materials

Cracks and crack-like defects in engineering structures have greatly reduced the structural strength. An interface crack with one contact area in a combined tension–shear field of decagonal quasicrystal bi-material is investigated. Based on the deformation compatibility equation and displacement potential function, the complex representation of stress and displacement is given. Using the mixed boundary conditions, the closed-form expressions for the stresses and the displacement jumps in the phonon field and phason field on the material interface are obtained. The results show that the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is zero for the phason field. The variation in the stress intensity factor and the length of the contact zone in the phonon field is given, and the result is consistent with the properties of the crystal. The design of safe engineering structures and the formulation of reasonable quality acceptance standards may benefit from the theoretical research carried out here.

Analytical Method Development and Validation Of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method For Assay and Related Substances of Paracetamol and Caffeine Effervescent Tablets: Review

he ongoing, interdependent tasks related to the departments of research and development, quality control, and quality assurance are the creation and validation of analytical methods. Analytical methods are essential for risk management and equivalency assessments. It aids in the development of acceptability standards unique to a product and the consistency of outcomes. Validations establish whether the analytical process is appropriate for the goal for which it was designed. A review of the literature indicates that paracetamol and caffeine can be determined individually or in combination with other medications using analytical techniques based on UV spectroscopy, RP-HPLC, and HPTLC. The parameters were checked for correctness, precision, robustness, and other aspects of analytical validation in accordance with ICH guidelines. The discovered techniques can be applied to the bulk and tablet dosage form analysis of paracetamol and caffeine in effervescent form since they are straight forward, sensitive, and repeatable. The review also outlines the applicability and constraints of numerous published analytical techniques for paracetamol and caffeine analysis. Stability studies have to be conducted on time and in compliance with the standards issued by the World Health Organization, International Conference of Harmonization, and other bodies. The capacity of a pharmaceutical product to meet the physical, chemical, microbiological, toxicological, protective, and informational requirements of a specific formulation in a particular container-closure system is known as its stability. It also ensures that a pharmaceutical product's effectiveness, safety, and performance will be maintained for the duration of its shelf life, which is seen as a need for approval and acceptability. The requirement for ongoing quality and purity monitoring of medications and products gave rise to various stability test techniques. This review covers the various drug substance stability categories as well as the applicability of various techniques for drug substances that are stable, the applicability of various methods used to test the pharmaceutical product's stability, guidelines released to test the pharmaceutical product's stability, protocols for stability testing that outline the essential elements of a well-managed and regulated stability test, and other aspects of stability are all covered in this review. The researcher working on paracetamol and caffeine in effervescent form will greatly benefit from this thorough review study.

Analyzing the Software Architecture of ML-based Covid-19 Detection System: Future Challenges and Opportunities

Two major study topics have emerged because of the challenges in software architecture and ML working together, as modern software systems produce a vast amount of data that is supported particularly by machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI) to produce useful insights. Software architecture for machine learning systems that primarily concerned with creating architectural methods for creating ML systems more effectively; ii) ML for Software architectures is concerned with creating ML methods for better-developing software systems. This study focuses on the ML-based software systems' architecture to highlight the many architectural methods currently in use. To more clearly identify a set of acceptable standards for designing ML-based software systems, we explore four crucial components of software architecture in this work that demand the focus of ML and software developers. These areas are based on an ML-based software system for addressing challenges in the COVID-19 detecting system.

Abstract 5167: Barriers to tumor mutational burden (TMB) testing in oncology care - U.S. Physician Survey

Abstract Background: Genomic technologies have become increasingly available in oncology; however, barriers remain in terms of TMB use. This study aimed to identify barriers to physicians’ adoption/use of TMB testing. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with a representative sample of U.S. general medical, surgical, and/or gynecologic oncologists, including both users and non-users of TMB testing. Physician demographics, practice characteristics, barriers (reimbursement, knowledge, logistics), and approaches to alleviate barriers were collected. Quotas were put in place to ensure a distribution of diverse physician characteristics such as academic affiliations, geography, TMB use, etc. Descriptive analysis was conducted via SASv9.4. Results: Three hundred physicians participated (47.6 mean years of age and 15.2 mean years in clinical practice on average; 50% medical oncologists, 31% surgical oncologists, and 19% gynecologic oncologists). Ninety percent of respondents reported using TMB testing. The most common barrier to TMB testing use was test turnaround time (All: 74.3%; TMB users: 72.3%; non-TMB users: 93.1%). Other commonly reported barriers included unawareness of corresponding therapy and/or clinical trials that may benefit a patient with mutation (All: 68.3%; users: 66.1%; non-users: 89.7%), obtaining prior authorizations (All: 65.7%; users: 62.7%; non-users: 93.1%), and difficulty obtaining a biopsy for testing (All: 57.3%; users: 57.6%, non-users: 55.2%). Increased coverage of TMB testing, access to educational content, and the establishment of minimally acceptable technical standards were reported as key approaches to increasing adoption/use of TMB testing. Conclusions: These results suggest that challenges around reimbursement, knowledge, and logistics are key barriers to use of TMB testing for physicians and provide insights for solutions to alleviate the barriers to TMB testing in oncology. Table 1. Barriers to TMB Test Adoption Reported by Physicians, % AllN=300 TMB userN=271 Non TMB userN=29 p-value Reimbursement Obtain prior authorizations 65.7 62.7 93.1 0.003 TMB not covered by insurance 53.7 53.5 55.2 &amp;gt;0.99 Coverage policy refers to TMB as “experimental”/”unproven” 52.7 51.7 62.1 0.26 Insurance policy restricts genomic tests to particular lab/test provider 51.3 50.6 58.6 0.79 Knowledge/awareness Unaware of therapy/clinical trials that may benefit a patient with mutation 68.3 66.1 89.7 0.03 Unaware of approved indications for TMB 51.3 51.3 51.7 &amp;gt;0.99 Lack of training on TMB 48.7 47.2 62.1 0.28 Logistics Test turnaround time 74.3 72.3 93.1 0.02 Difficulty obtaining biopsy 57.3 57.6 55.2 0.87 Inaccessibility to personnel/lab 49.0 48.3 55.2 0.84 Citation Format: Gieira Jones, Elizabeth Szamreta, Bianca Jackson, Ning Ning, Jennifer Stephens, Arif Hussain. Barriers to tumor mutational burden (TMB) testing in oncology care - U.S. Physician Survey [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5167.

Circular Definitions of ‘Good’ and the Good of Circular Definitions

AbstractI defend the view that circular definitions can be useful and illuminating by focusing on the fitting-attitudes analysis of value. This definition states that an item has value if and only if it is a fitting target of attitudes. Good items are the fitting targets of positive attitudes, and bad items are the fitting targets of negative ones. I shall argue that a circular version of this definition, defended by Rabinowicz and Rønnow-Rasmussen (2006), is preferable to its non-circular counterpart and upholds reasonable standards of acceptability. The standards I will be discussing come from Humberstone (1997), who claims that definitions cannot be informative as long as they are inferentially circular.