Standard Language Research Articles

Mixed reality guided advancement osteotomies in congenital craniofacial malformations

We describe the use of mixed reality intra-operative guides, in patients with congenital craniofacial malformations. Our experience shows the potential MR has as an adjunct and possible replacement for conventional cutting guides and intra-operative navigation. SummaryThis paper describes our experience with mixed reality (MR) intra-operative guides, in patients with congenital craniofacial malformations.The first case was a patient with bilateral hemifacial microsomia. He underwent bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Pre-operative virtual planning determined the sites of osteotomy. Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files of mandibular 3D models with osteotomy sites were uploaded onto the HoloLens 2® MR glasses (Microsoft®, Washington, USA). The superimposed hologram denoted the osteotomy line. This was validated with a physical cutting guide.The second case was a patient with Crouzon’s syndrome. A modified Lefort 2 advancement was performed to correct his midfacial deficiency. Pre-operative virtual planning was performed to determine the sites of osteotomies. Superimposed hologram using the Hololens 2® denoted the osteotomy sites. These were validated with a conventional intra-operative navigation system.The advantages of using MR include its immediate availability for use; saving time and costs. MR allows surgeons to maintain continuous line-of-sight within the operative field. A robust registration system is required to anchor the hologram onto the patient’s skull, without variations in hologram position from different angles of gaze. MR has the potential to function as an adjunct and possible replacement for conventional cutting guides and intra-operative navigation.

Ethnic integration and evolution of the phonological features of Northern Standard Chinese Language

ABSTRACT: Ethnic integration is often accompanied by language contact and language shift. The process of "ethnic integration" is the process of "remolding" northern standard Chinese language into an inter-ethnic language and ultimately into a common national language. Only by reevaluating the phonological rules and structure of the languages (mainly Altaic) of northern non-Han ethnic groups and investigating the interference with and influence on Chinese during the language shift by the non-Han ethnic groups, can we comprehend that the common national language is a language community jointly shaped by the Han people and other ethnic groups during ethnic integration. The speakers of ethnic languages are, therefore, not only the transmitters but also the co-modelers in forming the common national language. 摘要: 民族融合往往伴随着语言接触和语言转换。"民族融合"的过程就是 将北方标准汉语"重塑"为族际共同语进而成为民族共同语的过程。 只有基于以阿尔泰语为主的北方诸民族语音系规则和音韵结构特征重 新思考并深入研究以阿尔泰为主的北方诸民族在转用汉语过程中对汉 语形成的干扰和影响，才能理解民族共同语是在民族融合过程中汉族 与其他民族共同塑造的语言共同体。在民族共同语形成的过程中，民 族语者不仅是民族共同语的传播者，也是民族共同语的共同塑造者。

Makkan Arabic in the digital age: A sociolinguistic analysis of the representation of fricative, stop, and sibilant variation in WhatsApp text messages

This study examines Makkan Arabic speakers’ orthographic representation of standard and colloquial variants in their WhatsApp text messages. In particular, we examine the role that speaker gender, speaker age, gender composition of conversations, and topic of discussions play in Hadari Makkans’ representation of standard and colloquial variants of the variables (th), (dh), and (Dh). Statistical analyses reveal that women favor colloquial variant stops [t] and [d], while men exhibit a preference for standard variants [θ] and [ð], particularly when conversing with other men. For (Dh), however, both women and men favor the standard variant [ðˤ]. Age also plays a role in the distribution of variants, with speakers favoring standard variants as they age. The use of fricatives [θ] and [ð] also increases when participants discuss formal topics, which suggests an implicit association between standard language and formality, despite the inherent informality of WhatsApp interactions. This study provides insights into how phonological variation is orthographically represented within a written genre designed to mimic spontaneous conversation and enriches the broader discourse on Arabic language variation and digital communication.

I’m writing in Tunisian: Orthography and identity in written Tunisian Arabic

In recent years the amount of written vernacular Arabic has increased dramatically. But encoding an unstandardized language in writing is not straightforward and mechanical; rather, it is a complex process that balances practical considerations with ideological stances such as autonomy from the standard language. This study examines how writers of Tunisian Arabic (or derja) are navigating this elaboration process. Using a quantitative analysis of a 279,000-word corpus of print literary works written in Tunisian Arabic (2014–2021) and a 5.8-million-word corpus of internet forum posts (2010–2021), this paper explores how Tunisians writing in derja make orthographic choices to collectively position themselves in relation to the larger Arab world. The study finds that forum writers who have advocated for an improved status for Tunisian Arabic use more phonemic spelling forms—more closely representing Tunisian pronunciation—while those who have advocated for Standard Arabic are more conservative in their spelling choices. The authors of Tunisian Arabic novels and translations—pulled between issues of elaboration and readability—are a bit more conservative than the pro- derja group. These results show how writers in unstandardized or not-yet-standardized languages like Tunisian Arabic use orthography to express national identity stances in relation to supranational languages and identities.

Comparison of the reverse scan technique with an intraoral scanner and the traditional impression technique

Intraoral scanners have many advantages but have limited applicability for extensive tooth-supported or implant-supported prostheses because of merging errors. The purpose of this study was to compare the reverse scan technique (RST) with an intraoral scanner using the traditional impression technique both in vitro and in vivo. A participant was scanned 10 times with an intraoral scanner. Then, the RST was performed 3 times in the oral cavity. One of the intraoral scans was chosen to make a 3-dimensionally (3D) printed cast. The printed cast was scanned 10 times with a laboratory scanner (Control cast) and 10 times with an intraoral scanner (IOS cast). The RST was performed 10 times (RST cast), and 10 dental impressions were made using the traditional splinted technique on the same cast (Impression cast). A laboratory scanner was used to obtain standard tessellation language (STL) files of the tested methods. A newly developed pyramid replacement method was used to evaluate accuracy. This method uses modified virtual abutments with integrated pyramids that determine the exact measurement points. The obtained data were processed using Procrustes analysis and statistically analyzed (α=.05). The Procrustes distances were Control cast 0 to 0.4µm (median 0.3µm), RST cast 5.6 to 6.9µm (median 6.2µm), Impression cast 5.4 to 7.1µm (median 6.5µm), and IOS cast group 4.5 to 41.2µm (median 5.8µm). In the participant, the Procrustes distance values were RST intraoral 9.5 to 9.6µm (median 9.5µm) and IOS intraoral 5.7 to 18.3µm (median 10.9µm). The reverse scan technique is an acceptable fully digital replacement for traditional impression making. Using an IOS to obtain a 3D cast of an implant-supported interim prosthesis with scannable implant analogs is not recommended. It is more beneficial to use laboratory scanners rather than intraoral scanners for the digitization of precision improvement devices such as bonded interim implant-supported prostheses with a scannable implant analog or solid index.

Virtual surgical planning in orthognathic surgery: A prospective evaluation of postoperative accuracy

ObjectivesThe development of 3D computer-assisted technologies over the past years has led to vast improvements in orthognathic surgery. The aim of the present study was to evaluate differences in maxillary position between 3D virtual surgical planning (VSP) and surgical results. Materials and methodsWe assessed data from 25 patients who underwent bimaxillary non-segmented orthognathic surgery with 3D VSP. Each patient underwent a postoperative CT scan within 40 days after surgery. We compared the STL (Standard Triangulation Language) file from the VSP with that obtained from the postoperative CT. ResultsAccording to our comparative analysis, the postoperative and VSP 3D models did not statistically differ. The Lin concordance correlation coefficient was always >0.95 for each landmark, but in 21 patients (84 % of the sample) we identified at least one point with a difference of more than 1.5 mm between the postoperative and VSP 3D model on at least one axis. The most frequently observed differences corresponded to sagittal translation and pitch rotation. ConclusionsAn intraoperative clinical and aesthetic evaluation of the consequences of bone movements on patient face is strongly recommended, also when we use VSP because we may have clinically significant differences from the planning.

Impact of Bilingual Education on Students Linguistic Proficiency and Cognitive Development at University Level

This study investigates the impact of bilingual education on university students' linguistic proficiency and cognitive development. The research aims to explore the relationship between bilingual education and students' linguistic abilities while assessing its influence on cognitive functions such as memory, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. The research hypothesizes that students enrolled in bilingual education programs were demonstrate higher linguistic proficiency and enhanced cognitive development compared to those in monolingual programs. The population consists of university students enrolled in bilingual education programs across various disciplines, with a sample of 200 students selected through stratified random sampling. The study employs a cross-sectional design, utilizing a quantitative research approach. Data collection is conducted through standardized language proficiency tests and cognitive assessment tools, supplemented by structured questionnaires to gather demographic and educational background information. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression techniques to identify significant relationships and impacts. The findings of this study are expected to contribute valuable insights into the effectiveness of bilingual education at the university level, offering implications for curriculum development and educational policy in multilingual contexts.

Decentering the colonial native speaker

Abstract: In this article, we advocate a speakerhood studies approach as part of an effort to decenter the 'native speaker' in linguistics. Recent critiques of native-speakerhood problematize this construct's links to essentializing discourses born of ethnolinguistic nationalism and colonialism and advocate for more specific and less reductionist approaches to describing speakers in linguistics (e.g. Babel & Grammon 2021, Birkeland et al. 2024, Cheng et al. 2021). We argue that it is important to consider—indeed, to center—conceptions of speakerhood in multilingual, transnational communities that offer a contrast to discourses centered on language purism, nationalism, and standard language ideologies. We examine data from speakers of Quechua, analyzing ways in which their ideologies of speakerhood diverge from naturalized scientific discourses in linguistics, in order to demonstrate the possibilities and the stakes of a speakerhood studies approach.

Instruction in the Language Classroom and the Saudi Vision 2030: A Study Using Delphi Technique With Academics

It is imperative to evaluate contemporary language instruction practices to modify the curriculum to ensure that it fulfills the objectives of Vision 2030 which lays down detailed targets for the education sector. In this background, the current study adopts the Delphi Technique with nine recognized language specialists in Saudi Arabia to evaluate the prevalent language instruction environment and predict the desirable changes. Experts’ consensus and survey results indicated many issues that point towards a more inclusive, adaptive, and globally sensitive language education as the most pressing need of the hour. The participants’ agreement is evidence of the persisting chasm between conventional language standards and the massive changes in global communication, and it also highlights the need for translingualism as a strategy to address this chasm. In addition, results also indicated the need for the teaching community to adapt, develop, and prepare to suit the changing language scenario in the world. This need is dire to meet the massive social, cultural, and economic changes that are characteristic of Saudi Arabia today. The study concludes with emphasizing the need for translingualism in meeting the targets and aims spelt in Vision 2030, thus being of significance to academics, curriculum designers, and administrators who are committed to achieving those goals.

An Analysis of Types and Functions of Taboo Words in Hot Fuzz Movie

In daily lives, a person can adapt speech patterns, vocabulary, and accents to fit with social surroundings. From the formal language used in workplace to the informal language spoken with friends and relatives. The informal spoken form of language, particularly viewed as being of lower social rank than standard language is called vernacular. Vernacular represents the everyday language spoken by people, including slangs and taboo words that develop over time. The purpose of this research is to find the types and functions of taboo words in Hot Fuzz movie. The researcher used a qualitative descriptive method. The researcher used two theories of taboo words from Edwin Battistella (2005) to analyze the types and Timothy Jay to analyze the functions (1992). The data in the research was taken from the dialogues of the Hot Fuzz movie. The total data of taboo words found in the movie are 65 data. The researcher found all four categories of types of taboo words, they are 8 Epithets, 16 Profanity, 14 Vulgarity, and 27 Obscenity. The researcher found all five categories of functions of taboo words, they are 20 Anger and/or Frustration, 17 Descriptive – Evaluative, 10 Joking, 9 Surprise, and 9 Sarcastic Irony or Insults.

The language and motivations of expertise in political discourse

The study aims to explore how language elements of specialised and political communication are represented in parliamentary discourse. Within the ParlaMint corpus, we examine Hungarian parliamentary speeches between 2020 and 2022 on the ‘KATA’ (specific tax of small taxpayer businesses). The specialised terms, terms used in standard language, sentiment and attitude values are analysed. Results show that there is a significant difference in term use and the sentence sentiments between the different discourse participants (policy actors, opposition, governing party). There are only a few emotionless speeches, and no large differences in the proportion of terms and emotions are observed. The results can be relevant for studies on populist communication, the relationship between technocracy and democracy, and the methodological aspects of computer-assisted discourse analysis. The paper also outlines future orientations for research, including extended thematic analysis and investigation of contextual shifts in the actual meaning of terms within political discourse.

Dialektwandel als Systemwandel: Die Genuskongruenz bei den Numeralien zwei und drei in den deutschen Dialekten und darüber hinaus

Abstract This paper investigates the gender agreement behavior of the cardinal numbers two and three in various German(ic) dialects in attributive function using a corpus of dialect grammars and linguistic atlases. In contrast to previous studies which have investigated certain regions, this paper focuses the entire German-speaking area. The results show diatopic differences in gender agreement depending on the numeral as well as certain tendencies in its development through a comparison of the two datasets. The paper closes with a discussion of the differences between the standard language and the dialects, and proposes that the loss of gender agreement was set in motion by dialect sound mergers.

Variation mellan kort- och långstavighet i finlandssvenskt talspråk

The feature kortstavighet, i.e. a short vowel followed by a short consonant (VC) in two-syllable words, is one of the most salient patterns distinguishing Swedish spoken in Finland from Swedish spoken in Sweden. The VC feature is a common phenomenon both in the spoken standard language and the dialects in Finland Swedish. There is, however, still a lack of studies exploring VC in spontaneous speech by speakers from different regions. Based on sociolinguistic variation research, the study aims to investigate the VVC/VCC and VC variations in two-syllable words. The data consists of recordings from a total of 80 speakers across five different cities (Turku, Helsinki, Vaasa, Porvoo and Tammisaari). The speakers are of different genders and ages and have different social backgrounds in terms of level of education and occupational status. The results show large individual differences. The variation partly correlates with education level and occupational status as well as with regional background, while gender and age do not seem to be as significant. Regardless of their regional background, those with higher levels of education and higher occupational status use the variants in a similar way, i.e. more long vowel variants and fewer short vowel variants. This applies both to the frequency of different variants and to the type of words occurring in different variants. Those with lower levels of education and lower occupational status use more short vowel variants and fewer long vowel variants. However, there are some regional differences among these speakers in terms of the type of words occurring in different variants.

MED13L-related disorder characterized by severe motor speech impairment.

MED13L-related disorder is associated with intellectual disability, motor delay, and speech deficits. Previous studies have focused on broad clinical descriptions of individuals, but limited information regarding specific speech diagnoses and results of direct testing has been published to date. We conducted deep phenotyping to characterize the speech, language, motor, cognitive, and adaptive phenotypes of individuals with MED13L-related disorder. In this cross-sectional study, we administered standardized articulation, language, motor, and cognitive testing to 17 children and adolescents (mean age 9y 9m; SD 4y 5m; range 4y 2m to 19y 7m). In-person testing was supplemented with broad developmental, medical, and behavioral information collected virtually from a cohort of 67 individuals. All individuals who completed in-person articulation testing met diagnostic criteria for speech apraxia, dysarthria, or both. Language impairment was present in all of the in-person cohort and almost all (97%) of the virtual cohort. Those who were able to complete motor testing demonstrated significant deficits in visual motor integration (mean 57.08, SD 9.26). Full scale IQs fell in the borderline to intellectual disability range, consistent with reported cognitive impairment in 97% of the virtual cohort. Notable medical features included hypotonia (83%), vision problems (72%), recurrent otitis media (58%), gastrointestinal problems (57%), and seizures (31%). MED13L-related disorder is characterized by a high rate of motor speech disorders that occur in the context of globally impaired motor, language, and cognitive skills. Children would benefit from intensive, individualized speech therapy and the early adoption of augmentative communication strategies.

LibERI-A portable and performant multi-GPU accelerated library for electron repulsion integrals via OpenMP offloading and standard language parallelism.

A portable and performant graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated library for electron repulsion integral (ERI) evaluation, named LibERI, has been developed and implemented via directive-based (e.g., OpenMP and OpenACC) and standard language parallelism (e.g., Fortran DO CONCURRENT). Offloaded ERIs consist of integrals over low and high contraction s, p, and d functions using the rotated-axis and Rys quadrature methods. GPU codes are factorized based on previous developments [Pham et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 19(8), 2213-2221 (2023)] with two layers of integral screening and quartet presorting. In this work, the density screening is moved to the GPU to enhance the computational efficacy for large molecular systems. The L-shells in the Pople basis set are also separated into pure S and P shells to increase the ERI homogeneity and reduce atomic operations and the memory footprint. LibERI is compatible with any quantum chemistry drivers supporting the MolSSI Driver Interface. Benchmark calculations of LibERI interfaced with the GAMESS software package were carried out on various GPU architectures and molecular systems. The results show that the LibERI performance is comparable to other state-of-the-art GPU-accelerated codes (e.g., TeraChem and GMSHPC) and, in some cases, outperforms conventionally developed ERI CUDA kernels (e.g., QUICK) while fully maintaining portability.

Determining awareness of and readiness for standardized nursing languages in a mid-level midwestern hospital and associated school of nursing.

The purpose of this study was to examine knowledge, attitude, and barriers toward care planning documentation practices with standardized nursing languages (SNLs) of nurses and nursing students at a midwestern healthcare system, comparing student and nurse responses. Cross-sectional surveys were given over a 2-month period with nurses and nursing students at different sites in a midwestern healthcare system, using convenience sampling. The Knowledge, Attitude, and Barriers to Using Standardized Nursing Languages and Current Practices Survey was adapted for use and re-tested for validity/reliability (Content Validity Index 0.81-1.00; Cronbach alpha=0.82-0.99) with 28 Likert scale items measuring knowledge, attitude, and barriers. Descriptive statistics, composite scores, correlations, t-tests, and multiple regression were used to analyze the concepts of the tool. 134/400 RNs responded (34%); 109/116 students responded (93.9%). Data analyses indicate adequate to superior levels of knowledge related to SNLs and NANDA International, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), collectively referred to as NNN (NANDA, NIC, & NOC), positive attitudes toward SNLs/NNN and for adopting SNLs/NNN into documentation practices, but moderate to great barriers for implementation in practice. Barriers included lack of financial resources for change, lack of mentors, and lack of mandates to use SNLs. Students scored significantly higher than nurses in attitude only. Perceptions of nurses and student nurses for current documentation indicate awareness of inadequacy in existing systems and willingness to change existing systems for standardized languages, with perceived barriers to change/implementation of SNLs. Students were more positive about SNLs than nurses. Major implications for nursing are to reevaluate electronic documentation systems and determine how to insert and easily apply SNLs in these systems, such that nursing care documentation is standardized, interoperable, effective, time-saving, and attainable.

Evaluation of the effect of thermocycling on the trueness and precision of digitally fabricated complete denture bases

BackgroundWhile many denture base materials are currently available on the market, little data exists regarding their dimensional stability after exposure to the oral environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on the trueness and precision of milled, 3-dimensional (3D)-printed, and conventional digitally fabricated complete denture bases (CDBs).MethodsA completely edentulous maxillary stone model was scanned to generate a standard tessellation language (STL) file; this was imported into metal-milling-machine software (Redon Hybrid CAD-CAM metal milling machine, Redon, Turkey) to produce a metal model for fabricating 30 CDBs. These were divided into three groups (n = 10 in each) according to the construction technique: group 1, CAD-CAM milled CDBs; group 2, 3D-printed CDBs; and group 3, conventional compression molded CDBs. All CDBs were scanned after fabrication and evaluated before and after thermocycling using superimposition. The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, and a paired t-test.ResultsThe level of trueness between the CAD-CAM milled, 3D-printed, and compression molded CDBs showed significant differences before and after thermocycling (P < 0.05). Group 1 showed the highest degree of trueness before and after thermocycling, group 3 exhibited a higher degree of trueness than group 2 before thermocycling, and group 2 had a higher degree of trueness than group 3 after thermocycling. There was a significant difference in the precision for each CDB type before and after thermocycling (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe trueness of the CAD-CAM milling system in complete denture (CD) fabrication is superior to that of the 3D printing and conventional compression molding systems before and after thermocycling. Thermocycling had a significant effect on the precision of all CDB types. The compression molding system in CD construction is the most negatively affected via thermocycling with regard to the measures of trueness and precision.Clinical trial numberNot applicable, no human participants were involved.

Deriving with Derivatives: Optimizing Incremental Fixpoints for Higher-Order Flow Analysis

At the heart of efficient program analysis implementations are incremental solutions to fixpoint problems. These solutions can be interpreted as the derivative of the underlying analysis function. Methods that describe how to systematically derive higher-order analyses from program semantics, such as Abstracting Abstract Machines, don’t shed light on how to efficiently implement those analyses. In this paper, we explore complementary techniques to optimize the derivative computation towards deriving efficient implementations. In particular, we use static specializations (by partial evaluation and rewriting) and dynamic specializations (in the form of tracking dependencies during the fixpoint), yielding efficient incremental fixpoints. We present how these optimizations apply to an example analysis of continuation-passing-style λ-calculus, and describe how they pair particularly well with tunable and optimized workset-based fixpoint methods. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach on a flow analysis for the Standard ML language, yielding an average speed-up of 56x over an existing fixpoint method for higher-order analyses from the literature.

People incorrectly correcting other people: The pragmatics of (re-)corrections and their negotiation in a Facebook group

In highly standardized literate cultures, orthographic norms are perceived as socially binding, giving rise to negative evaluations of ‘incorrect’ writing, i.e., writing that deviates from the norm. This is evident in prescriptive practices in interactions on social media including direct corrections of a deviance (*you’re) or comments more or less implicitly referring to it (“would be great if you knew how to spell”). In this study, we focus on a special type of corrections and the reactions to them: incorrect corrections. They are often corrected in so-called re-corrections, which frequently give rise to entire chains of corrections and comments that reflect diverse practices and attitudes both shaped by and towards normativity. By conducting an exploratory case study, we investigate (meta-)pragmatic strategies of stancetaking – such as mocking or doing being an expert – as well as their negotiation in (re-)corrections. Specifically, we focus on three posts taken from the public Facebook group People Incorrectly Correcting Other People consisting of, on the one hand, decontextualized screenshots showing an incorrect correction and ensuing re-corrections framed by the reaction of the poster posting them to the group. On the other hand, given the large number of group members, they include a myriad of additional comments discussing (re-)corrections at a meta-level. Our analysis suggests that re-correcting serves to criticize not a mistake but the positioning of correctors as superior. Thus, it implicitly challenges the normativity of standard language ideologies by exposing the hypocrisy of prescriptive practices.

Interactive Triangular Global Model (ITGM) to Bridge Knowledge of Parents Towards Their Special Needs Children to Mitigate Communication Gap

With the ageing of population, the rate of disability is increasing. Its types are many including ‘hard of hearing’. In majority of the countries, they are considered as social liability by their own family on one hand, and by the society on the other. Now-a-days particularly in the developing countries, it is challenging for them to get suitable education and employment opportunities due to various reasons including social stigma, lack of facilities and lack of awareness, particularly among parents. In modern era, technology has played an important role in improving their quality of life. In this regard, parent knowledge and support play crucial role. Systematic literature review is adopted for this study. Based on findings and expertise of researcher, ITGM model is suggested. Findings suggest that due to lack of knowledge of their parents towards sign language and lack of awareness towards their needs. Further, there is no standard sign language system on global platform. In addition, expressions lack in sign language due to missing gap of grammar. Researchers suggest a global model, and recommend Higher Education Institutions, Educationists, NGOs, and Parents alongside policy makers to establish training courses for parents. With special regard to sign language, a global model suggested by the researchers should be further strengthened by funding agencies.