Standard Interface Research Articles

Prism-SSD: A Flexible Storage Interface for SSDs

The rapid adoption of solid-state drives (SSDs) as a major storage component has been made possible thanks to their ability to export a standard block I/O interface to file system and application developers. Meanwhile, this high-level abstraction has been shown to limit the utilization of the devices and the performance of applications running on top of them. Indeed, many optimizations of performance-critical applications bypass the standard block interface and rely on low-level control over SSD internal processes. However, the need to directly manage the physical device significantly increases development complexity and cost, and reduces its portability. Thus, application developers must choose between two extreme options, either easy development or optimal performance, without a real possibility to balance between these two objectives. To bridge this gap, we propose a flexible storage interface that exports the SSD hardware in three levels of abstraction: as a raw flash media with its low-level details, as a group of functions to manage flash capacity, or as a configurable block device. This multi-level abstraction allows developers to choose the degree in which they desire to control the flash hardware in a manner that best suits the applications’ semantics and performance objectives. We demonstrate the usability of this new model with Prism-SSD—a prototype of this interface as a user-level library on the Open-Channel SSD platform. We use each of the interface’s three abstraction levels to modify the I/O module of three representative applications: a key-value cache system, a user-level file system, and a graph processing engine. Prism-SSD improves application performance by 5% to 27%, at varying development costs, between 200 and 3,500 lines of code.

SEAMLESS ROAMING CONTEXT-AWARE IN REMOTE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

In the health-care system, parameters of patients such as Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electromyogram (EMG), Glucose, Blood pressure, motion, etc. are monitored in real-time that assist doctors to timely detect and treat unexpected risks of patients. Thus, it is critical for collected sensor data seamlessly roaming between various types of wireless transmission networks such as Personal Area Network (PAN), Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), Long Term Evolution (LTE). Moreover, congestion carrier frequency between multiple close-by PANs can cause high packet drop rates and useless energy consumption of sensors. From above reasons, we proposed a protocol for PAN-gateway to integrate many wireless communication standards (typically ZigBee, WiFi, LTE) and an optimal control network algorithm for Quality of Service (QoS). Flows of sensor data are seamlessly transmitted through many wireless interface standards in order to achieved the best average data rate; sensor energy used effectively and fairness/priority between many users.

Construction and effect evaluation of tuberculosis information platform in Ningxia

Objective: To explore the value of information technology in management of tuberculosis patients. Methods: The data comes from the case reports of Ningxia tuberculosis patients in the national tuberculosis special report system from March to December 2019 and the data of Ningxia tuberculosis information management platform. Using the computer Information and communication technologies and the Internet platform, unified data collection and data interface standards,Hospital Information System(HIS) of 18 (90%)TB specific Hospitals in Ningxia 22 counties are linked together, forming a closed loop management System, to realize Information interconnection, compare the patients' diagnostic rate before and after the application, and standardize treatment differences. Results: The system automatically collected and uploaded valid data for 2 918 times, and the consistency rate of uploaded data was 94.8%.The clinical diagnostic rate was 18.23% (1 154/6 332) before and 39.1% (914/2 335) after using the AI imaging screening subsystem (χ²=235.56, P<0.001).The regular medication rate of patients after system use was 86.89% (510/587), which was higher than that before [73.72% (544/738)] (χ²=3.94, P<0.05).The cure rate of etiologically positive tuberculosis patients (2019) was 86.03% (788/916), which was higher than that of 83.45% (1 008/1 208) before the use of the system (2018) (χ²=435.43, P<0.001). Conclusion: The tuberculosis information management platform in Ningxia has achieved tuberculosis information interconnection, significantly improving the standard diagnosis, treatment and management level of tuberculosis.

Optimisation of a Polarisation Nephelometer

An analysis of the influence caused by polarization nephelometer parameters on the scattering matrix measurement accuracy in a non-isotropic medium is presented. The approximation errors in the actual scattering volume and radiation beam by an elementary scattering volume and an elementary radiation beam are considered. A formula for calculating the nephelometer base is proposed. It is shown that requirements to an irradiation source of a polarizing nephelometer, i.e. mono-chromaticity and high radiation intensity and directivity in a wide spectral range can be satisfied by a set of high brightness LEDs with a radiating (self-luminous) small size body. A 5-wavelength monochromatic irradiation source, with an emission flux of (0.15–0.6) W required for a polarization nephelometer, is described. The design of small-sized polarizing phase control units is shown. An electronic circuit of a radiator control unit based on an AVR-Atmega 8-bit microcontroller with feedback and drive control realized by means of an incremental angular motion sensor and a software PID controller is presented. Precise and smooth motion of the radiator is ensured by standard servo-driven numerical control mathematics and the use of precision gears. The system allows both autonomous adjustment of the radiator’s reference positions and adjustment by means of commands from a personal computer. Both the computer and microcontroller programs were developed with the use of free software, making it possible to transfer the programs to Windows‑7(10), Linux and embedded Linux operating systems. Communication between the radiator’s position control system and the personal computer is realised by means of a standard noise immune USB-RS485 interface.

Development of an Internet of Things based Electrical Load Management System

This paper presents an interoperable automation system that uses the Internet of Things technology for remotely controlling and monitoring electrical appliances connected to the power supply system. Transducers located inside the socket outlets collect vital information regarding the status of the electrical network. This information includes the AC consumption, appliance status, and information from the RFID tags. The sensor and actuators are integrated with a small microcontroller known as NodeMCU. This microcontroller is equipped with an onboard Wi-Fi transceiver thus data is processed and reliably transmitted from each socket outlet to a single board computer, known as the Raspberry Pi. The received information is processed and displayed on a standard web interface hosted by the LINUX based computer. The web interface has a variety of interactive widgets enabling the user to ‘talk’ to the appliances in real-time. Communication among the IoT devices is handled through a lightweight application layer protocol known as the MQTT protocol. Another unique feature of the presented system is its ability to identify various power quality issues that frequently occur in most electrical networks. The automation system contributes to the conservation of energy by increasing the awareness of the consumer on their daily electrical energy usage.

ANTIGONE: A Programmable Energy-Efficient Current Digitizer for an ISFET Wearable Sweat Sensing System.

This article describes the design and the characterization of the ANTIGONE (ANalog To dIGital cONvErter) ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) built in AMS 0.35 m technology for low dc-current sensing. This energy-efficient ASIC was specifically designed to interface with multiple Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors (ISFETs) and detect biomarkers like pH, , and in human sweat. The ISFET-ASIC system can allow real-time noninvasive and continuous health monitoring. The ANTIGONE ASIC architecture is based on the current-to-frequency converter through the charge balancing principle. The same front-end can digitize multiple currents produced by four sweat ISFET sensors in time multiplexing. The front-end demonstrates good linearity over a dynamic range that spans from 1 pA up to 500 nA. The consumed energy per conversion is less than 1 J. The chip is programmable and works in eight different modes of operation. The system uses a standard Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) to configure, control and read the digitally converted sensor data. The chip is controlled by a portable device over Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) through a Microcontroller Unit (MCU). The sweat sensing system is part of a bigger wearable platform that exploits the convergence of multiparameter biosensors and environmental sensors for personalized and preventive healthcare.

Self-Powered Wireless Sensor Using a Pressure Fluctuation Energy Harvester.

Condition monitoring devices in hydraulic systems that use batteries or require wired infrastructure have drawbacks that affect their installation, maintenance costs, and deployment flexibility. Energy harvesting technologies can serve as an alternative power supply for system loads, eliminating batteries and wiring requirements. Despite the interest in pressure fluctuation energy harvesters, few studies consider end-to-end implementations, especially for cases with low-amplitude pressure fluctuations. This generates a research gap regarding the practical amount of energy available to the load under these conditions, as well as interface circuit requirements and techniques for efficient energy conversion. In this paper, we present a self-powered sensor that integrates an energy harvester and a wireless sensing system. The energy harvester converts pressure fluctuations in hydraulic systems into electrical energy using an acoustic resonator, a piezoelectric stack, and an interface circuit. The prototype wireless sensor consists of an industrial pressure sensor and a low-power Bluetooth System-on-chip that samples and wirelessly transmits pressure data. We present a subsystem analysis and a full system implementation that considers hydraulic systems with pressure fluctuation amplitudes of less than 1 bar and frequencies of less than 300 Hz. The study examines the frequency response of the energy harvester, the performance of the interface circuit, and the advantages of using an active power improvement unit adapted for piezoelectric stacks. We show that the interface circuit used improves the performance of the energy harvester compared to previous similar studies, showing more power generation compared to the standard interface. Experimental measurements show that the self-powered sensor system can start up by harvesting energy from pressure fluctuations with amplitudes starting at 0.2 bar at 200 Hz. It can also sample and transmit sensor data at a rate of 100 Hz at 0.7 bar at 200 Hz. The system is implemented with off-the-shelf circuits.

Monitoring System for an Experimental Facility Using GMDH Methodology

This work presents a Monitoring System based on the GMDH - Group Method of Data Handling methodology applied in an Experimental Test Facility. GMDH is a combinatorial multi-layer algorithm in which a network of layers and nodes is generated using a number of inputs from the data stream being evaluated. The GMDH method is based on an underlying assumption that the data can be modeled by using an approximation of the Volterra Series or Kolmorgorov-Gabor polynomial. The Fault Test Experimental Facility was designed inspired in a PWR nuclear power plant and is composed by elements that correspond to the pressure vessel, steam generator, pumps of the primary and secondary reactor loops. The nuclear reactor core is represented by an electrical heater with different values of power. The experimental plant is fully instrumented with sensors and actuators. The Fault Test Experimental Facility can be operated to generate normal and faulty data. These failures can be added initially with small magnitude, and their magnitude being increasing gradually in a controlled way. The database will interface with the plant supervisory system SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) that provides the data through standard interface.

WITHDRAWN: Sentiment analysis of product feedback using natural language processing

Sentiment Analysis is characterised as contextual manipulation of the text that recognises subjective information in the source material and then extracts it and also helps many companies understand their product or service's social sentiment. Nearly all professional and non-technical companies use sentiment analysis in order to reliably interpret customer input and wishes on how the product or service is fit. Sentimental research is used by top companies in nontechnology and technology. This is more or less organisational and not available to the public. More feedback applications are based on the organisational level and a standard interface that almost any company can use in any field can be very useful to recognise feedback easily using the natural language processing algorithm, without needing a particular programme or application at the organisational level.Customer reviews are digitally gathered and analysed using the NLP algorithm for fast and accurate review. The usage for such purposes can be used by top organisations which have revealed APIs and SDK resources. In this input review method APIs from organisations such as IBM, Parallel points etc can be improved like Twitter, Facebook and WordPress.

Robust Lightweight Privacy-Preserving and Session Scheme Interrogation for Fog Computing Systems

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a communication protocol of multimedia systems providing IP signaling to initiate instant messaging. The rapid growth of wireless communication has gained momentum for the development of value-added services such as voice, data, and video ubiquitously. Continuous development has emerged in various application domains such as healthcare, surveillance, and automation that integrate the sources of multimedia to support real-time analysis. In mHealth, it has a dedicated multimedia information system (MIS) to support diagnosis, treatment, medicare, and report preparation. It may enable the user to collect the diagnostic information over smart devices. On the other hand, it may eliminate the geographical restriction between users and medical experts to manage medical emergencies. It uses a packet-switched network to cooperate with the wireless infrastructure to provide a standard interface that serves as a data transmission network. However, the communication interface such as real-time transport protocol is still challenging to authenticate the network services, key exchanges, and session blockage in the multimedia systems. Thus, this paper proposes a technique of session scheme interrogation (SSI) and robust lightweight privacy-preserving (RLPP) to resolve the major issues of LTE-A networks. In this paper, the session adaptive strategy is mathematically driven to adopt the session probing in multimedia clients that detects the session blocks proficiently to mitigate the session overheads. Besides, a real-time system has been designed and developed for the analysis of quality metrics such as call success rate, call setup time, end-to-end session delay, RTP utilization, bandwidth consumption, and flooding attack detection rate. The examination results prove that the proposed RLPP and SSI achieve better efficiencies than other existing schemes.

Interface standardization in collaborative manipulation

Interface standardization in collaborative manipulation

Refresh Algorithm for Ensuring 100% Memory Availability in Gain-Cell Embedded DRAM Macros

Gain-cell embedded DRAM (GC-eDRAM) is a dense, low power option for embedded memory implementation, supporting low supply voltages; however, it suffers from limited data retention time (DRT) and requires periodic refresh operations, limiting its use only to applications that can tolerate temporary memory blockages. In this work we propose a memory architecture based on a novel refreshing algorithm that provides 100% memory availability for the user, resulting in no performance loss for any possible access pattern. This approach allows the memory to have a standard SRAM interface (“vanilla interface”), supporting direct replacement of the SRAM memory with a GC-eDRAM memory. The algorithm/architecture was implemented in a 65 nm CMOS technology resulting in more than 20% area reduction compared with standard SRAM solutions, for large memory implementations.

Safe Bayesian Optimization for Data-Driven Power Electronics Control Design in Microgrids: From Simulations to Real-World Experiments

Micro- and smart grids (MSG) play an important role both for integrating renewable energy sources in electricity grids and for providing power supply in remote areas. Modern MSGs are largely driven by power electronic converters due to their high efficiency and flexibility. Controlling MSGs is a challenging task due to requirements of power availability, safety and voltage quality within a wide range of different MSG topologies resulting in a demand for comprehensive testing of new control concepts during their development phase. This applies, in particular, to data-driven control approaches such as reinforcement learning, of which the stability and operating behavior can hardly be evaluated on an analytical basis. Therefore, the OpenModelica Microgrid Gym (OMG) package, an open-source software toolbox for the simulation and control optimization of MSGs, is proposed. It is capable of modeling and simulating arbitrary MSG topologies and offers a Python-based interface for plug & play controller testing. In particular, the standardized OpenAI Gym interface allows for easy data-driven control optimization. The usage and benefits of OMG for designing and testing data-driven controllers are demonstrated utilizing Bayesian optimization. Both the current and voltage control loops of a voltage source inverter operating in standalone, grid-forming mode for a remote MSG are automatically tuned given an uncertain application environment. Finally, the transfer to real-world laboratory experiments is successfully demonstrated.

Research on Key Technologies of Multi-smart-agents Based Partially Distributed Control System for Aero Engine

Abstract In this paper, the research status of distributed control system of aero engine were briefly analyzed. It is reasonable to believe that the studies of distributed control system of aero engine are at the transition phase from theoretical research to engineering application with the development of related theories, yet there still exists problems such as the intelligence of the system still needs to be improved, and the lack of standardized interface which leads to diversification and complexity of equipment. Aiming at the problems mentioned above and taking a domestic turboprop engine as the research object, a multi-smart-agents based partially distributed control system architecture is proposed and then the function division and data transmission are described. The practical method of the concept of “smart” in the architecture of partial distributed control system is explored in order to give full play to the advantages of distributed control system. The results show that the structure of the partially distributed control system based on multi-smart-agents is feasible, which provides a reference for the further research of the distributed control theory of aero engine.

A remote test method for power grid security and stability control system and its engineering application

Security and stability control (SSC) system or special protection system (SPS) is an important means to ensure the safe operation of power grid. In view of the insufficiency that the current open-loop testing method cannot fully test the SSC system on-site, a remote real-time closed-loop test method is proposed. The solutions of key techniques such as information interaction, remote communication and signal conversion in remote test system are studied. Then the platform architecture and standard interface of the remote test system are designed. A remote test platform for SSC system is developed, and there application modes of the platform is deeply analysed. Finally, taking SSC system of Yunnan AC power outgoing grid as pilot application, experiment of two substations on-site is carried out. The results in practical project further prove the effectiveness of the method presented in this paper.

A GEMMA-GRAFCET Methodology to enable Digital Twin based on Real-Time Coupling

Abstract Digital Twin (DT) represents the next wave in modelling, simulation and optimization technology. A key enabling technology of the DT is the real-time coupling of the digital models with the controllers of the physical plant. To implement the DT through real-time coupling, common approaches and vocabularies are desirable for the automation software to facilitate the exchange of information between the PLCs and the digital models. However, the scarce adoption of guidelines and standards within the industrial practice of PLC programming complicates this context. To face this challenge, this paper proposes a methodology for PLC code to standardize the vocabulary and the management of the operational modes of industrial automation systems. The methodology consists of a GEMMA-GRAFCET representation and a Hierarchical Design Pattern. By implementing the approach to a case study, it is demonstrated that the methodology generates a standard interface for the communication between PLCs and digital models within a DT architecture.

Improved Performance of a Flat-Wire Coil With Magnetic Composite Material for Wireless Power Transfer

This letter focuses on improvements in the performance of flat-wire coils for wireless power transfer in smartphones based on the Qi interface standard. At high frequencies, alternating-current copper losses increase due to the proximity and skin effects. A low-permeability magnetic composite with low hysteresis loss was applied to a coil to reduce coil losses. A parametric analysis was used to obtain the optimum composition of the magnetic coating. Power transmission experiments on a coated coil designed for minimum loss showed that the steady-state temperature was lower than that of an uncoated coil. The coated-coil resistance was lower at high frequencies, where resistance due to skin and proximity effects are significant. When misaligned with respect to a charging pad's transmit coil, the coated coil had a smaller decrease in efficiency compared to an uncoated coil.

OneM2M 표준 인터페이스 확장 기반 스마트시티 데이터 마켓플레이스 및 서비스 개발

oneM2M 표준 인터페이스 확장 기반 스마트시티 데이터 마켓플레이스 및 서비스 개발

The effect of kinship in re-identification attacks against genomic data sharing beacons.

Big data era in genomics promises a breakthrough in medicine, but sharing data in a private manner limit the pace of field. Widely accepted 'genomic data sharing beacon' protocol provides a standardized and secure interface for querying the genomic datasets. The data are only shared if the desired information (e.g. a certain variant) exists in the dataset. Various studies showed that beacons are vulnerable to re-identification (or membership inference) attacks. As beacons are generally associated with sensitive phenotype information, re-identification creates a significant risk for the participants. Unfortunately, proposed countermeasures against such attacks have failed to be effective, as they do not consider the utility of beacon protocol. In this study, for the first time, we analyze the mitigation effect of the kinship relationships among beacon participants against re-identification attacks. We argue that having multiple family members in a beacon can garble the information for attacks since a substantial number of variants are shared among kin-related people. Using family genomes from HapMap and synthetically generated datasets, we show that having one of the parents of a victim in the beacon causes (i) significant decrease in the power of attacks and (ii) substantial increase in the number of queries needed to confirm an individual's beacon membership. We also show how the protection effect attenuates when more distant relatives, such as grandparents are included alongside the victim. Furthermore, we quantify the utility loss due adding relatives and show that it is smaller compared with flipping based techniques.

Efficient joint identification and fluted segment modelling of shrink-fit tool assemblies by updating extended tool models

In milling, the dynamic behavior of the tool center point is crucial for estimating surface quality of the workpiece as well as the process stability behavior. Experimental-analytical receptance coupling can be used for predicting the tool tip dynamics but requires accurate analytical modelling of the holder-tool assembly. This includes the reliable identification of the holder-tool joint properties as well as the correct modelling of the fluted segment of end mills. However, the modelling effort associated with accurately representing the dynamic behavior of the fluted segment is significant. In addition, the joint identification requires a reference tool tip frequency response function of the tool assembly clamped in the machine spindle. This is inefficient and can also lead to incorrect estimation of joint properties. This paper provides an efficient method for joint identification and fluted section modelling using an offline, free–free excitation approach. The objective of this paper is to enable a direct comparison of the dynamic behavior of the freely constrained analytical tool assembly model with that of the real freely constrained tool assembly. The comparison of displacement to force frequency response at certain points on the tool assembly allows for the identification of tool model parameters such as the joint properties and effective diameter of the fluted segment. The comparability is realized by extending the analytical holder-tool beam model to include the receptance model of the standard spindle-holder interface. In this study, as an example, a thermal shrink-fit holder-tool beam model is extended to include an HSK-A63 interface. Subsequently, frequency response functions at two points on the real freely constrained tool assembly are measured in order to identify the joint stiffness and effective diameter of the fluted segment using the corresponding proposed formulations. The updated holder-tool model is then coupled with a 4-axis milling machine and validated. Despite the reduced modelling effort, a good prediction accuracy could be achieved for different holder-tool combinations.