Standardized Root Mean Research Articles

Development of a scale examining post-disaster coping motivations in Turkey after the 6 February earthquake.

The aim of this study was to develop the Motivations for Coping After Disaster Scale. To test the construct validity of the scale, a total of 676 data were collected from three different sampling groups (N1: 388; N2: 194; N3: 94). Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Criterion validity analysis were conducted to test the construct validity of the scale. As a result of CFA, it was seen that the post-disaster scale had a five-dimensional structure (spiritual values, hope, friend support, solidarity, family support). The loadings of the items of the scale are at a good level. As a result of CFA, the scale was found to have acceptable and good fit indices (χ2/sd=2.690; RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation)=0.066; SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual)=0.047; CFI (Comparative Fit Index)=0.948; GFI (Goodness of Fit Index)=0.917). The results of the criterion validity analysis show that the scale has criterion validity. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient shows that the scale is highly reliable (Total=0.923). The results of this study show that the Post-Disaster Coping Motivations Scale is a valid and reliable instrument. It is thought that the scale can make an important contribution to understanding psychological recovery processes after disaster and providing appropriate support to individuals.

Psychometric properties of the DSM-5 Panic Disorder Dimensional Scale in an Australian community sample

ABSTRACT Objective The Panic Disorder Dimensional Scale (PD-D) was developed to provide a dimensional rating of panic disorder (PD) symptom severity alongside the traditional categorical Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PD-D in an Australian community sample. Method Two-hundred and eighty-eight participants (72.9% female) aged 18–76 years (M = 28.28; SD = 12.08) completed the study. Results Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that PD-D demonstrates a unidimensional factor (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.95; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.94; standardised root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.04). The scale also demonstrated excellent internal consistency [α = .96 (95% CI: .95–.97); ω = 0.96 (95% CI: .95–.97)], and evidence of convergent and divergent validity. A good test–retest reliability was evident for the total PD-D score (ICC = .76, p < .001). Conclusions The PD-D appears to be a reliable and valid measure which can be used to support diagnosis of PD in Australia. Limitations are discussed, including the use of a predominantly female sample and lack of clinician-informed data regarding current diagnoses.

Exploring the acceptance of robotic assisted surgery among the Indian population: An empirical investigation

Background Technology has completely transformed healthcare, starting with X-ray machines and MRIs to telehealth and robotic surgeries to e-health records. The launch of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) serves as a milestone in medical history, offering benefits such as smaller incisions, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery, making it a preferred surgical option. This study mainly explores patients’ willingness to adopt robot-assisted surgery (RAS) technology in a surgical intervention and is assessed in the backdrop of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Methods This research project employs a post-positivist research philosophy and a cross-sectional research design. A structured, pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data from 280 respondents. Results The results revealed that trust had a significant impact on Perceived Usefulness (β = 0.099) and Perceived Ease of Use (β = .157), and eHealth literacy had a significant impact on Perceived Ease of Use (β = 0.438) and Perceived Usefulness (β = 0.454). Additionally, Perceived Usefulness partially influenced behavioral intention (β = 0.123), and attitude had a significant influence on behavioral intention (β = 0.612). The analysis revealed an insignificant impact of eHealth literacy on Perceived Usefulness (β = 0.067). The Standard Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) value was &lt;0.8. Mediation analysis also revealed partial mediation between the constructs. The SRMR rating of this model is 0.067, indicating that it fits the data well. Conclusion This study revealed that a patient's intention will be high if he or she believes that RAS is beneficial in treating his or her ailment. In comparison, information related to RAS is clearly known, and it does not directly affect selection intention. eHealth literacy is a significant antecedent to patients’ behavioral intention. Hence, the healthcare industry must devise strategies to promote the acceptance of RAS at all levels.

Optimizing Item Construction in Diagnostic Mathematics Test

The diagnostic mathematics test is a critical tool for measuring students' abilities to understand and apply mathematical concepts, with the design of good test items being paramount to ensure validity. This study leverages Item Response Theory (IRT) models and Differential Item Functioning (DIF) methods to refine the construction of test items, specifically focusing on rational numbers. Engaging 929 junior high school students from three public schools in Cirebon, West Java The research utilized R Software to analyze the most suitable IRT models and investigate DIF methods. The findings underscore the efficacy of the Parameter Logistic 3PL model based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), -2 loglikelihood, and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMSR) values, alongside item fit, highlighting that nearly all analyzed items were suitable except one that required replacement. Additionally, the identification of items with significant DIF effects points to potential biases, suggesting avenues for enhancing test fairness and reliability. The study's broader implications extend to improving diagnostic assessment practices, informing item design in educational evaluations, and guiding future research towards creating more equitable and precise measures of mathematical understanding. This contributes to a nuanced comprehension of student abilities, offering valuable insights for educators, assessment designers, and policymakers aimed at fostering improved learning outcomes in mathematics education.

Discriminatory ability of perioperative heart rate variability in predicting postoperative complications in major urologic surgery: a prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine if continuous perioperative heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring could improve risk stratification compared to a short preoperative measurement in radical cystectomy patients. Electrocardiography (ECG) recordings were collected continuously preoperatively to discharge in 83 patients. Two, 5-min ECG signal segments (preoperative and at 24-h post ECG placement) were analyzed offline to extract HRV metrics. HRV metric discriminatory ability to identify patients with 30-day postoperative complications were analyzed using receiver operating characteristics curves. Sixty participants were included for analysis of which 27 (45%) developed a complication within 30 days postoperative. HRV was reduced in patients with complications. Postoperative standard deviation NN intervals and root mean square of successive differences had area under the curves (AUC) of 0.67 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.81) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.82), respectively. Significant discriminatory abilities were also reported for postoperative frequency metrics of absolute low frequency (LF) [AUC = 0.65 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.79)] and high frequency (HF) powers [AUC = 0.69 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.83)] and total power [AUC = 0.66 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.80)]. Postoperative acquired HRV metrics demonstrated improved discriminatory ability. Our findings suggest that longer-term perioperative HRV monitoring presents with superior ability to stratify complication risk.

Investigating Structural Model Fit Evaluation

A full structural equation model (SEM) typically consists of both a measurement model (describing relationships between latent variables and observed scale items) and a structural model (describing relationships among latent variables). However, often researchers are primarily interested in testing hypotheses related to the structural model while treating the measurement model as a necessary but not primary focus of the overall model. In this case, researchers often wish to isolate and just evaluate the fit of the structural model. In our research, we examine a two-stage approach that can compute the chi-square statistic and fit indices for evaluating only the fit of the structural model in a full SEM. We call these the structural chi-square statistic and structural fit indices. For structural fit indices, we focused on the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR). We developed several new versions of the structural chi-square statistic, structural fit indices, and confidence intervals (CIs) of the structural fit indices. Through a simulation study, we demonstrated that several versions of our newly developed structural chi-square statistic yielded the nominal Type-I error rate; and the same versions of the structural fit indices exhibited low bias and their corresponding CIs had high coverage rates. Therefore, we recommend researchers use these versions of the structural chi-square test of fit alongside the structural fit indices when evaluating the fit of the structural model.

The Night Eating Questionnaire through the lens of the Rasch model

Previous research focused on the conventional approaches to test psychometric characteristics of the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ). The purpose of this research was to examine the psychometric properties of the Night Eating Questionnaire using the Rasch model in a sample of university students. The study was carried out from November 2018 to March 2019 on 300 students in health sciences at the University of Pristina temporarily seated in Kosovska Mitrovica, who completed the NEQ. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggested that the Serbian version mirrored the original NEQ structure: Goodness of fit index = 0.978, Comparative fit index = 0.996, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.995, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.011 and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0.057. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.627. The Rasch analysis showed that the item separation index classified the items into six groups based on their level of difficulty. The person reliability index separated well night eaters from day eaters. Few items did not fit the adequate range for the infit/outfit statistics. Overall, there were several groups of NEQ items that have a distinctive difficulty level, but the difference was not a remarkable one. This means that most students did not have night eating syndrome (NES), despite various levels of item difficulty. The NEQ performs well in the efforts to distinguish people who eat and do not eat at night. Most students reported conventional eating patterns and only a few had NES. The properties of the NEQ warrant its use in further night eating research.

Study on the applicability of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire based on classical test theory and item response theory

Objective: To evaluate the quality and item characteristics of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ) among employees in manufacturing and service industries. Methods: From December 2021 to December 2022, a total of 2077 employees from 4 manufacturing and service enterprises in Beijing were selected by the method of combining purpose sampling and convenience sampling. The Chinese version of BJSQ was used to carry out a survey on occupational stress from 57 items in 4 dimensions including job stress factors, stress response, social support factors and satisfaction. Classical test theory (CTT) was used to analyze the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The Semejima hierarchical response model in item response theory (IRT) was used to analyze the differentiation a, difficulty coefficient b and information content of each item. Results: Among the 2077 subjects, the age M (Q(1), Q(3)) was 33 (28, 37) years old, and the working age M (Q(1), Q(3)) was 4 (2, 8) years. There were 723 (34.8%) people in manufacturing industry and 1354 (65.2%) people in service industry. Eleven common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 62.823%, the variance of the common factors of each entry ranging from 0.451 to 0.865, and the range of factor loading values from 0.413 to 0.825, with 5 items having cross-loadings. The results of the validation factor analysis showed that the model fit indexes of root means square error of approximation was 0.055, comparative fit index was 0.950, Tucker Lewis index was 0.948, and standardized root mean square was 0.066. Content validity results showed that the total scores of the Chinese version of the BJSQ were positively correlated with the scores of the 4 dimensions (r(s)=0.487-0.936, P<0.05) . The results of the reliability analysis showed that the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total questionnaire was 0.945, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficients of job stress factors, stress response and social support factors were 0.775, 0.957, and 0.830, respectively. The Spearman-Brown coefficient for the total questionnaire was 0.866, and for the 3 dimensions, it was 0.572, 0.882 and 0.772. The results of IRT analysis showed that only 1 of the 57 items had a differentiation a-value<0.30, the difficulty coefficient b-value of each item ranged from -12.02 to 11.09, of which 8 items had a difficulty coefficient that was too high, 3 items had a difficulty coefficient that was too low, and 3 items did not meet the requirements, and the average amount of information in each item ranged from 0.022 to 2.566, and there were 47 items with average amount of information>0.088 (5/57) . Conclusion: The Chinese version of BJSQ has good reliability and validity in the typical occupational groups of manufacturing and service industries in China, and most of the items have good performance, but some items still need to be further improved and optimized or deleted.

Resilience as a Modulating Factor of Empathy in Medical Students

Resilience as a Modulating Factor of Empathy in Medical Students

The Chinese version of the general benefit finding scale (GBFS): Psychometric properties in a sample of college students.

Benefit finding has become a central construct in the evolution of positive psychology and attracted attention in recent literature. This study aimed to translate and validate the General Benefit Finding Scale (GBFS) in Chinese college students. Forward- and back-translation of the GBFS was followed by the assessment of semantic equivalence and content validity. A sample of 589 college students was recruited in China to conduct reliability and validity analysis. The construct validity was assessed using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Concurrent validity was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficients of the GBFS with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and World Health Organization-Five Well-Being (WHO-5). Internal consistency and two-week test-retest reliability were also evaluated. The content validity index for each item ranged from 0.83 to 1.00. EFA revealed a six-factor model, which exhibited acceptable goodness of fit in CFA (standardized root mean square residual = 0.031, root mean square error of approximation = 0.059, goodness-of-fit index = 0.860, comparative fit index = 0.904, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.890, chi-squared/degree of freedom = 2.07). The concurrent validity of the GBFS was supported by its statistically significant correlations with PSS (r = -0.271, p<0.001) and WHO-5 (r = 0.354, p<0.001). Moreover, the internal consistency for the overall scale was satisfactory, with Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.93 and McDonald's omega reliability of 0.94. The test-retest reliability was 0.82. Although the Chinese version of GBFS was examined in a homogeneous convenience sample of college students, it provides a reliable and valid instrument for assessing benefit finding in the Chinese context.

Early maladaptive schemas, distress tolerance and self-injury in Iranian adolescents: serial mediation model of transdiagnostic factors.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent behaviour among adolescents. Although there are different etiological models of NSSI, there is a general lack of evidence-based, comprehensive and transdiagnostic models of NSSI in adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate a model of transdiagnostic factors of NSSI in adolescents, testing a serial mediation model of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMS), distress tolerance and NSSI through experiential avoidance and rumination. A community sample was identified of 1014 adolescents aged 13-17, of whom 425 had a history of NSSI. A serial mediation path analytic method was utilised to examine the relationships between NSSI and its associated functions as criterion variables, EMS and distress tolerance as predictors, experiential avoidance as the first mediator and rumination as the second mediator. The path analytic model fit indices were good (X2/d.f. = 2.25, goodness of fit index = 0.98, normed fit index = 0.97, comparative fit index = 0.98, root mean square error of approximation = 0.054, standardised root mean squared residual = 0.028). Rumination significantly mediated the relationship between schemas of 'vulnerability to harm', 'emotional deprivation', 'social isolation', 'insufficient self-control', and NSSI frequency and intrapersonal functions. In serial fashion, experiential avoidance mediated the role of rumination in the relationship between social isolation, and insufficient self-control and NSSI frequency and intrapersonal functions. All indirect effects were significant. Key indirect effects were found linking maladaptive schemas and distress tolerance to NSSI frequency, and NSSI intrapersonal functions via experiential avoidance and rumination. Thus, it is important to address these transdiagnostic factors with particular emphasis on the sequential mediating role of experiential avoidance and rumination in conceptualisation and therapeutic interventions for NSSI.

A Chinese version of the infertility self-efficacy scale: Reliability and validity assessment

ObjectiveTo translate, cross-culturally adapt and test the reliability and validity of a Chinese version of the Infertility Self-Efficacy scale. MethodsThe Infertility Self-Efficacy (ISE) scale was translated into Chinese using forward and backward translations, expert consultation, cognitive interviews and a pilot study. To test the scale's reliability and validity, 515 infertile women in two hospitals were recruited to evaluate the Chinese version of the scale. Content validity was assessed by means of expert consultation. Exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 and Amos 24.0. Reliability tests of the scale included Cronbach's alpha coefficient, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability. ResultsThe Chinese version of the ISE scale contains 16 items and one dimension. Content validity of the scale was 0.96. Results of exploratory factor analysis suggested that the one factor model was suitable for the scale, and factor loading of all items was greater than 0.4. Model fitting parameters of confirmatory factor analysis of the ISE scale were χ2/df = 2.710, Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.079, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.042, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.953, and Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.939. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Chinese ISE was 0.980; split-half coefficient was 0.972 and retest reliability was 0.848 (P < 0.01). ConclusionThe Chinese ISE scale is a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the self-efficacy of infertile Chinese women.

The Turkish Adaptation Study of the Digital Addiction Scale For Children: A Validity and Reliability Study

Objective: The study was conducted to perform the Turkish validity and reliability study of the Digital Addiction Scale for Children (DASC). Methods: The study was completed with 259 students (primary school 4th grade, secondary school 5th, 6th, and 7th grades). The research data were analyzed by transferring them to Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) 25 and Amos 22.0.0.0 package programs. In the validity and reliability analyses of the scale, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability analysis (Cronbach’s alpha), and test-retest were performed to determine the internal consistency of the factors. Results: The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was found to be 0.941 as a result of EFA, and the following fit indices were obtained as a result of CFA; χ²/sd: 2.258, (RMSEA): 0.07, Comparative Fit Index (CFI): 0.907, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR): 0.049. Cronbach's alpha value of the overall 25-item scale was found to be 0.946. As a result of the test-retest, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was identified as 0.938 for the overall scale. Conclusion: It was found that the DASC was a valid and reliable measurement tool that could assess the level of digital addiction in Turkish children aged 9-12.

Psychometric properties of the Thai Qualifications Framework for Higher Education instrument among Royal Thai Air Force nurse stakeholders.

The Thai Qualifications Framework for Higher Education (TQF: HEd) serves as a framework to enhance the quality of higher education in Thailand. However, no valid and reliable TQF: HEd instrument is available to measure the quality of graduates among Royal Thai Air Force Nurses. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the TQF: HEd instrument among graduate nurses of the Royal Thai Air Force. Psychometric testing of the instrument was conducted. The instrument's validity was evaluated through a review by a panel of five experts, providing a content validity index (CVI). Construct validity was assessed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with a sample size of 308, and Cronbach's α coefficient was utilized to measure the scale's internal consistency. The Scale-Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was 0.88. CFA yielded the following fit indices: χ2 = 265.861, p = 0.068, df = 233, χ2/df ratio = 1.141, Comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.996, Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.993, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.021, and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.033. The scale reliability was acceptable, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.93 and 0.85-0.92 for the six factors. The TQF: HEd instrument demonstrates satisfactory psychometric properties, which will be valuable for those in charge of the curriculum in utilizing the instrument to measure graduate competency and guide curriculum development.

Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses Support the Unidimensionality of the Arabic Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand

The objective of this investigation was to assess the structural validity of the Arabic Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) in individuals suffering from upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, utilizing both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A group of participants with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders attending physical therapy clinics were recruited. Upon their initial visit to physical therapy, participants were requested to complete the Arabic versions of the QuickDASH, as well as the Numeric Pain Rating Scale. In order to determine the number of factors, parallel analysis was employed in the EFA, while maximum likelihood was utilized for extraction. The fit of the model identified using EFA was subsequently examined using CFA, incorporating multiple fit indices. The outcomes of the EFA indicated the existence of a one-factor structure, accounting for a considerable 50.22% of the total variance. It was observed that all of the QuickDASH items displayed loadings on the single factor, with values ranging from 0.35 to 0.77. However, the multiple fit indices obtained from the CFA did not provide sufficient support for the fit of the initially proposed unidimensional structure. The data showed good fit to the unidimensional model after adding error covariance: chi-square = 100.52 [degrees of freedom (df) = 40, P &lt; 0.001], chi-square/df = 2.51, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.94, comparative fit index = 0.95, root mean square error of approximation = 0.077 [90% confidence interval (CI) = 0.058-0.096], and standardized root mean residual = 0.048. Ultimately, the findings from the EFA provided evidence supporting the unidimensionality of the Arabic QuickDASH, while the CFA supported the unidimensionality of the QuickDASH after addressing the issue of local dependency between some scale items.

Addressing medical student burnout through informal peer-assisted learning: a correlational analysis

BackgroundDespite the recognized advantages of Peer-Assisted Learning (PAL) in academic settings, there is a notable absence of research analyzing its effects on students' Academic Burnout. This study aims to cover this gap by assessing the underlying effectiveness of Informal Peer-Assisted Learning (IPAL) as a cooperative learning method, focusing on its potential to mitigate academic burnout among medical students.MethodsIn 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, in Puerto Rico. The research team gathered data from 151 participants, 49.19% of 307 total student body. This cohort included 76 female students, 71 male students, and 4 individuals saying other. The School Burnout Inventory questionnaire (SBI-9) was employed to assess Academic Burnout, along with an added query about self-reported IPAL. The SBI-9 underwent validation processes to ascertain its reliability and validity, incorporating the Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Following this, the investigators conducted an analysis to determine the correlation between academic burnout levels and involvement in IPAL.ResultsThe validation process of the questionnaire affirmed its alignment with an eight-item inventory, encapsulating two principal factors that elucidate academic burnout. The first factor pertains to exhaustion, while the second encompasses the combined subscales of cynicism and inadequacy.The questionnaire shows high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.829) and good fit indices (Comparative Fit Index = 0.934; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.902; Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual = 0.0495; Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation = 0.09791; p-value < 0.001). The factors proven in the selected model were used to evaluate the correlation between Academic Burnout and IPAL. Students engaged in IPAL showed significantly lower academic burnout prevalence compared to those who never participated in such practices, with a mean academic burnout score of 44.75% (SD 18.50) for IPAL engaged students versus 54.89% (SD 23.71) for those who never engaged in such practices (p-value < 0.013). Furthermore, within the group engaged in IPAL, students displayed lower levels of cynicism/inadequacy 41.98% (SD 23.41) compared to exhaustion 52.25% (SD 22.42) with a p-value < 0.001.ConclusionsThe results of this study underscore a notable issue of academic burnout among medical students within the surveyed cohort. The investigation reveals a significant correlation between Academic Burnout and IPAL, suggesting that incorporating IPAL strategies may be beneficial in addressing burnout in medical education settings. However, further research is needed to explore potential causal mechanisms.

Assessing Electronic Health Literacy in Individuals With the Post-COVID-19 Condition Using the German Revised eHealth Literacy Scale: Validation Study.

The eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) is a widely used instrument for measuring eHealth literacy (eHL). However, little is known so far about whether the instrument is valid for the assessment of eHL in persons who are affected by the post-COVID-19 condition. This is particularly important as people with the post-COVID-19 condition are frequently affected by false information from the internet. The objective of our study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the German Revised eHealth Literacy Scale (GR-eHEALS) in individuals with the post-COVID-19 condition. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2022. The self-assessment survey consisted of the GR-eHEALS, health status- and internet use-related variables, sociodemographic data, and (post)-COVID-19-related medical data. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), correlational analyses, and tests of measurement invariance were deployed. In total, 330 participants were included in the statistical analyses. CFA revealed that the 2-factor model reached an excellent model fit (comparative fit index=1.00, Tucker-Lewis index=0.99, root mean square error of approximation=0.036, standardized root mean square residual=0.038). Convergent validity was confirmed by significant positive correlations between eHL and knowledge of internet-based health promotion programs, experience in using these programs, and the duration of private internet use. In addition, a significantly negative relationship of eHL with internet anxiety supported convergent validity. Further, significant relationships of eHL with mental health status and internal health locus of control confirmed the criterion validity of the instrument. However, relationships of eHL with physical health status and quality of life could not be confirmed. The 2-factor model was fully measurement invariant regarding gender. Regarding age and educational level, partial measurement invariance was confirmed. The subscales as well as the overall GR-eHEALS reached good-to-excellent reliability (Cronbach α≥.86). The GR-eHEALS is a reliable and largely valid instrument for assessing eHL in individuals with the post-COVID-19 condition. Measurement invariance regarding gender was fully confirmed and allows the interpretation of group differences. Regarding age and educational level, group differences should be interpreted with caution. Given the high likelihood that individuals with the post-COVID-19 condition will be confronted with misinformation on the Internet, eHL is a core competency that is highly relevant in this context, in both research and clinical practice. Therefore, future research should also explore alternative instruments to capture eHL to overcome shortcomings in the validity of the GR-eHEALS.

Validity of the Korean Version of the Brief Irritability Test in Psychiatric Patients.

This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Brief Irritability Test (BITe) and adapt it for Korean patients with psychiatric disorders. A total of 296 patients at the Department of Psychiatry of Hanyang University Guri Hospital completed the BITe, Korean Beck Depression Inventory-II, Korean Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Korean version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11. Construct validity was confirmed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Reliability testing included assessments of internal consistency (Cronbach's α) and item-total correlations. Convergent validity was examined through correlational analyses with variables such as anxiety, depression, anger, and impulsivity. First, the scale had good internal consistency with a Cronbach's α of 0.88. Second, EFA indicated a single dimensionality of the BITe, and CFA demonstrated a reasonable fit for the single-factor model (comparative fit index=0.97, Tucker-Lewis Index=0.95, normed fit index=0.97, goodness-of-fit index=0.96, root mean square error of approximation=0.12, standardized root mean residual=0.03). Finally, the convergent validity analysis revealed a significant positive correlation with depression, anxiety, and anger, except for anger control, which is a sub-variable of anger. The results showed that the Korean version of the BITe had good psychometric properties, and might serve as a valuable tool for assessing irritability in Korean patients with psychiatric disorders.

The Impact of Different Types of Advertisements on the Level of Physical Activity Among Postmenopausal Women

Background: Understanding the factors that influence physical activity in menopausal women is important for planning and implementing effective strategies to upgrade women’s health. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of different types of advertisements on the level of physical activity among postmenopausal women. Methods: The current research employed an analytical cross-sectional design and was conducted on 385 postmenopausal women. Data were collected through physical activity questionnaires to assess the impact of advertisements on social networks and media, as well as word-of-mouth advertisements. SPSS software was used to analyze the data, and PLS software was used to check the model’s fit. Results: The findings of this research showed that advertisements on social networks (T=11.38, B=0.8(, media advertisements (T=6.42, B=0.53), and word-of-mouth advertisements (T=8.92, B=0.60) had a positive and significant effect on postmenopausal women’s physical activity, with the first item (i.e., social media advertisements) exerting the most significant impact according to the value of the T statistic, which must be greater than 1.96 at the 95% confidence level, and the B statistic as the impact coefficient. The overall fit of the model was equal to 0.53, indicating the high overall fitness of the model, further evidenced by an Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) index of 0.06. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the use of different advertising methods could have significant effects on menopausal women’s tendency toward sports programs and venues. Therefore, it is essential for health organizations to continue to use these advertisements, especially on social media, to promote the physical activity level and improve the health and wellbeing of menopausal women.

Autonomy, Resilience and Life Satisfaction among Badminton Paralympians.

People with disabilities are marginalised in mainstream culture and they also experience increased restrictions in a variety of areas, such as sport. The barriers they encounter may adversely affect their life satisfaction, especially if they have a low perceived sense of autonomy and resilience. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between autonomy, resilience and life satisfaction in para-badminton athletes and the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between autonomy and life satisfaction. Data were collected from 137 para-badminton athletes (male: 65.0% and female: 35.0%). Self-reported measures were used to assess the participants' autonomy, resilience and life satisfaction levels. A structural equation model analysis was performed; the model had sufficient fit indices (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.94, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.06, standardised root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.07). The findings showed that autonomy had a significant effect on resilience (β = 0.32, P = 0.001). Further, resilience had a significant effect on life satisfaction (β = 0.19, P = 0.011) and significantly mediated the effect of autonomy on life satisfaction (β = 021, P = 0.033). This study revealed that autonomy fosters resilience among athletes, in turn allowing them to achieve greater life satisfaction. Therefore, society and sport communities should actively seek ways to improve the autonomy and resilience levels of athletes with disabilities.