Standard Sentence Research Articles

Positive Effects of Passive Voice Exposure on Children’s Passive Production During a Classroom Story-telling Training

ABSTRACT The present study investigated the effect of classroom-based syntactic training on children’s abilities to produce passive sentences. Thirty-three monolingual English children (mean age 5;2), were involved in passive-voice training based on storytelling sessions within a priming design. The training was delivered in a classroom setting, with two classes randomly allocated to either an active sentence or a passive sentence training structure. All children were individually tested at post-training. Children in the passive condition generated 3.6 more passives than the children in the active voice condition. Pre-training language and memory abilities, as measured by both grammatical level with a standardized sentence comprehension task (TROG-2) and a verbal working memory task (Digit Span), were unrelated to number of passives produced at post training. The study supports and expands recent evidence on the benefit of rich language exposure in the classroom context and on the quick dynamic adaptation of the implicit learning mechanisms to language exposure activities.

Upaya Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Menulis Teks Pidato Melalui Metode Kolaborasi

This study aims to improve the learning achievement of writing speech texts in Class VI Semester II SDN Kratonan No. 3 Surakarta Academic Year 2019/2020, which corresponds to Indonesian language learning on theme 7: Leadership; Sub Theme 1: Leaders Around Me on KI. 4.3 "Writing private speeches using standard vocabulary and effective sentences as a form of self-expression.". This type of research is Classroom Action Research (PTK). With a length of research for 4 (four) months starting January to April 2020. This study's subjects were students of Class VI SDN Kratonan No. 3 Surakarta, totaling 29 students. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation, test methods, performance, and documentation. The results showed that applying the collaboration method could improve the sixth-grade students' writing skills of SDN Kratonan No.3 Surakarta Academic Year 2019/2020.

An analytical study of word-order patterns in Standard Arabic simple sentence

The main focus of the study is to analyze the simple sentence structure and its word-order patterns of Standard Arabic syntactically. Main methods concern description and comparison of word-order patterns observed. Primarily the current study deals with some differentiations of the terms on sentence types and word-order patterns described by both medieval grammarians and modern linguists. Moreover, the so called Sībawayhian theory of ʿamil’ also provides some explanations of sentence structures and word-order patterns in Standard Arabic. Simple sentences are highlighted to examine the occasions for using different patterns and where they are commonly found, along with examples to facilitate the explanation and use of these patterns. It is essential to point out that Standard Arabic is considered to be a language with a flexible word-order, which is why there exist word-order patterns of both VOS and SVO languages, though the latter is more frequently used.

IMMU-07. IMMUNE EFFECTOR CELL ASSOCIATED NEUROTOXICITY (ICANS) AMONG PEDIATRIC AND AYA PATIENTS: MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER EXPERIENCE

INTRODUCTIONImmune effector cell associated neurotoxicity (ICANS) and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) are potentially life-threatening complications associated with immune effector cell (IEC) therapies. We characterize ICANS in pediatric and adult young adolescent (AYA) patients receiving IEC therapy at our institution.METHODSWe reviewed clinical characteristics and severity (based on ASTCT Consensus Criteria) in pediatric and AYA patients with IEC products from 2018–2019 at MDACC.RESULTSNine patients, median age 15.5 (range: 3–25) years received chimeric antigen receptor (CART) IEC therapy. Four (44%) developed ICANS within median of 8 (range: 3–27) days of CAR T cell infusion and median 6 (range: 2–7) days after CRS. Primary diagnoses were pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (8) and mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (1). Median CRS and ICANS severity grade was 2 (range 1–4). Symptoms included altered mental status (AMS) (5), seizure (1), aphasia (2), impaired ability to write a standard sentence (4). Neuroimaging did not correlate to ICANS symptoms or severity. EEG was performed in 3 and 1 had background slowing correlating with aphasia. CSF was obtained in two revealing lymphocytosis. All received prophylactic anti-epileptic medication and tocilizumab for concomitant CRS. Three received steroids.CONCLUSIONICANS may present in almost half of pediatric patients within one week of receiving CART products associated with CRS. CAR-T trafficking into the CSF may explain pleocytosis in the CSF. Prospective studies may clarify. Impaired ability to write a standard sentence and the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) may be early indicators of ICANS in pediatric/AYA patients.

Normative nasalance scores in Tamil-speaking Indian children

Objective The aim of this study was to obtain normative nasalance scores for Indian Tamil-speaking children. Methods Mean nasalance scores were obtained from 175 consecutive Tamil-speaking normal children (95 males, 80 females) aged 5–16 years during the repetition of six standardized sentences: two oral, two oronasal, and two nasal sentences. The nasal view was used to obtain nasalance scores for the standardized sentences Results Group mean and standard deviation (SD) nasalance scores of children for oral, oronasal, and nasal sentence were 35.65(SD 7.20), 44.42(SD 7.37), and 57.21(SD 8.15), respectively. The mean nasalance values of children aged 9–12 years were greater than children aged 5–8 years and 13–16 years for nasal sentences (p < .001). Males were found to have significantly higher nasalance scores for oral and oronasal sentences (p < .05) although these differences were within the range of normal variation. Conclusions The present study provides normative nasalance scores for Tamil-speaking Indian children.

Analysis of handwriting task using electromyography

Writing is one of the most important medium for communication which can represent in one of the easiest ways like symbols and sign. Handwriting is one of the most complex activities in human motions which results in major disorders. Handwriting disorder is one of the major problems in humans and hence it should be rectified before leading into major disorders like dyspraxia, dysgraphia and others. This work is a step to identify the writing disorder in early stage by using EMG sensor. It consists of EMG -sensor which measures the muscle potential from two important muscles extensor digitorum and flexor carpi radialis. The electrodes are placed in such a way that it pick up the muscle potential. The extensor digitorum helps in movements of the elbow and wrist where we obtain minimum potential compared to flexor carpi radialis which is just the flexor of the wrist only. So extensor digitorum is the most prominent muscle where we obtain maximum potential because it extents the metacarpophalangeal joint. The prototype is tested against people of two aged groups, one with people aged above 50 years and the other with adult age between 16-30 years including both the genders. They are allowed to write in their own speed of three types slow, normal, fast, of standard sentence at one stretch to obtain better muscle potential without any deviation. The acquired muscle potential shows good results about muscle potential with respect to age while writing. This prototype can be extended to the early diagnosis of handwriting disorder which helps to rectify the neurogenerative disorder before leading into severe complications.

Determining the Composition Functions of Persian Non-standard Sentences in Terminology using a Deep Learning Fuzzy Neural Network Model

Organizations can enhance the speed of well-informed decision-making by correctly understanding and using data. Since there is a tremendous gap between the speed of data processing and data generation in the world, exploring data mining in the digital world becomes inevitable. In the Persian language, similar to other languages, with the expansion of communications through social networks, the spelling of words has become abridged and the engagement of foreign loan words and emoticons has been increasing on a daily basis. Given the richness of Persian and its typographical-grammatical similarities to Arabic, research in Persian can be applied to other akin languages as well. In this regard, the current study deals with data mining of Persian non-standard sentences in order to find the function of each word in the sentence. The volume of computation might be limited in traditional methods of natural language processing for each factor contributing to functions. That is because the minimum number of computations is (5 × number of words 9) + (5 × number of words 15). Therefore, this study adopted the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) method to process such computations. The newly proposed method reinforces the results of word function identification by using two categories of independent and dependent Persian language functions as well as five factors contributing to the functions of words in sentences as five output gates. Meanwhile, the values of the training tables in this method are fuzzy, where the center-of-gravity method is adopted to decide on the values as well as to reduce the complexity and ambiguity of such computations on the probability of each event occurring. Therefore, the new method is briefly called fuzzy GRU. The results show that the proposed algorithm achieves 80 % reduction in the amount of calculations per gate of updates and reinforcement is approximately 2 % up from 67 % in standard sentences to 69 % of the non-standard sentences.

IMMU-52. IMMUNE EFFECTOR CELL ASSOCIATED NEUROTOXICITY (ICANS) AMONG PEDIATRIC AND AYA PATIENTS: MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER EXPERIENCE

Abstract INTRODUCTION Immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity (ICANS) and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) are potentially life-threatening complications associated with immune effector cell (IEC) therapies. We characterize ICANS in pediatric and adult young adolescent (AYA) patients receiving IEC therapy at our institution. METHODS We reviewed clinical characteristics and severity (based on ASTCT Consensus Criteria) in pediatric and AYA patients who received IEC products from 2018–2019 at MDACC. RESULTS Nine patients, median age 15.5 (range: 3–25) years received chimeric antigen receptor (CART) IEC therapy. Four (44%) developed ICANS within median of 8 (range: 3–27) days of CAR T cell infusion and median 6 (range: 2–7) days after CRS. Primary diagnoses were pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (8) and mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (1). Median CRS and ICANS severity grade was 2 (range 1–4). Symptoms included altered mental status (AMS) (5), seizure (1), aphasia (2), impaired ability to write a standard sentence (4). Neuroimaging did not correlate to ICANS symptoms or severity. EEG was performed in 3 and 1 had background slowing correlating with aphasia. CSF was obtained in two revealing lymphocytosis. All received prophylactic anti-epileptic medication and tocilizumab for concomitant CRS. Three received steroids. CONCLUSION ICANS may present in almost half of pediatric patients within one week of receiving CART products associated with CRS. CAR-T trafficking into the CSF may explain pleocytosis in the CSF. Prospective studies may clarify. Impaired ability to write a standard sentence and the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) may be early indicators of ICANS in pediatric/AYA patients.

Implied speaker attributes in standard sentence materials: Implications for sociophonetic research

Studies have shown that sentence intelligibility is affected by listeners' knowledge of attributes of talkers being perceived, such as their race [e.g., Babel and Russell, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 137 (2015)]. Some of these studies have used the standard IEEE/Harvard sentences [IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust. 17 (1969)] which were developed to be phonetically balanced with low contextual probability. Hence, their content alone ought to not convey anything about speaker attributes. The current study tests this by examining ratings of 124 individuals of 80 written IEEE sentences, and a comparison set of 80 sentences from the internet discussion forum Reddit. The latter served as comparisons that were more likely to convey social attributes. Individuals rated the naturalness of the sentences, and whether they conveyed the gender and race of a person who might produce them. The IEEE sentences were rated less natural than the Reddit sentences, and less likely to convey race or gender. However, on average, 25% of the raters deemed each IEEE sentence to convey speaker gender, and 18% deemed them to convey speaker race. These findings caution against using the IEEE sentences as socially neutral stimuli in studies of talker attributes and speech intelligibility. [Funded by NIH.]

A semantic-pragmatic approach to sentence structure in advertising language

This article sheds light on the play and manipulation of sentence structure in advertising language and the normative use of syntactically ungrammatical sentences irrespective of the rules of normal grammar. These rules require, for instance, a sentence to include at least a verb or the grammatical requirement of a clause that needs a main sentence to be a proper sentence that can be interpreted on a semantic and pragmatic level. However, the genre of advertising language allows certain exceptions. At first glance, the syntax in advertising language might seem ungrammatical. Therefore, this research addresses the strategic manipulation of the norms of the syntax of standard sentence construction in English and Afrikaans advertisements in the South African print media to enhance possible audience involvement and to create the intended illocution. It investigates the syntactic patterning in advertising language, taking into consideration the functional effect of the violation of grammatical norms to create meaning. These violations are normative for the genre to communicate more with less (less text and fewer visuals). An advertising message is often presented in a radically reduced form and various contextual and textual variables have to be considered to convey the intended illocution.

Are There Real-world Benefits to Bimodal Listening?

To assess the benefits of bimodal listening (i.e., addition of contralateral hearing aid) for cochlear implant (CI) users on real-world tasks involving high-talker variability speech materials, environmental sounds, and self-reported quality of life (quality of hearing) in listeners' own best-aided conditions. Cross-sectional study between groups. Outpatient hearing clinic. Fifty experienced adult CI users divided into groups based on normal daily listening conditions (i.e., best-aided conditions): unilateral CI (CI), unilateral CI with contralateral HA (bimodal listening; CIHA), or bilateral CI (CICI). Task-specific measures of speech recognition with low (Harvard Standard Sentences) and high (Perceptually Robust English Sentence Test Open-set corpus) talker variability, environmental sound recognition (Familiar Environmental Sounds Test-Identification), and hearing-related quality of life (Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire). Test group differences among CI, CIHA, and CICI conditions. No group effect was observed for speech recognition with low or high-talker variability, or hearing-related quality of life. Bimodal listeners demonstrated a benefit in environmental sound recognition compared with unilateral CI listeners, with a trend of greater benefit than the bilateral CI group. There was also a visual trend for benefit on high-talker variability speech recognition. Findings provide evidence that bimodal listeners demonstrate stronger environmental sound recognition compared with unilateral CI listeners, and support the idea that there are additional advantages to bimodal listening after implantation other than speech recognition measures, which are at risk of being lost if considering bilateral implantation.

Changing Internet Language Features Among the Korean Scholarly Group

This study aims at identifying how the Korean scholarly group's internet language features changed during the last 10 years. For this study, 2,450 written texts on the same web-site in which a previous study collected data were analyzed. This comparison study showed the following results: 1)First of all, the scholarly group's internet texts still involved standard language, high-quality vocabulary and long sentences; 2)However, it was very difficult to find Chinese characters and the percentage of the usage of English increased significantly; 3)Presenting objective data and numbering were still frequently seen; 4)Furthermore, typical internet languages such as slang, argot and abbreviations began to appear; 5)Texts showing self-reflection and teaching tone have been decreased. Instead, texts implying psychological pressure and worries about their jobs have increased; 6)The biggest change was that most of communicator's names were written in English (or unidentified words) or commonly used internet names. This study concludes that comparing to the previous study, the scholarly group's internet language features have changed (although some based on occupational variables remained the same), and that these changes might be affected by social changes taking place in the scholarly group.

Does prosody meet syntax? A case study on standard Italian cleft sentences and left peripheral focus

AbstractIn this work we deal with two structures that have a very similar pragmatic function in Italian and have been claimed to have similar semantic and syntactic properties, namely clefts and left peripheral focus. Since Chomsky (1977. On wh-movement. In Peter W. Culicover, Thomas Wasow &amp; Adrian Akmajian (eds.),Formal Syntax, 71–132. New York: Academic Press.) they have been both considered as instances of A’-movement and should therefore behave alike. Here we investigate their prosody and their syntax on the basis of three experimental studies and show that while the prosodic patterns found are indeed very similar, their syntax is less homogenous than expected if we apply general tests that have been traditionally used to distinguish A- from A’-movement. In particular, we will discuss three of these tests, namely parasitic gaps, weak crossover and anaphoric binding and show that the two constructions yield quite different results. We analyse the differences within the framework of featural relativized minimality originally proposed in Rizzi (2004. Locality and the left periphery. In Adriana Belletti (ed.),Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures 3, 223–251. Oxford: Oxford University Press.) and subsequent work. On this basis, we conclude that there is no one to one match between prosodic and syntactic properties, since we observe differences in the syntactic behaviour of the two constructions that do not surface in the prosodic patterns. Indirectly, this study sheds new light on the interface between prosody and syntax and is a confirmation of a modular theory of the components of grammar: some specific syntactic properties have no reflex in other components of grammar and can only be detected through purely syntactic tests.

How Does Quality of Life Relate to Auditory Abilities? A Subitem Analysis of the Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire.

Objective speech recognition tasks are widely used to measure performance of adult cochlear implant (CI) users; however, the relationship of these measures with patient-reported quality of life (QOL) remains unclear. A comprehensive QOL measure, the Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire (NCIQ), has historically shown a weak association with speech recognition performance, but closer examination may indicate stronger relations between QOL and objective auditory performance, particularly when examining a broad range of auditory skills. The aim of the present study was to assess the NCIQ for relations to speech and environmental sound recognition measures. Identifying associations with certain QOL domains, subdomains, and subitems would provide evidence that speech and environmental sound recognition measures are relevant to QOL. A lack of relations among QOL and various auditory abilities would suggest potential areas of patient-reported difficulty that could be better measured or targeted. A cross-sectional study was performed in adult CI users to examine relations among subjective QOL ratings on NCIQ domains, subdomains, and subitems with auditory outcome measures. Participants were 44 adult experienced CI users. All participants were postlingually deafened and had met candidacy requirements for traditional cochlear implantation. Participants completed the NCIQ as well as several speech and environmental sound recognition tasks: monosyllabic word recognition, standard and high-variability sentence recognition, audiovisual sentence recognition, and environmental sound identification. Bivariate correlation analyses were performed to investigate relations among patient-reported NCIQ scores and the functional auditory measures. The total NCIQ score was not strongly correlated with any objective auditory outcome measures. The physical domain and the advanced sound perception subdomain related to several measures, in particular monosyllabic word recognition and AzBio sentence recognition. Fourteen of the 60 subitems on the NCIQ were correlated with at least one auditory measure. Several subitems demonstrated moderate-to-strong correlations with auditory measures, indicating that these auditory measures are relevant to the QOL. A lack of relations with other subitems suggests a need for the development of objective measures that will better capture patients' hearing-related obstacles. Clinicians may use information obtained through the NCIQ to better estimate real-world performance, which may support improved counseling and development of recommendations for CI patients.

University Strategic System Engineering based on BAN PT Accreditation Criteria One using SysML and Semantic Approach

An organizations business processes need to be precisely defined so that the organization does what it should do. Some quality standards such as BAN-PT and ISO 9001 Accreditation require organizations to carry out some process. Sometimes organizations find a difficulty to understand what processes need to be applied based on the standards. This study proposes a SysML and semantic method for analysing standard sentences and providing guidance on what needs to be applied to organizations. The trial was conducted on the Study Program Accreditation standard specifically criterion 1 on strategic management..

University Management System Engineering based on BAN PT Accreditation Criteria Two using SysML and Semantic Approach

Higher education organizations need to implement a management system. However, there has not been a study that designed the management system based on the latest BAN PT Accreditation Criteria, specifically criterion number 2. The design uses the Model Based System Engineering approach with SysML Language. Translation of accreditation standard sentences is done using the Semantic approach. Trough this research, obtained a design that can be applied at the University in order to maintain the quality of education.

Immune Effector Cell Associated Neurotoxicity (ICANS) Among Pediatric and AYA Patients: MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience

Introduction Immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity (ICANS) and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) are unique potentially life-threatening complications associated with immune effector cell (IEC) therapies. ICANS presents with varying symptoms ranging from confusion to seizure and cerebral edema. There is no consensus on the precise pathophysiology related to ICANS. The incidence of this toxicity may vary based on the specific product, underlying diagnosis and host factors. Here, we characterize ICANS in pediatric and adult young adolescent (AYA) patients receiving IEC therapy at our institution. Methods We reviewed clinical characteristics, neurological severity and outcomes in pediatric and AYA patients who received IEC standard of care products from 2018-2019 at MDACC. Severity was retrospectively assessed based on ASTCT Consensus Criteria. Results Nine patients, median age 15.5 (range: 3-25) years received standard of care, chimeric antigen receptor (CART) IEC therapy. The primary diagnoses were pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (n=8) and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (n=1). Of these patients, 4 (44%) developed ICANS within a median of 8 (range: 3-27) days of CAR T cell infusion. ICANS was associated with CRS in all affected patients, occurring within a median of 6 (range: 2-7) days after CRS. Median CRS and ICANS severity grade was 2 (range 1-4) in all 9 patients. Symptoms included altered mental status (AMS) (5), seizure (1), aphasia (2), impaired ability to write a standard sentence (4). Neuroimaging did not correlate to ICANS symptoms or severity. EEG was obtained in 3 affected patients but only correlated to background slowing in one with aphasia. Lumbar puncture was performed in 2 patients with ICANS and was remarkable for lymphocytosis. All patients had received prophylactic anti-epileptic medication. All patients received tocilizumab for concomitant CRS and 3 received steroids. Conclusion Almost half of pediatric patients receiving standard of care CART products may experience ICANS within one week CAR T cell infusion that is associated with CRS. Pleocytosis in the CSF may be due to CAR-T trafficking into the CSF and prospective studies may clarify its significance. Impaired ability to write a standard sentence and the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) may be early indicators of ICANS in pediatric/AYA patients.

Not Wanted: On Scharp\u2019s Solution to the Liar

Kevin Scharp argues that the concept of truth is defective, and is therefore unable to play its intended role in natural language truth-conditional semantics. As such, for this theoretical purpose, Scharp constructs two replacements: ascending truth and descending truth. Scharp applies the resultant theory, AD semantics, to the liar sentence, thereby obtaining a novel solution to the liar paradox. The aim of the present paper is fourfold. First, I show that, contrary to Scharp’s claims, AD semantics in fact yields an inconsistency when applied to standard liar sentences. Second, I diagnose the problem: AD semantics mishandles negation. I propose an alternative treatment, resulting in what I call AD* semantics. Third, I show that AD* semantics gives Scharp the resources required to respond to an alleged revenge paradox that has been raised against his view. Finally, I argue that, these consequences notwithstanding, it remains unclear whether AD* semantics provides an adequate account of alethic paradoxes more generally.

Comparison of Speech Rate and Long-Term Average Speech Spectrum between Korean Clear Speech and Conversational Speech.

Background and ObjectivesClear speech is an effective communication strategy used in difficult listening situations that draws on techniques such as accurate articulation, a slow speech rate, and the inclusion of pauses. Although too slow speech and improperly amplified spectral information can deteriorate overall speech intelligibility, certain amplitude of increments of the mid-frequency bands (1 to 3 dB) and around 50% slower speech rates of clear speech, when compared to those in conversational speech, were reported as factors that can improve speech intelligibility positively. The purpose of this study was to identify whether amplitude increments of mid-frequency areas and slower speech rates were evident in Korean clear speech as they were in English clear speech.Subjects and MethodsTo compare the acoustic characteristics of the two methods of speech production, the voices of 60 participants were recorded during conversational speech and then again during clear speech using a standardized sentence material.ResultsThe speech rate and longterm average speech spectrum (LTASS) were analyzed and compared. Speech rates for clear speech were slower than those for conversational speech. Increased amplitudes in the mid-frequency bands were evident for the LTASS of clear speech.ConclusionsThe observed differences in the acoustic characteristics between the two types of speech production suggest that Korean clear speech can be an effective communication strategy to improve speech intelligibility.

Menulis Teks Eksplanasi Ilmiah Dengan Menggunakan Media Media Flash Card

Kemampuan menulis kelas VI sekolah dasar adalah kemampuan menulis teks penjelasan (eksplanasi) dengan menggunakan kosa kata baku dan kalimat efektif. Namun pada kenyataannya, siswa kelas VI SDN Rejomulyo 1 Kras Kediri masih kesulitan menulis karangan, apalagi berupa teks eksplanasi ilmiah. Siswa membutuhkan media yang dapat memfasilitasi daya imajinasinya untuk mengembangkan menjadi sebuah karangan. Penggunaan media flash card ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan ketrampilan menulis teks eksplanasi ilmiah pada siswa kelas VI. Kemampuan mengembangkan teks eksplanasi ilmiah ini akan berpengaruh kepada kompetensi dasar yang lain, terutama yang berkaitan langsung dengan suatu gejala atau fenomena alam. Media ini dapat memfasilitasi siswa dalam mengembangkan gagasannya kemudian menuangkan dalam kalimat efektif dengan menggunakan kata-kata baku, sehingga siswa tidak mengalami kebuntuan dalam menulis kalimat. Karya inovasi media pembelajaran flash card ini menggunakan metode penelitian tindakan kelas selama dua siklus dan masing-masing siklus berlangsung selama dua pertemuan. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini menilai peningkatan kemampuan menulis teks ekplanasi ilmiah sebagai data utama. Setiap akhir pertemuan, siswa dinilai kemampuannya menulis teks eksplanasi ilmiah. Pada akhir siklus satu terjadi peningkatan rata-rata kelas sebesar 18,52 menjadi 75,37. Hasil siklus satu belum memenuhi indikator keberhasilan yang ditentukan karena belum mencapai ≥ 77,78 % jumlah siswa yang mengalami ketuntasan. Siklus kedua menunjukkan hasil bahwa terjadi peningkatan rata- rata kelas sebesar 10,74 dari siklus satu menjadi 86,11. Sehingga penggunaan media flash card kardus bekas ini mampu menaikkan ketrampilan menulis teks eksplanasi ilmiah sebesar 29,26.