Standard Raw Materials Research Articles

Environmentally friendly concrete block production: valorization of civil construction and chemical industry waste.

In the present work, a study was carried out on the dosage of wastes from the chemical industry (tannery sludge) and civil construction (concrete and plaster) in mixtures used in concrete blocks' production. The objective was the application of these blocks in paving. The characterization of the materials used was performed employing X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The effect of the different residues on the blocks' properties was evaluated through compressive strength, flexion-traction, water absorption, abrasion resistance, and leaching tests. The results indicated that the concrete paving blocks produced with the addition of residues did not obtain gains in the values of mechanical resistance to compression and traction in bending compared to blocks made with standard raw material. However, the blocks produced with construction waste presented satisfactory results for application in street paving after 7days of concrete curing, reaching values between 36.54 and 44.6MPa for the mentioned properties. These values also increased to 21.4% within 28days of curing. The blocks produced with plaster showed values between 37.03 and 39.85MPa after 28days of curing, allowing their use for street paving. On the other hand, the blocks containing residues from the chemical industry had lower strengths, reaching a maximum of 29.36MPa after 28days of curing. In addition, it was also noted that the blocks produced with recycled concrete showed an improvement in performance for a composition of 50% recycled material.

Productivity Measurement to Monitor the Performance of Shrimp Cracker Companies

High productivity over time for a company is important, but not enough. Ensuring that the company has a productivity index that gets better over time is more important. A better productivity index means that the company's productivity performance is getting better. That way the productivity index can be used as an indicator of success in making improvements to the Company's production process. This research will measure and analyze the productivity index of PT X in order to evaluate and improve the company's performance. By using the OMAX method, the results show that the productivity index in April 2023 was 106.7%. Furthermore, the month of May was -16.7%, June was 70.0%, July was 36.7%, August was 13.3% and September was 6.7%. And it was not in good condition. From the results of the analysis it turns out that the cause is the low production capacity of many defective products. Various improvements must be made by the Company, especially related to improving employee skills, improving the work environment, planned machine maintenance, and procuring standardized raw materials.

Stages of Development and Solvents Determine the Anticancer Potential of Mountain Arnica (Arnica montana L.) Inflorescence Extracts

In recent years, new sources of secondary metabolites (SMs) in medicinal plants have been identified, and the introduction of these plants into field conditions has been carried out to obtain chemically diverse standardized raw material (RM). An example is mountain arnica Arnica montana L., one of Europe’s endemic endangered medicinal plant species, commonly used in pharmacy, cosmetics, and medicine. Its inflorescences (Arnicae flos) are characterized by anti-inflammatory, antiradical, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor properties. The main goals of the present research included: (i) characterization of the chemical composition of the inflorescences of A. montana harvested in different development stages; and (ii) presentation of the role of the development stage and different extraction methods in the antitumor activity of extracts through analyses of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis induction in human cervical carcinoma HeLa, human colon carcinoma HT29, and human colon metastatic carcinoma SW620 cell lines. The development stage was found to modify the composition of pharmacologically active substances, e.g., sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), flavonoids (Fs), and essential oil (EO), in arnica inflorescences. The content of Fs and EO increased during flowering to the full flowering phase; however, the highest content of SLs was noted in the full flowering phase and at the end of flowering. More promising results, i.e., a relatively high level of apoptosis and a low level of necrosis induced by the arnica extracts, were demonstrated in the HeLa cell line (full flowering; concentration: 0.5 µL/mL), the HT29 cell line (beginning of flowering; concentration: 0.5 µL/mL), and the SW620 cell line (stage of yellow buds; concentration: 1 µL/mL). This extremely valuable medicinal plant species provides a very broad range of RMs (e.g., inflorescences, rhizomes, roots, achenes, and all plant); therefore, attention should be paid to the more frequent use of water as a solvent in studies on the biological activity of mountain arnica extracts.

The Effect of Cultivation Site Altitudes on the Quality Parameters of Meniran (Phylanthus niruri L.)

Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) is known as a medicinal plant for immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, diuretic treatment, and kidney disorders. It has phenolic and flavonoid as the active compounds. Several commercial products utilize meniran as the main ingredient for immunomodulators. However, the standard raw material for production has not been well reported. The study aimed to standardize the quality of meniran’s raw materials from different locations and altitudes. The phenolic compounds as the active component and their antioxidant activity were further studied. The raw materials were collected from Sukoharjo, Jember, and Karanganyar which are located from 104 masl, 243 masl, and 722 masl. The specific and non-specific standardization based on Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia were investigated. The antioxidant activity was investigated. It resulted in the specific and non-specific parameters that were according to standard except for the acid soluble ash test from the Jember sample which was much higher (6.333% ± 0.969) than the standard (<1.2%). In addition, the flavonoid (1.529 ± 0.167%w/w) and phenolic (1.65 ± 0.006 %w/w) content showed that the sample collected from Jember was significantly higher than other locations. However, the strongest antioxidant activity was in the sample collected from Sukoharjo (IC50 101.84μg/mL). On the other hand, there was no correlation between the total flavonoid and the total phenolic to antioxidant activity in this plant. It suggested that the antioxidant activity in these plants did not depend on the flavonoid and phenolic compounds. In conclusion, the raw material of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) collected from 3 different altitudes showed the quality of herbal medicine of mainly non-specific parameters and met the requirements of Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The total phenolic and flavonoid as the active substances varied through all 3 different altitudes. It was in line with the antioxidant activity which varied to all 3 different altitudes due to the phytochemical profile variety.

Content of cannabinoids in clonally propagated industrial hemp

ABSTRACT Cannabis sativa L. is an extremely variable species. Even within the same cultivar plants can significantly differ in the content and profile of cannabinoids. Therefore, the best method for production of uniform plants and standardized raw material is vegetative propagation using clones. The aim of this study was to determine the content of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabinol (CBN) in clonally propagated plants of industrial hemp. One hundred and thirty-nine plants representing 17 different hemp genotypes were regenerated in vitro, hardened, and grown in a vegetation hall until harvest. Single plants of each accession were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV/diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD/UV). The results revealed significant variability in the total cannabinoid content (0.55–5.18% in dry weight) among tested genotypes and within the Epsilon 68 cultivar. The highest content of total CBD (4.410%) was recorded for EPS/40 genotype, while the level of total Δ9-THC was below the allowed threshold (0.3%). Therefore, we can conclude that some clonally propagated plants provided reproducible hemp material as a potential source of cannabidiol. The results of this study will be useful for breeding and early selection of hemp genotypes.

Highly efficient catalytic ozonation degradation of levofloxacin by facile hydrogenation-modified red mud wastes

Iron-rich red mud (RM) is a potential catalyst. However, as industrial waste, is strongly alkaline, low effectiveness, and safety concerns are problems that cannot be ignored, it is urgent to mine out a reasonable disposal and utilization technology for the waste. In this study, an effective catalyst (H-RM) was obtained by facile hydrogenation heating modification of red mud. Then above-prepared H-RM was applied in the catalytic ozonation degradation of levofloxacin (LEV). The H-RM exhibited more remarkable catalytic activities than the RM in terms of LEV degradation, and the optimal efficiency can reach over 90% within 50 min. The mechanism experiment proved that the concentration of dissolved ozone and hydroxyl radical (•OH) significantly increased, which enhanced the oxidation effect. Hydroxyl radical played a dominant role in the degradation of LEV. In the safety test, it is concluded that the concentration of total hexavalent chromium (total Cr(Ⅵ)) in the H-RM catalyst decreases and the leaching concentration of water-soluble Cr(Ⅵ) in aqueous solution is low. The results indicated that the hydrogenation technique is an available Cr (Ⅵ) detoxification method for RM. Moreover, the H-RM has excellent catalytic stability, which is beneficial to recycling and maintains high activity. This research provides an effective means to fulfill the reuse of industrial waste as an alternative to standard raw materials, and comprehensive utilization of the waste to attain the purpose of treating pollution with wastes.

ANALISIS BIAYA STANDAR SEBAGAI KATALISATOR EFISIENSI BIAYA PRODUKSI (Studi pada UMKM Gula Aren Langko)

Standard costs are costs that are determined in advance before starting the production process. Applying standard costs is useful for improving planning and control, and for facilitating product costing. Standard costs used by companies include standard raw material costs, direct labor standard costs and factory overhead standard costs. The standards set must be prepared at the beginning of the year so that they can be used as a benchmark in the production process which is an important factor for the company for production cost efficiency. The purpose of this study is to analyze using standard costs as a catalyst for production cost efficiency. This research uses descriptive research with a quantitative approach. This study focuses on determining production standards and production cost efficiency with analysis of variance. The object of this research is Langko palm sugar SMEs. The data collection technique used in this study was through interviews and documentation. The analysis used is analysis of variance. The results of research on Langko palm sugar SMEs show that by setting production cost standards it can support production cost efficiency, which means standard costs can be used as a catalyst for production cost efficiency.Keywords: biaya bahan baku, biaya tenaga kerja langsung, biaya overhead pabrik, biayastandar, katalisator biaya produksi, efisiensi biaya

Trends in the development of the bioresource potential of Thalictrum L. in Baikal Siberia

The article is devoted to the modernization of economic development of the Baikal region. The directions of formation of innovative bioresource potential with the use of local plant raw materials are revealed. The biotechnological potential of promising medicinal plants of the genus Thalictrum L. has been studied. The content of microelements and triterpene saponins with cytotoxic and contraceptive properties in plant raw materials from natural and cultivated populations was determined. The data on productivity of Thalictrum minus in culture are presented. Accumulation of biologically active substances according to age states is studied. Morphological characteristics of individuals by years of cultivation are shown. The peculiarities of the species growth in agroculture are described. The attention is paid to the formation of productive features. Phenological spectra allowing to determine the terms of phytomass harvesting are compiled. The possibility of using cell cultures of Thalictrum L. as a source of guaranteed standardized raw materials for pharmaceutical purposes is considered.

Marketing research of the range of medicinal products based on salts of natural origin

As a source of supply of a balanced complex of salts in pharmaceutical practice, sea water (MW), sea salt (MS), obtained by the method of ordinary evaporation, or salt solutions made from standardized raw materials are used. Deep seawater (SW), typically pumped from depths greater than 200 m, contains a wealth of trace elements, including magnesium, calcium, potassium, chromium, selenium, zinc, and vanadium. Due to this, SW has the potential of a source and raw material for the creation of medicinal products for human health.
 The purpose of the work was to research the assortment of preparations based on salts of natural origin and analyze the segment of such products on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine as of June 2022.
 The research was conducted on the basis of data from the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine, the Morion information search program, and the classification system of the ATS electronic resource Compendium.online. Methods of structural, statistical and graphic analysis were applied in the work, and their generalization and systematization was carried out.
 It was established that on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine, the segment of medicines, medical products and cosmetics, the source of active substances of which is SW and/or SS, is represented by 150 trade names. It was determined that by type of registration, the most common are medical products (51%) and cosmetics (42%), only 7% of registered drugs are registered. Manufacturers use sea water obtained from the deep water basins of the Adriatic, Aegean, Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic Ocean, Kankal Bay, sea water of Gullmarsfjorden. Domestically produced drugs of the investigated market segment occupy a share of 57%. Among the importing countries, the leaders are Croatia (9%) and Poland (5%). The analysis of the nomenclature established that the most common medicinal form of the drugs are nasal sprays (78%).
 The obtained data show that as the active substance of saline solutions, manufacturers declare SS (56% of the nomenclature) and SW (53%), however, not all products contain information about the source of origin of SS/SW. It was determined that there are no products on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine based on the SW and SS of the Black and Azov seas, which is the basis for research and the creation of new drugs of domestic production.

Synthesis and characterization of cordierite and cordierite-zirconia by conventional approach

A wide recognition for cordierite ceramic due to its superior mechanical and electrical properties made cordierite a candidate for study. A simple approach of synthesis of cordierite and cordierite zirconia (5-15 wt %) was tried at the stoichiometric composition with standard raw material of high purity. The binder, lubricant and flux such as polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene glycol and sodium hydroxide respectively were added with 1 wt%. The powders were mixed, wet milled, dried at 100°C for 12 h, compacted and sintered at different temperatures between 600-1400°C for 3 h. The studies on XRD, FTIR and TG/DTA were carried out and the results from the studies confirmed the presence of cordierite phase alone for pure cordierite and cordierite along with zircon for cordieritezirconia compositions.

Composition Analysis of Perforated Concrete Roster Raw Materials To Improve Product Compressive Strength Using Experimental Design Approach

The compressive strength of lightweight bricks produced by CV. Sinar Jaya Maros has a very high variation because there is no standard raw material composition that meets SNI standards, according to SNI 03-0349-1989 that the requirements for hollow concrete bricks for K-350 concrete quality must have a compressive strength of 350 kg/cm2. This research was conducted to design an improvement or quality improvement of hollow concrete brick products in CV. Sinar Jaya Maros. The quality improvement is in increasing the compressive strength of the concrete brick with an optimal composition. Quality improvement was carried out by using the Taguchi method experimental design to obtain the optimal combination of compositions. The orthogonal array notation used is L9(34) with material control factors in the form of cement (A), water (B), and (C), and Casting plaster (D). Data processing is carried out by calculating ANOVA on the average value and S/N Ratio with the best nominal classification. The classification was chosen because the closer to the compressive strength based on the SNI of hollow concrete bricks, the higher the quality of the concrete bricks. This ANOVA calculation is carried out to know which factors have a significant effect on the compressive strength of concrete bricks. The test conducted to determine the quality of lightweight bricks is the compressive strength test of concrete which is carried out using a compression machine. Based on the results of data processing, the ratio of the optimal composition of cement:water: sand was obtained by 2:1:3,5. Confirmation experiments prove that the compressive strength of the composition is robust.

High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Method Development for Estimation of Triterpenoids in Calotropis Gigantea Roots

Development of analytical method on high performance thin layer chromatography for estimation of content of marker compound, preferably bioactive constituent, in traditional herb has become a rational approach for its standardization. The literature does not reveal any report on phytochemical investigation to standardize Calotropis gigantea roots on the basis of marker compounds. Non-availability of such study on Calotropis gigantea prompted us to develop high performance thin layer chromatography method for the estimation of triterpenoids (taraxerol and lupeol), which are bioactive compounds of the plant. Numerous solvent systems were tried to resolve these compounds in methanol extract of Calotropis gigantea roots but best resolution of taraxerol and lupeol was obtained using toluene:ethyl acetate:methanol (8:1:1) and toluene:chloroform (3:7), respectively, as solvent systems. The developed thin layer chromatography plates were derivatized by treating with anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent followed by heating. The visible coloured bands of triterpenoids were scanned at 550 nm. The percentage content of taraxerol and lupeol was 0.0086 % and 0.0093 % w/w, respectively, in Calotropis gigantea roots. The consistent and reproducible therapeutic effects of herbal preparations containing Calotropis gigantea roots can be achieved if marker based standardized raw material of the plant is used.

Thermodynamic modeling of the synthesis of the main minerals of cement clinker from technogenic raw materials

In this article, thermodynamic studies of modeling the formation of the main minerals of cement clinker as a function of the Gibbs energy (ΔG) on temperature were investigated. The temperature range of the studies was 873-1873 K. In the course of modeling studies, the reactions of formation of cement clinker minerals (C2S - belite, C3S - alite, C3A – three calcium aluminates, C4AF – four calcium aluminium ferrite) from standard raw materials and non – standard-technogenic raw materials containing non-ferrous metals were calculated. Equations describing the dependence of the Gibbs energy on temperature with approximation coefficients (R2) equal to 0.99 are found. According to the results of the conducted studies, the beginning (Tb) temperatures of the course of the compared clinker formation reactions were determined, which were 1008 K for the standard reaction, and 1023 K for the non-standard reaction. It was found that the reactions begin to occur in the temperature intervals for the standard (1008 K – 1873 K), for the non - standard (1023 K - 1873 K). At the same time, the values at the initial stage of the course of the standard reaction have a more negative value of the Gibbs energy than the non-standard reaction. With a further increase in temperature, it becomes evident that the Gibbs energy of the non-standard reaction of mineral formation in the temperature range 1173-1873K becomes more negative in comparison with the values of the standard reaction and exceeds its values from 9 to 19.01%.

Prophylactic efficacy of bioactive compounds identified from GC-MS analysis of Balarista formulation on adjuvant induced arthritic rats by inhibiting COX-2 inhibitor

Balarista, a classical ayurvedic formulation, is traditionally claimed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The drawback behind this fermented product remains lack of its proper documentation and validation. In the present investigation, therefore, an in-house Balarista (IBF) formulation was prepared by using standard raw materials as mentioned in API (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India). As the preclinical scientific data regarding its molecular mechanism of action were not evaluated, so the present work was undertaken to investigate its anti-arthritic potential using Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic rat model and was compared with the marketed (AVS, BD, DB, RN) formulations. Rats were immunized by injecting CFA of 0.1 ml into the sub-plantar surface of right posterior paw. Animals were treated with formulation (2.31 ml/kg) and indomethacin (1 mg/kg) for 28 days and were sacrificed on 29th day. The hematological and biochemical parameters were studied. The histology and x-ray analysis were performed on proximal interphalangeal joints of the experimental rats. The molecular docking of the constituents identified from GC-MS analysis of IBF formulation was carried out with COX-2 receptor to find out the interaction using celecoxib as standard. The quantification of vasicine and total withanolides was performed by HPLC analysis for their standardization. A significant decrease in paw diameter, arthritic index and histological score was noticed in formulation treated groups. The decrease in body weight and alteration in hematological and biochemical parameters were also significantly checked by the IBF and marketed formulation in contrast to CFA treated groups. Remarkable reduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were noticed in all the formulation treated rats. The histological study revealed decrease in synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, and cartilage and bone erosion. The X-ray analysis showed decrease in soft tissue swelling, bone resorption and osteophyte formation upon the treatment with formulations. Based on docking score the components, 8-Azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione (-7.5); (3aS,7aR)-5,6,7a-trimethyl-4,7-dihydro-3aH-2-benzofuran-1,3-dione (-7.5); 2,6-Ditert-butylphenol (-7.2) exhibited significant binding affinity. The prophylactic activity of the formulation could be due to the synergistic effects produced by the phyto-constituents identified by GC-MS analysis. Moreover, the anti-arthritic activity of the IBF was attributed by the predominance of withaferin A.

Influence of the Addition of Spruce Fibers to Industrial-Type High-Density Fiberboards Produced with Recycled Fibers

The growing production of wood-based panels and the linked consumption result in a need for substituting standard wooden raw materials. The shortage of wood availability, as well as the increasing prices and a trend towards more environmentally friendly materials and processes, have encouraged the producers of wood-based products to consider extending the life cycle of wood composites. In the present work, the influence of substituting pine with spruce for industrial high-density fiberboards with 5% of recovered fibers was studied. Samples containing 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% spruce fibers were tested in their mechanical resistance and their interaction with water. Boards from all samples met relevant standard requirements; however, the addition of spruce caused a decrease in mechanical properties, with homogeneity having the most significant influence. The modulus of rupture dropped up to 6% and the internal bond for 47% for samples having 50% of spruce. The most significant drop (50%) was observed for surface soundness for samples made with 100% spruce. Regarding physical properties, swelling increased up to 19% with 50% spruce; on the other hand, its water absorption decreased for up to 12%. The addition of spruce to industrial high-density fiberboards also influenced the formaldehyde content negatively, with an increase of up to 21% with 50% spruce.Graphic

Study of the morphologo-anatomic signs of shoots of the Salix caprea L. of Ukrainian flora

Representatives of the Salicaceae family are valuable sources of medicinal plant material that has long been used in traditional medicine in many countries around the world. In European countries, some willow species are official plants. The bark of young branches of different willow species, including Salix purpurea L., Salix fragilis L., Salix daphnoides Vill., have been included in the edition of the European Pharmacopoeia and since 2014 to the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. Expanding the raw material base of medicinal plant raw materials is an urgent problem that can be solved through the introduction into the pharmaceutical practice of systematically close autochthonous and introduced willow species widespread in Ukraine.Aim. Determination of macro- and microscopic diagnostic features of the willow goat (Salix caprea L.) shoots growing in Ukraine, for the development of further regulatory documentation for medicinal plant raw materials and the use of standardized raw materials in the design of medicinal products based on willow shoots.Methods of the research. The object of the study were dry shoots of Salix caprea L. Vegetable raw materials were collected in May-August 2016-2018 in Kharkiv, Zakarpattia and Kiev region of Ukraine.Study of the morphological and anatomical structure of goat willow shoots was performed using the methods of light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the epidermal leaf tissue surface was further studied using scanning microscopy techniques.Results of the research. An in-depth study of the morphological and anatomical structure of the shoots of Salix caprea L. has been carried out and the main diagnostic macro- and microscopic features of perspective medicinal raw materials have been established.Conclusions. The obtained results significantly expand information on the anatomical structure of shoots of Salix caprea L. flora of Ukraine and will be used in the standardization of raw materials of species of the family Willow

Influence of different sources of fat on lipid index of muscle and fat tissue of pigs

Of the total meat production in Serbia, pork makes up more than one half. This meat is often associated with cardiovascular diseases due to its high contents of fat and saturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various sources of fat in pig feeds on lipid indices of fat and muscle tissue of pigs from the point of view of consumer health needs. A total of 30 Yorkshire × Landrace crossbred pigs were divided into three experimental groups of 10 individuals and fed a complete finisher mixture for fattening pigs, with standard raw materials and chemical composition but with differing sources of fat. The results obtained show fat sources in pig feed significantly influenced the lipid indices, and the differences were more pronounced in fat than in muscle tissue of pigs.

Use of vegetable raw materials in production of vegetable - berry purees with the set organoleptic, technological properties and nutrition value

An important component of the population’s nutrition is vegetable raw material, including root vegetables. High-quality, standard raw materials are used for fresh sale in retail trade and at catering establishments; they are also laid for winter storage. However, there is a sufficient amount of substandard raw materials - in size, shape, deformation, and violation of integrity. Moreover, such raw materials have a high nutritional value. This paper presents the rationale for the recipe composition of blended types of purees using roots and wild berries. With the help of mathematical modelling, the optimum ratios of the components are determined, at which there is a high correlation between the organoleptic characteristics, technological properties and the content of biologically active substances. The results of the work make it possible to use substandard vegetable raw materials and wild berry stocks rationally. They allow wide use of new types of purees, including its use as semi-finished products for enhancing the nutritional value in the confectionery industry.

AN EXHAUSTIVE REVIEW ON HERBS USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders associated with disturbed hormonal secretion. Diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose levels over a prolonged period of time. High sugar levels are due to abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids which is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency. Herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine throughout the human history. Herbs are becoming more popular today because of their least side effects, holistic beliefs, easy availability and low cost. Individual herbal products and formulations are gaining popularity because of their quality manufacturing using modern analytical techniques and standardized raw materials. Herbal drugs are widely used for the treatment of diabetes worldwide in various dosage forms. India has a long list of native herbal drugs with scientifically proven blood sugar lowering properties. The seeds of Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, fruits of Aegle marmelos, Momordica charantia, Coccinia indica, Nigella sativa,Gymnema sylvestre leaves,whole plant of Pterocarpus marsupium, Syzygium cumini fruits, Swertia punicea, Urtica dioica, gum of Ferula assa-foetida and seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum were discussed along with their reported mechanisms of action. In this review paper an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain Indian plants which have shown their anti-diabetic activity in various pre-clinical studies.

Chemometric Analysis of Lavender Essential Oils Using Targeted and Untargeted GC-MS Acquired Data for the Rapid Identification and Characterization of Oil Quality

Standard raw material test methods such as the ISO Standard 11024 are focused on the identification of lavender oil and not the actual class/quality of the oil. However, the quality of the oil has a significant effect on its price at market. As such, there is a need for raw material tests to identify not only the type of oil but its quality. This paper describes two approaches to rapidly identifying and classifying lavender oil. First, the ISO Standard 11024 test method was evaluated in order to determine its suitability to assess lavender oil quality but due to its targeted and simplistic approach, it has the potential to miss classify oil quality. Second, utilizing the data generated by the ISO Standard 11024 test methodology, an untargeted chemometric predicative model was developed in order to rapidly assess and characterize lavender oils (Lavandula angustifolia L.) for geographical/environmental adulteration that impact quality. Of the 170 compounds identified as per the ISO Standard 11024 test method utilizing GC-MS analyses, 15 unique compounds that greatly differentiate between the two classes of lavender were identified. Using these 15 compounds, a predicative multivariate chemometric model was developed that enabled lavender oil samples to be reliably differentiated based on quality. A misclassification analysis was performed and it was found that the predictions were sound (100% matching rate). Such an approach will enable producers, distributers, suppliers and manufactures to rapidly screen lavender essential oil. The authors concede that the validation and implementation of such an approach is more difficult than a conventional chromatographic assay. However, the rapid, reliable and less problematic screening is vastly superior and easily justifies any early implementation validation difficulties and costs.