Standard Policy Research Articles

Policy model for development of tourism villages based on local wisdom towards self-reliant village in Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia

The purposes of study are (1) analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tourism village destination in Regency Pangandaran and (2) to formulate policy model for development of tourism villages based on local wisdom towards self-reliant village in Pangandaran Regency. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method with approach studies case. Primary data collection techniques in the form of interviews, focus group discussion, observation and document study. Results of analysis of SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity, threat) of tourism village destination in Pangandaran Regency, especially (a) Strength: (1) airport Nusawiru as access for tourist international and inter bus city or between province that has destination to Regency Pangandaran; (2) culture famous Sundanese friendly. (b) Weakness: (1) standardization policy opening and development destination tour new to district Pangandaran not yet available; (2) access good way not yet evenly on each destination existing tours; (3) readiness resource man for accept tourists and awareness will industry tourist not yet maximum. (c) Opportunity: (1) have many potency destination unexplored tourism; (2) existence track train fire and airport Nusawiru as well as Harbor Bojong Salawe; (3) training about tourism through extracurricular for learner and language foreign for society. (d) Threat: (1) stability nature and impact environment in implementation exploitation destination travel; (2) degradation score culture and potential leave inheritance existing culture. Policy model for development of tourism villages based on local wisdom towards independent villages include tradition, community empowerment and participation society.

Effects of Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) Policy on the cost of imported cargo transport in Kenya

The paper investigated the effects of SGR cargo transportation policy on the cost of cargo transportation in Kenya. Descriptive research design using cross-sectional survey and concurrent mixed methods were employed.  Primary data was obtained from freight forwarding companies and cargo owners and key informants in imported cargo transport sector. In realizing the study objectives, univariate, multivariate, cross tabulations and multinomial logit regression were adopted. The study established that enforcement of SGR cargo transportation had substantially increased the cost of transporting imported cargo from the port of Mombasa to the final destination through increases in last mile transport costs, return of empty container costs and demurrage charges. The paper recommends designing of costing model for SGR, which takes into account last mile transport costs and costs of returning empty containers to Mombasa port, this is in consultation with industry players.  Kenya Railways Corporation to consider of partnering with private trucking companies to provide last mile cargo transport services from ICD to Nairobi metropolis. SGR to provide return of empty containers services to the port of Mombasa for all containers that are transported through it; enhanced efficiency in cargo clearance by at Nairobi Inland Container Depot; negotiate with shipping lines for more free days before imposing demurrage charges. Lastly, cargo owners should re-align their cargo transportation arrangements to SGR by prompt arrangements for documentation requirements and advance organization for last mile transportation services. Keywords: Standard Gauge Railways, policy, transportation cost, imported cargo and last mile &nbsp

Intensive care unit nurses' perceptions and practices regarding clinical alarms: A descriptive study.

To describe the frequencies of physiologic monitor clinical alarms and to investigate nurses' perceptions and practices regarding clinical alarms in ICUs. A descriptive study. A 24-h continuous nonparticipant observation study was conducted in ICU. Observers observed and recorded the occurrence time, detail information when electrocardiogram monitor alarms triggered. And a cross-sectional study was conducted among ICU nurses by convenience sampling, using the general information questionnaire and the Chinese version of clinical alarms survey questionnaire for medical devices. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 23. A total of 13,829 physiologic monitor clinical alarms were recorded in 14-day observation and 1191 ICU nurses responded to the survey. Most nurses agreed or strongly agreed the sensitivity to alarms and responded quickly (81.28%), smart alarm systems (74.56%), alarm notification systems (72.04%) and set up alarm administrators (59.45%) were useful to improve alarm management, while frequent nuisance alarms disrupted patients care (62.47%) and reduced nurses' trust in alarms (49.03%), environmental noise interfered with nurses' recognition of the alarms (49.12%) and not everyone received education of alarm systems (64.65%). Physiological monitor alarms occur frequently in ICU, and it is necessary to formulate or further optimize alarm management measures. It is recommended to use smart medical devices and alarm notification systems, formulate and implement standardized alarm management policies and norms, and strengthen alarm management education and training, so as to improve the nursing quality and patient safety. The patients in the observation study included all patients admitted to the ICU during the observation period. The nurses in the survey study were conveniently selected through an online survey.

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Persistent Organic Pollutants in Infant Formulas and Baby Food: Legislation and Risk Assessments.

Human milk is the healthiest option for newborns, although, under specific circumstances, infant formula is a precious alternative for feeding the baby. Except for the nutritional content, infant formulas and baby food must be pollutant-free. Thus, their composition is controlled by continuous monitoring and regulated by establishing upper limits and guideline values for safe exposure. Legislation differs worldwide, although there are standard policies and strategies for protecting vulnerable infants. This work presents current regulations and directives for restricting endocrine-disrupting chemicals and persistent organic pollutants in infant formulas. Risk assessment studies, which are limited, are necessary to depict exposure variations and assess the health risks for infants from dietary exposure to pollutants.

Impact of Gas Flare on Human Life and Wellbeing of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State

This paper reviews the impact of gas flares on human life and wellbeing of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area. Historically, it is said that gas flaring is the burning off excess natural gases in the course of exploration and exploitation of petroleum products as a way of removing dangerous gases with lower harm to human health and the environment, but the monitoring of gas flare is a challenge in Nigeria today. It is difficult to quantify the gases release during exploration and exploitation of petroleum products because of inadequate reports of gas flare volumes through financial, commercial reputational favour rather than the ultrasonic meter suitable type of meter for flare volume measurement proposed for use in Nigeria. The negative effect of excess natural gases in the atmosphere is a factor of the inability of government to setup standard environmental preventive policies, programmes and schemes to minimize environmental gas flare needed to achievement set of environmental goals. Some of the toxic pollutants from gas flare activities are: carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxide (NOx), Hydrogen sulphide (H2¬SO¬4), Sulphur dioxide, particulate matters (PMC) and photochemical oxidants has devastating consequences to human life and wellbeing since the continuous exposure detrimental to people’s linked to health. A case study approach adopted for the study with a descriptive survey design and a sample technique which involves simple random sampling which allows strong statistical inference about the whole group. The findings demonstrated that proximity of residence to gas flare stack are linked to a range of adverse health impact identified risks of gas toxic pollutants and the non-compliance with environmental laws. It is recommended that the compliance to environmental protection laws would protect human life and wellbeing and enhance ecological development, financial viability of gas flaring communities in Nigeria.

Assessing the Effects of Tradable Green Certificates and Renewable Portfolio Standards through Demand-Side Decision-Making Simulation: A Case of a System Containing Photovoltaic Power

Understanding the effect of a tradable green certificate (TGC) and renewable portfolio standard (RPS) policy mix is of great importance for sustainable renewable-energy development and carbon neutrality, given that the demand side subjects are the responsible subjects under China’s RPSs and studies from the demand-side perspective are relatively limited. To fill this gap, this paper analyzes the coupled relationship between the TGC market and the electricity market as well as the reflexivity of the TGC market. Meanwhile, on the basis of modeling TGC prices and renewable-energy uncertainty, this paper constructs a Markov decision process (MDP) model to simulate the sequential decision-making process of the demand side and further proposes a solution model based on dynamic programming and evolutionary algorithms. The results show that: (1) In addition to policy parameters such as RPS weight, TGC price caps and penalties, a preference for short-term benefits and renewable-energy uncertainty also affect transaction behaviors on the demand side. (2) Increasing RPS weight within an appropriate range can stimulate demand for renewable power and TGC, while excessively low RPS weight will result in accumulation of unsold TGC. In addition, the preference for short-term benefits can stimulate demand for renewable power and curb demand for TGC. (3) An increase in the TGC price cap can stimulate demand for renewable power and restrain demand for TGC, but this phenomenon may not exist when RPS weight is too low or responsible subjects prefer short-term benefits. (4) Setting a penalty of no less than the TGC price cap is of great significance to ensure the operation of the TGC market and RPSs.

Environmental Disclosure and The Quality of Financial Reports of Listed Nigerian Manufacturing Firms

This study examined the relationship between environmental disclosure and the quality of financial reports in Nigerian manufacturing sector. The specific objectives were to examined the relationship between environmental donations and sponsorship disclosure on the quality of financial reports among manufacturing firms in Nigeria; examined the relationship between environmental restoration disclosure on the quality of financial reports among manufacturing firms in Nigeria, accessed the relationship between environmental waste management disclosure on the quality of financial reports among manufacturing firms in Nigeria and ascertain the relationship between environmental donations and sponsorship disclosure, restoration and waste management disclosure and the quality of financial reports among manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Ex-post facto research design was adopted and a final sample size of 10 manufacturing firms was purposively selected for a period of 10 years. The data were collected through content analysis method. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyzed collated data. Findings revealed that two out of the three components of the environmental accounting information, namely, Environmental Restoration (ER),and Environmental Donations and Sponsorship (EDS) have no significant influence on the quality of financial reports among the manufacturing firms. Thus, the null hypothesis were accepted. The study concluded that the influence of the disclosure of accounting information about environmental restoration, and environmental donations and sponsorship on the quality of financial reports of manufacturing firms in Nigeria were insignificant. It was recommended that Standard setters and policy makers should work with the Ministry of Environment to consider introducing mandatory disclosures which are consistent.

Understanding the Relative Strength of QBF CDCL Solvers and QBF Resolution

QBF solvers implementing the QCDCL paradigm are powerful algorithms that successfully tackle many computationally complex applications. However, our theoretical understanding of the strength and limitations of these QCDCL solvers is very limited. In this paper we suggest to formally model QCDCL solvers as proof systems. We define different policies that can be used for decision heuristics and unit propagation and give rise to a number of sound and complete QBF proof systems (and hence new QCDCL algorithms). With respect to the standard policies used in practical QCDCL solving, we show that the corresponding QCDCL proof system is incomparable (via exponential separations) to Q-resolution, the classical QBF resolution system used in the literature. This is in stark contrast to the propositional setting where CDCL and resolution are known to be p-equivalent. This raises the question what formulas are hard for standard QCDCL, since Q-resolution lower bounds do not necessarily apply to QCDCL as we show here. In answer to this question we prove several lower bounds for QCDCL, including exponential lower bounds for a large class of random QBFs. We also introduce a strengthening of the decision heuristic used in classical QCDCL, which does not necessarily decide variables in order of the prefix, but still allows to learn asserting clauses. We show that with this decision policy, QCDCL can be exponentially faster on some formulas. We further exhibit a QCDCL proof system that is p-equivalent to Q-resolution. In comparison to classical QCDCL, this new QCDCL version adapts both decision and unit propagation policies.

Reorienting curriculum materials as agents of restorative justice in early literacy classrooms

Amidst numerous curricular reforms across the USA that censor reading materials and promote standardized literacy policies, the authors ask in this article: What rights do early childhood teachers and students have in curriculum-making, and to the very materiality of their own classrooms? More broadly, they wonder: How do material regulations in US schools impact the curricular work of restorative justice in early literacy classrooms? The authors examine one curriculum material used in classrooms across the USA, using theories of materiality to explain its orientation, disorientation, and reorientation within discourses around anti-critical race theory and pro-“science of reading” legislation. Moreover, they aim to explore the potentialities of curricula as agents of restorative justice and, consequently, the threats to justice from the disorientations expressed around specific curriculum materials.

Medical termination of pregnancy: A global perspective and Indian scenario.

Abortion has always been a vital issue in reproductive and legal medicine. Globally, medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is allowed primarily on six grounds: (1) to save the life of a woman, (2) risk to the physical and mental health of a woman, (3) pregnancy due to rape or incest, (4) risk of a child being born with a serious fetal anomaly, (5) socio-economic reasons, (6) a woman's request. Most countries have standard legal abortion policies, yet there remains disparity with respect to prohibition, gestational age limit, specific grounds, etc. Abortion laws are constantly changing globally based on regional social and economic viewpoints. Recently, some countries have liberalised their abortion laws, while a few have further restricted theirs. While some countries still completely prohibit MTP. Like some others, India amended its MTP law in 2021. We consider the medico-legal and ethical issues and examine existing MTP laws both globally and as generally applied in India.

Protection and Certainty of Social Welfare Law in the Concept of a Welfare State: Perspective of State Administrative Law

<span>The intervention of the state administration in providing legal protection and certainty for social welfare insurance is very important. However, there are still problems occurring in society, including acts of discrimination against accessing social needs, causing social inequality. The goal of this research is to determine how the government's responsibility in implementing social welfare is to provide legal protection and certainty to the community in the concept of a welfare state from the standpoint of state administrative law and how Arrangements for Social Welfare Policy Based on Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39 of 2012 Concerning Implementation of Social Welfare This research method is normative-juridical. The results of this study show that the responsibility and authority of the government in implementing social welfare and carrying out the duties of executive power must be based on the will of the state, which is based on statutory regulations established by the legislature. The policies regulated in the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39 of 2012 concerning the Implementation of Social Welfare are rehabilitation policies, social security policies, social empowerment policies, social protection policies, infrastructure standard policies, community participation policies, registration procedures policies, and policies for institutions that organize social welfare</span>

Distributionally Robust Batch Contextual Bandits

Policy learning using historical observational data are an important problem that has widespread applications. Examples include selecting offers, prices, or advertisements for consumers; choosing bids in contextual first-price auctions; and selecting medication based on patients’ characteristics. However, existing literature rests on the crucial assumption that the future environment where the learned policy will be deployed is the same as the past environment that has generated the data: an assumption that is often false or too coarse an approximation. In this paper, we lift this assumption and aim to learn a distributionally robust policy with incomplete observational data. We first present a policy evaluation procedure that allows us to assess how well the policy does under worst-case environment shift. We then establish a central limit theorem type guarantee for this proposed policy evaluation scheme. Leveraging this evaluation scheme, we further propose a novel learning algorithm that is able to learn a policy that is robust to adversarial perturbations and unknown covariate shifts with a performance guarantee based on the theory of uniform convergence. Finally, we empirically test the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm in synthetic datasets and demonstrate that it provides the robustness that is missing using standard policy learning algorithms. We conclude the paper by providing a comprehensive application of our methods in the context of a real-world voting data set.This paper was accepted by Hamid Nazerzadeh, data science.Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant CCF-2106508] and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research [Award FA9550-20-1-0397]. Z. Zhou also gratefully acknowledges the JP Morgan AI Research Grant and the New York University’s Center for Global Economy and Business faculty research grant for support on this work. Additional support is gratefully acknowledged from the National Science Foundation [Grants 1915967 and 2118199].Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4678 .

Analisis Rasio Perputaran dan Periode Rata-Rata Pengumpulan Piutang Sebagai Dasar Penilaian Efektivitas Kebijakan Kredit PT. ISAM

Company management needs to implement appropriate policies in order to increase company value and reach the goals. The main activity of PT. ISAM to achieve the goal is sales transactions, especially credit sales. The risk of credit sales is uncollectible receivable, so receivable control and management is needed to minimize the risk of company losses. Therefore, an effective credit policy must be implemented. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of PT. ISAM credit policy by comparing the analysis of the receivables turnover ratio and the average collection period with the standards policies of PT. ISAM. Receivable turnover and the average collection period of PT. ISAM has not reached the standard, which is 12 times and 30 days. So that the credit policy has not been effective. It is influenced by the low level of sales so that the receivables turnover and the average collection period are not optimal.

회계법인 특성이 피감사기업의 자기자본비용에 미치는 영향

[Purpose]This study examines how the proportion of audit firms’ audit revenue affects the cost of equity capital of audited firms.
 [Methodology]In this paper, regression analysis is performed based on a Korean sample of 301 observations between the years 2019 and 2020, when the standard audit hours policy was introduced under the revised Act on External Audit of stock companies.
 [Findings]This study shows that the higher the ratio of audit revenue to the total sales of audit firms’, the lower the cost of equity capital of the audited firms. This result suggests that when the proportion of audit sales of an audit firm is high, the firm’s cost of equity capital is reduced by accumulating related experiences by focusing on audit service, and improving the quality and reliability of the audited firm’s financial reporting. Specifically, the result is found firms with higher largest shareholder ownership, lower foreign investor equity, and lower governance score of the Korea Corporate Governance Service (KCGS).
 [Implications]Unlike most of the literature that considers the size of audit firms as the main characteristic of auditors, this study has a major contribution in that it empirically analyzes the correlation between various characteristics such as the sales structure of audit firms and the cost of equity capital. Furthermore, it provides practical implications that the audited firm should consider the auditor’s financial characteristics, such as sales structure, as well as the reputation and size of the audit firm in a situation where the audit fee burden of listed firms is increasing.

Analisis Kritis Terhadap Kebijakan Standar Kompetensi Pendidik Dan Tenaga Kependidikan Di Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Swasta

One aspect that can be seen from the achievement of educational goals in Indonesia is the educators. If Islamic schools have competent educators, it will have implications for the intelligence of the nation with good intellectual abilities. This research aims to analyze the extent of the role of teacher competency standard policies so that the nation's goals can be achieved, therefore the creation of educator standards and education personnel in Islamic educational institutions. The research method used is a literature study by collecting various sources and literature related to the laws used by Islamic educational institutions in accordance with the problems studied. From the results of the analysis, 4 competency standards were obtained that are mandatory by educators, namely (1) social competence, (2) pedagogic competence, (3) professional competence, and (4) personality competence.

AHİ TEŞKİLATININ STANDARDİZASYON ANLAYIŞININ İSLAM HUKUKU AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Akhism was a vital system that not only developed the social, cultural, and political but also was one of the most essential mechanisms of the commercial environment of the 13th century. Akhism contributed the social welfare, market stability, and market security.One of the most visible characteristics of Akhisim was seen that it successfully integrated the financial ethic with all types of commercial affairs. In this study, two basics of the standardization policy including quality of product and price stability that the system mostly improved among the financial ethic were examined in the fıqh references. The standardization policy of Akhism controlling the entire journey of any product that includes production, manufacturing, and marketing contributed to the financial development of the thirteenth century. This standardization policy orders that all products must be produced among certain techniques and principles. Quality standards, market conditions, and precautions taken against deceptive and manipulatory affairs, control and product management are the principles that the Islamic Law system underlines. The Akhi organization not only set a certain quality standard for products but also intervened in marketing prices of supplied products so that products have certain price standards. If any affairs to disrupt the marketing conditions and price stabilities occur, the state is supposed to intervene in the system as it has happened since earlier periods. Thus there is a strong relationship between the intervening commercial policies that were fundamental of Akhism and the price policies that have been followed since the early periods of Islam. Keywords: Islamic Law, Akhism, Standardization, Price, Quality.

Tensions between police training and practice for the risk assessment of registered sex offenders in England and Wales

ABSTRACT In UK, police officers are specially trained to become Management of Sexual or Violent Offenders (MOSOVO) officers. MOSOVO officers risk assess Registered Sex Offenders during home visits. We aimed to examine the MOSOVO training and home visits, and determine whether there is an alignment between training and practice. Three police forces in UK participated. Firstly, the MOSOVO training course was observed at each force. Secondly, MOSOVO officers in each force recorded home visits over a two-week period; the authors randomly selected 12 recordings for analysis. Field notes and transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Four themes were developed: unspecialised trainers lead to distrust and disengagement; the training does not prepare officers for all types of home visit; tensions between standard police policies and MOSOVO role; police suspicion of RSOs influences home visit implementation. We provide recommendations to improve MOSOVO training and the home visit process.

Profiling Experiences of Bullying in the Elementary School: The Role of Gender.

The purpose of the present study was to profile bullying behaviors in elementary schools in Saudi Arabia. A secondary purpose was to examine differences in bullying behaviors across gender. Participants were 3867 fourth graders who completed surveys during the TIMSS 2019 survey. An 11-item bullying experience scale was utilized with good internal consistency reliability. Data were analyzed using latent class analysis with Mplus 8.9 to identify profiles of bullying experiences. The results indicated the presence of five profiles with levels of low, medium, and high bullying experiences, as well as two profiles with no cyberbullying experiences and medium high and medium low physical and verbal instances of bullying. Gender effects were highly pronounced, with most maladaptive bullying profiles being predominantly male. It is concluded that physical bullying is mainly occupied by males and the levels of cyberbullying are generally low in the elementary school grades. Implications for educational policy can clearly direct the development of support groups and expert counseling for both bullies and victims, staff training for identification and course of action, and the development of standardized school policies when such incidences occur.

The association between adverse ergonomic factors and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among medical staff in China: a cross-sectional study

We investigated the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms (WMSs) among medical staff and evaluated the associations of different levels of adverse ergonomic factors with WMSs. A total of 6099 Chinese medical staff were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire to assess the prevalence and risk factors of WMSs from June 2018 to December 2020. A prevalence rate of 57.5% was observed for WMSs among overall medical staffs, which mainly affected the neck (41.7%) and shoulder (33.5%). “Keeping sitting for long hours very frequently” (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.53) was positively associated with WMSs in doctors, while “keeping sitting for long hours occasionally” (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.97) was identified as a protective factor of WMSs in nurses. The associations of adverse ergonomic factors, organizational factors, and environmental factors with WMSs were different among medical staff in different positions.

Janitorial Services of Tertiary Care Hospitals, a Critical Analysis

Objective: To identify the existing system of janitorial services in the army hospitals, and to give recommendations for standardized policy formulation in military hospitals.
 Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Tertiary Care Hospitals, namely Hospital A, B and C, at Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Oct 2019 Jan 2020.
 Methodology: Responses from 401 Healthcare Administrators (HCAs), Nurses and Janitorial staff were collected through a validated questionnaire, and hospitals' documents/ SOPs, cleaning audit reports, feedback process documents, communication mechanisms and training schedules were reviewed.
 Results: Out of 401 respondents, the majority were females (54.4%, 5 were HCAs, 143 were Nurses, and 70 were Janitorial staff). The availability of SOPs was associated with cleaning functional areas of hospitals (p=0.001). Awareness of the risk of infection among healthcare workers was associated with Hepatitis B vaccination (p=0.03). Knowledge of hospital areas regarding cleanliness among hospital workers was linked to providing cleanliness training according to job requirements (p=0.001).
 Conclusion: Hospital A performed admirably in most areas but was found to need more human resources, with staff shortages, high turnover, and a lack of adherence to SOPs. To achieve optimum performance, existing and emerging technology must be integrated with sanitary worker preparation and career development; costs must be reduced.Keywords: Hospital environment, Infection control and disinfectants, Janitorial service, Training