Standard Plating Research Articles

Dipstick Assay for Rapid Detection of Beer Spoilage Organisms

Background: Beer spoilage caused by wild yeast and bacteria is a major concern to both commercial and home brewers. Objective: To address this problem, Molecular Epidemiology Inc. (MEI, Seattle, WA) has developed a beer spoilage organism detection kit consisting of an enrichment media (BSE) and a multiplex PCR DNA dipstick that simultaneously detects these organisms within 2h following enrichment. Methods: The kit was tested by using samples obtained from breweries located in the Greater Seattle area. Samples were spiked with the target microbes, when necessary, and used for assessing the performance characteristics of the DNA dipstick assay. Microbial enumerations were performed as per the standard microbiological plating methods. The suitability of the BSE medium to support the growth of beer spoilage microbes was compared with the industry-approved NBB-C medium (Dohler, Darmstadt, Germany). Results: Inclusivity (a panel of 50 isolates) and Exclusivity (a panel of 92 isolates) testing indicated that the dipstick assay can exclusively detect the indicated target beer spoilage microbes. When compared with the NBB-C medium (Dohler, Darmstadt, Germany) approved by the European Brewers Convention for beer spoilage organisms, the BSE medium supported faster growth of critical spoilage lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus brevis, L. lindneri, and Pediococcus damnosus. Conclusions: The beer spoilage organism detection kit has a detection limit of 10 cells/mL. Highlights: The kit can be used at different stages of the brewing process, thus offering a convenient, cost effective, and faster test system for brewers interested in monitoring the quality of their product.

Clinical effects and risk factors of far cortical locking system in the treatment of lower limb fractures

IntroductionThis study aims to analyze clinical effects between far cortical locking (FCL) system and standard plating techniques in the treatment of lower limb fractures and identify potential preoperative risk factors for complications in patients treated with FCL system. MethodWe retrospectively analyzed 76 patients treated with FCL system (the study group) and 68 patients treated with standard plating techniques (the control group) between January 2014 and January 2017. Patients were followed up for a minimum of one year. Surgery-related complications, fixation features, fracture healing rates, the radiographic union scores, and knee functions (Kolment scores) were analyzed between the two groups in the study. Besides, we analyzed eight preoperative characteristics for surgery-related complications, including age, gender, presence of risk factors affecting bone healing, cause of injury, AO/OTA fracture classifications, facture sites, presence of open fractures, and presence of bone losses. ResultsThe distributions of baseline date were similar between the two groups (P＞0.05). The average number of FCL screws was 4.5 (range: 3–9) in the study group. The average time to union was 2.8 ± 0.9 months in the study group and 3.6 ± 1.0 months in the control group (P＜0.001), and average time to whole weight bearing was 2.3 ± 0.8 months and 2.8 ± 1.2 months, respectively (P = 0.004). Regarding radiographic union score, the study group scores were significantly higher than the control group scores at 1 and 3 months after surgery (P＜0.001), while it becomes insignificant between the two groups at 6 and 12 months after surgery (P = 0.19 and P = 0.15).The working lengths, fracture healing rates, complication rates, and Kolment scores were similar between the two groups (P＞0.05). In the multivariate analysis, fracture sites (OR = 5.34; 95% CI, 1.11–25.75; P = 0.03) and presence of open fractures (OR = 6.19; 95% CI, 1.05–36.38; P = 0.04) were significant associated with complications, whereas other variables were not included. DiscussionFCL system can truly accelerating bone healing and allow earlier whole weight bearing. Fracture healing rates and complication rates were similar between patients treated with FCL implants or conventional plating techniques. Patients with shaft fractures and open fractures trended to have higher complication rates. ConclusionsFCL system is superior to standard plating technique in terms of early callus formation, but standard plating technique is not inferior to FCL system in terms of final fracture healing, surgery-related complication, and function outcome. Fracture site and presence of open fracture are the independent factors for complications in patients treated with FCL system.

Surgical Treatment of Posterior Malleolus Fractures and Posterior Fixation

Posterior malleolar fractures (PMFs) have been demonstrated to result in poorer outcomes than other types of ankle fractures with a higher incidence of posttraumatic arthritis. Accordingly, there has been a recent surge in interest in reduction and fixation of PMFs. Operative criteria for PMFs have been based on size, step-off, ankle joint instability, and syndesmotic injury, though universally accepted criteria have yet to be defined. Anatomically, the posterior malleolus is important as an insertion point of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament and thereby may play a role in syndesmotic stability. However, the important lateral ankle ligament complex is also important in governing stability of the talus within the ankle mortise. PMFs have been classified by the Haraguchi system based on morphology and extent. Radiographs, although always appropriate to perform as the initial diagnostic imaging study, are likely insufficient to evaluate the size and displacement; computed tomography scan is recommended for optimal evaluation for preoperative planning. When treating the posterior malleolus by a posterolateral approach, prone and lateral positioning of the patient facilitates exposure, although it can also be performed in the supine position with a large bump and with a leg that can be safely passively internally rotated sufficiently, or externally rotated if a posteromedial approach is used. Fixation can be performed with lag screw fixation alone versus buttress or standard plating techniques. Wound complications and posttraumatic arthritis are relatively common complications encountered in the treatment of PMFs. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

LIGHT SCATTERING SENSOR FOR RAPID DETECTION OF BACILLUS CEREUS IN CHICKEN MEATS

Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen causing food poisoning, manifested by diarrhea or emetic illnesses. BARDOT (BActerial Rapid Detection using Optical scattering Technology) directly capturing phenotypic CHARacteristics of colonies following standard agar plating, providing non-destructive, high-throughput analysis and real-time detection of colonies on agar plate without any labeling reagents or probes. This study implement light scattering sensor in detection and identification of B. cereus on genus level in mixed cultures and in artificially inoculated chicken samples using PRM (phenol red mannitol) agar. Software analysis and PCR confirmation showed that BARDOT successfully detect 100% of B. cereus in mixed culture and >90% of artificially inoculated chicken samples. This results demonstrates that BARDOT could be used as a screening tool to identify Bacillus cereus from other pathogens and background flora on PRM agar

Characteristics of culturable bacteria associated with tail fan necrosis in the spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii

Tail fan necrosis (TFN) is an increasingly common condition found in commercially-fished and aquacultured spiny lobsters. Chitin, lipid, and protein are the major components of the lobster cuticle, and we test whether bacteria proteolytic, chitinolytic, and lipolytic activities are associated with the presence of TFN in spiny lobsters. Bacteria were cultured from the surface of the tail fans and from the hemolymph of wild Australasian red spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875), with TFN and from those without any signs of TFN. The proteolytic, chitinolytic, and lipolytic activities of 1678 bacteria isolates were characterized using standard plating methods. Chitinolytic bacteria strains were more common on the tail fans and in the hemolymph of lobsters with TFN compared with those without TFN, and the overall chitinolytic activity of bacteria present in lobsters with TFN was higher than in lobsters without TFN. The bacteria isolates with a combination of proteolytic, chitinolytic and lipolytic activities were more prevalent on the tail fans and in the hemolymph of lobsters with TFN. Molecular methods identified 14 bacteria species from 35 isolates possessing this broad enzymatic profile associated with TFN with over 50% of the isolates belonging to four species in the Splendidus clade of Vibrio, which are known aquatic pathogens. Collectively these results suggest a suite of bacteria exhibiting proteolytic, chitinolytic and lipolytic activities were associated with TFN in lobsters. These bacteria may be competitively advantaged in the opportunistic infection of sites of physical damage to the protective cuticle in spiny lobsters.

LIGHT SCATTERING SENSOR FOR RAPID DETECTION OF BACILLUS CEREUS IN CHICKEN MEATS

Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen causing food poisoning, manifested by diarrhea or emetic illnesses. BARDOT (BActerial Rapid Detection using Optical scattering Technology) directly capturing phenotypic CHARacteristics of colonies following standard agar plating, providing non-destructive, high-throughput analysis and real-time detection of colonies on agar plate without any labeling reagents or probes. This study implement light scattering sensor in detection and identification of B. cereus on genus level in mixed cultures and in artificially inoculated chicken samples using PRM (phenol red mannitol) agar. Software analysis and PCR confirmation showed that BARDOT successfully detect 100% of B. cereus in mixed culture and >90% of artificially inoculated chicken samples. This results demonstrates that BARDOT could be used as a screening tool to identify Bacillus cereus from other pathogens and background flora on PRM agar.

Rim Plate Augmentation of the Posterolateral Bare Area of the Tibial Plateau Using a 3.5-mm Precontoured Locking Compression Plate: A Cadaveric Study.

To evaluate the effectiveness of an additional rim plate [3.5-mm precontoured locking compression plate (LCP)] for stabilizing the posterolateral fragment in lateral tibial plateau fractures. Standard lateral locking plates [either a proximal tibial plate (PTP) or a proximal tibial locking plate (PTLP)] were applied to 40 matched pair knees from 20 fresh-frozen cadavers followed by the application of a secondary rim plate [variable angle LCP (VALCP)] posterior laterally. The mean ratio of supported articular surface in the PTP group was 0.692, whereas that in the PTLP group was 0.569. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Additional rim plating with a VALCP could only be performed for 27 of 40 knees; 8 of 20 knees in the PTP group and 5 of 20 knees in the PTLP group could not be fitted with a VALCP due to anatomic limitations. For the total standard plating group alone, the mean ratio of supported articular surface was 0.596, whereas the mean ratio of supported articular surface with additional rim plating was 0.798 (P < 0.001). In contrast, additional rim plating was possible for more knees that received a PTLP than a PTP. Ultimately, there was no significant difference in the ratio of supported articular surface after additional rim plating between the 2 different types of standard plates (P = 0.087). Our results identified a bare area in the posterolateral corner of the lateral plateau that was unsupported by rafting screws following conventional, 3.5-mm, precontoured LCP plating. Thus, additional rim plating may be useful for treating plateau fractures with a posterolateral fragment.

Radial Distraction to Stabilize Distal Radioulnar Joint in Distal Radius Fixation.

Persistent distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability after internal fixation of distal radius fractures can be managed with soft tissue or bony stabilization and prolonged immobilization. However, these strategies limit postoperative motion. To address this limitation, we report our technique of indirect ulna shortening by radial distraction followed by early mobilization and provide a case example. We use this technique in cases of persistent DRUJ instability during standard volar plating of distal radius fractures. Radial lengthening is achieved by distraction through the fracture site using the oblong hole of the plate until DRUJ stability is obtained. No immobilization of forearm rotation and a standard, early mobilization rehabilitation program are used. Indirect ulnar shortening by distraction through the distal radius fracture site providesa simple and novel strategy for the management of persistent DRUJ instability during volar plating, obviating the need for prolonged immobilization or to alter standard postoperative protocols.

Posterolateral Spiral-Shaped One Third Tubular Plate Stabilization for a Long Spiral Fracture of the Lateral Malleolus

We present surgical stabilization of a long spiral fibular fracture using a contoured plate, which allows for better fixation of the fracture compared with standard plating. We believe this technique modification provides satisfactory compression and better anatomic orientation to the fibula to facilitate closed fixation.

Selective Metalization of Non-Conductive Materials By Macropatterning of Catalytic Particles and the Application of a Gradient Magnetic Field

Photolithography is commonly used in various manufacturing sectors to achieve metal patterning of non-conductive materials. However, the high cost and toxicity of reagents used in this process have prompted the investigation of alternative approaches to selective metallisation. The present work shows a novel approach that utilizes a gradient magnetic field to achieve selective metallization on the millimeter scale. The magnetic field is applied during the seeding (catalysation) stage, which is required to initiate electroless copper deposition. Subsequent copper deposition occurs selectively according to the pre-defined pattern of the magnetic field. The modified approach uses a new type of magnetic catalyst i.e. a Fe­3O4-Ag composite material, which was obtained by a wet chemical synthesis method. The Fe component of these particles enables them to be arranged on the substrate in a way that directly corresponds to the pattern of the magnetic field and therefore subsequent electroless copper plating will follow this pattern. The magnetic and catalytic properties of particles for the initiation of electroless copper deposition were characterised by vibrating sample magnetometry and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The Fe3O4-Ag composite colloid solution was optimized by varying the pH, mixing approach and particle concentration. This paper will demonstrate the potential for selective catalysation in a magnetic field to compete with the commonly used photolithography and ink-jet printing approaches for macroscale selective metallisation of non-conductive materials. Figure 1. The schematic representation of standard electroless copper plating process and modified process of selective metalization in a gradient magnetic field. Figure 1

Influence of intrinsic microbes on phytochemical changes and antioxidant activity of the Ayurvedic fermented medicines: Balarishta and Chandanasava.

Background:Balarishta and Chandanasava are polyherbal-fermented medicines of Ayurveda.Objective:Investigation of native microbes, understanding phytochemical changes and antioxidant activities in these medicines.Methods:Microbial populations were enumerated using selective media and standard plating methods. Yeast and bacteria were identified using classical and molecular methods. Qualitative phytochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were carried out. In vitro antioxidant assays were performed with different assay systems.Results:Balarishta and Chandanasava possess two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and six bacteria that are species of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Brevibacillus. These microbes identified biochemically were authenticated with 16S and 18S rDNA sequence analysis and NCBI accession numbers. GC-MS analysis indicated that several compounds disappear as a result of fermentation while many are retained. The presence of new phytochemical compounds in the final stages of fermentation could be ascribed from the parent molecules that either disappeared or retained during fermentation. It suggests the biotransformation of phytochemicals by the mediation of intrinsic microbes. These medicines possess antioxidant activities by the presence of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and phytosterols, wherein bacteria also contribute.Conclusion:The role of native microbial consortium in fermentation, biotransformation and antioxidant activity of these Arishta and Asava is demonstrated.

ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ КАЧЕСТВЕННОГО МЕДНОГО ПОКРЫТИЯ ИЗ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТА С ДОБАВКАМИ

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of copper plating electrolyte composition and cathodic current density on the copper current output as well as on the quality and thickness of the copper coating. The experiment was carried out in standard copper plating electrolytes and in electrolytes with the addition of phenolsulfonic acid of various concentrations with varying values of the cathode current density across a certain range. It has been established that the addition of phenolsulfonic acid across the studied concentration range has a favourable effect on the quality of the coating and contributes to the production of fine-grained, dense, slightly shiny precipitates. As a result of the studies, the optimal copper electrodeposition mode was determined.

Benefits of different process routes for industrial direct front side plating

In this work, we highlight the benefits of alternative plating routes compared to the standard plating route primarily discussed in literature and currently introduced in pilot production [1, 2]. The common plating route starts with the laser ablation of the front side grid after rear side Al-printing and firing. Then, an HF dip removes the native oxide for the subsequent light induced nickel-, copper plating (LIP) with a silver capping as a finishing. Afterwards, an annealing step improves the adhesion of the plated grid and its contact resistance. Here, we want to show the advantage of three alternative process routes. In the first alternative route, the laser opening of the front side grid is performed before the firing step. During firing, the laser damage is partly cured and can lead to an increase in open circuit voltage (Voc) of 7 mV on state of the art industrial PERC solar cells. For the second process route, the removal of the native oxide is eliminated. To achieve this, special laser and plating conditions are needed. Finally, for the third alternative process route, the annealing of the plated stack can be combined with a stabilization process suppressing the light induced degradation (LID). The presented alternative routes give new degrees of freedom for process optimizations regarding precursor-induced features such as high laser damage on shallow emitters, parasitic plating (PP) for passivation layers with high pinhole density or LID.

Reduction of Salmonella in ground chicken using a bacteriophage

This study's goal was to ascertain the effectiveness of a commercially available Salmonella bacteriophage during ground chicken production focusing on: water source, different Salmonella serovars, and time. Salmonella-free boneless, skinless chicken meat was inoculated with 4.0 Log CFU/cm2 of either a cocktail of 3 Salmonella isolates derived from ground chicken (GC) or a cocktail of 3 Salmonella strains not isolated from ground chicken (non-GC). Bacteriophages were spread onto the chicken using sterile tap or filtered water for 30 min or 8 h. Salmonella was recovered using standard plating method. Greater Salmonella reduction was observed when the bacteriophage was diluted in sterile tap water than in sterile filtered water: 0.39 Log CFU/cm2 and 0.23 Log CFU/cm2 reduction after 30 min, respectively (P <0.05). The non-GC isolates showed reductions of 0.71 Log CFU/cm2 and 0.90 Log CFU/cm2 after 30 min and 8 h, respectively (P<0.05). The GC isolates were less sensitive to the bacteriophage: 0.39 Log CFU/cm2 and 0.67 Log CFU/cm2 reductions after 30 min and 8 h, respectively (P <0.05). In conclusion, bacteriophage reduction was dependent on water used to dilute the bacteriophage, Salmonella's susceptibility to the bacteriophage, and treatment time.

Monitoring of Trichoderma species in agricultural soil in response to application of biopreparations

Strains of Trichoderma are used in crop plant production as plant growth promoters and biological control agents. In this study, strains of T. atroviride and T. harzianum, overgrown on organic material, were applied as biopreparations to the soil in open-field lettuce cultivation, and their population levels were monitored over time. A newly developed multiplex-PCR Trichoderma-identification technique was successfully used to confirm the increased abundance of T. atroviride and T. harzianum in the soil after biopreparations application, whereas these Trichoderma species were not detected in untreated soil. The results of multiplex-PCR were confirmed by standard plating and Trichoderma spp. colony counting of soil samples as well as by molecular identification of representative strains. Indigenous Trichoderma species were identified in field soil, however, their abundance was estimated to be relatively low 103CFU, when compared to 105CFUg−1 of dry soil, after biopreparations application, and these fungi persisted at this level even after two years.

Thermal inactivation of Salmonella spp. in commercial tree nut and peanut butters in finished packaging

AbstractPeanut and tree nut butters have been implicated in Salmonella outbreaks in recent years. Previous studies investigated efficacy of thermal treatments to reduce Salmonella in multiple peanut butter formulations; however, evidence is lacking to support thermal treatment of tree nut butters. This study evaluated thermal treatments to reduce Salmonella in commercial nut butter formulations in final package. Formulations (n = 6) were inoculated with a Salmonella cocktail and packaged in glass jars before thermal treatment (boiling waterbath, holding times: 0–90 min, &gt;90 °C). Salmonella survivors were enumerated using standard dilution and plating on Hektoen Enteric Agar (37 °C, 24–48 hr). Low levels of survivors (&lt;1 CFU/g) were quantified using a one‐tube most probable number technique. Thermal treatments at &gt;90 °C with a 30‐min hold time effectively reduced &gt;5 log CFU/g of Salmonella in tree nut formulations; however, holding times &gt;60 min were required to achieve similar reductions in peanut butter.Practical applicationsThis study was designed to provide evidence to support a reconditioning proposal for the processing of tree nut butters that were linked to an outbreak of Salmonella Paratyphi L(+)tartrate(+). There were no previous reports in the scientific literature to demonstrate the efficacy of thermal treatment to inactivate Salmonella spp. in tree nut butters, including nut butters with more complex formulations. Ideally, reconditioning of contaminated product would not require repackaging of the products; therefore, this study was designed to determine treatment parameters that could be easily achieved with the product remaining in its original packaging. This report supports thermal treatment as an option for reconditioning contaminated tree nut butter products using a thermal process that is less intense than what would be necessary to reduce Salmonella spp. in peanut butter products.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ МЕЖВИДОВОЙ КОНКУРЕНЦИИ VIBRIO CHOLERAE В БИОПЛЕНКАХ

On the model of biofilms studied interspecific competition toxigenic Vibrio cholerae and the heterologous bacteria E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterococcus spp. Biofilms formed on the plates of food grade plastic in sterile tap water. Ctx + vibrio number was determined by real time-PCR. It has been previously shown complete correlation between results and standard PCR plating on a nutrient agar. It was found that all toxigenic strains in interspecific competition conditions with a strain of E. coli formed biofilm with a density of colonization from 103 to 105 vibrios per cm2 plastic plate. Strains competitors for inhibitory activity against Vibrio have a pronounced heterogeneity. Toxigenic vibrio detection of resistance as part of a biofilm inhibitory activity of other heterologous microorganisms gives hope for successful use in the practice of surveillance of cholera a new type of traps based on the phenomenon of the formation of biofilms.

Quantitative Detection of Clostridium perfringens by Real-Time PCR in Raw Milk

Clostridium perfringens causes a broad spectrum of diseases in both humans and animals and is an important cause of foodborne illness. We developed and tested a real-time (Q-)PCR assay for the species-specific detection of C. perfringens that targets the phospholipase C (plc) gene and includes an internal amplification control (IAC), making it possible to identify false-negative results, which are common due to the high level of PCR inhibition by food compounds. The CPplc-IAC real-time PCR (RTi-PCR) assay was 100% selective, as shows with 36 Clostridium strains and 85 non-Clostridium strains, with an analytical sensitivity of 1 genome equivalent (GE) in 23% of the reactions and 10 GE in 100% of the reactions. The quantification was linear (R 2 = 0.9990) over a 7-log dynamic range, down to 10 GE, with a PCR efficiency E = 0.841. The applicability of this RTi-PCR assay was assessed in milk samples. The assay detected as few as 300 spores in 25 mL of artificially contaminated raw sheep milk with 78% probability and 30 spores in 25 mL with 50% probability. It also has accuracy of 83.03 to 151.18%, as shown by an evaluation of the correspondence between RTi-PCR assay results and the number of spores per milliliter determinated by standard plating. This RTi-PCR method was effective for the detection and quantification of C. perfringens in milk having an important applicability in the control of this pathogen in the dairy food industry.

Metaphyseal locking plate as an external fixator for open tibial fracture: Clinical outcomes and biomechanical assessment

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the outcome of using a metaphyseal locking plate as a definitive external fixator for treating open tibial fractures based on biomechanical experiments and analysis of clinical results. MethodsA metaphyseal locking plate was used as an external fixator in 54 open tibial fractures in 52 patients. The mean follow-up was 38 months (range, 20–52 months). Moreover, static axial compression and torsional tests were performed to evaluate the strength of the fixation techniques. ResultsThe average fracture healing time was 34.5 weeks (range, 12–78 weeks). At 4 weeks postoperatively and at the final follow-up, the average Hospital for Special Surgery knee score was 85 (range, 81–100) and 94 (range, 88–100), respectively, and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 88 (range, 80–100) and 96 (range, 90–100), respectively. Based on the static test result, the axial stiffness was significantly different among groups (p=0.002), whereas the torsional stiffness showed no significant difference (p=0.068). ConclusionsClinical outcomes show that the use of locking plate as a definitive external fixator is an alternative choice for tibial fractures after obtaining appropriate fracture reduction. However, external locked plating constructs were not as strong as standard locked plating constructs. Therefore, the use of external locked plating constructs as a definitive treatment warrants further biomechanical study for construct strength improvement.

Detection of Salmonella Serotypes by Overnight Incubation of Entire Broiler Carcass

AbstractThere are multiple ways to sample broiler chicken carcasses for the prevalence of Salmonella. A common method in the USA is a whole carcass rinse and culture of an aliquot of the rinse. The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity of the rinse aliquot method to overnight enrichment of the entire carcass in the rinse liquid. Fourteen replicate samplings of eight carcasses each were done at two commercial broiler processing plants. Carcasses were subjected to a whole carcass rinse in buffered peptone from which 30 mL was removed and added to 30 mL fresh buffered peptone (rinse aliquot sample). The aliquot sample and the carcass, in the remaining buffered peptone, were incubated overnight prior to standard selective enrichment and plating for Salmonella detection. Salmonella was detected in 15% of rinse aliquot samples and 59% of whole carcass enrichment samples. When detected by both methods, for the most part, the same serotypes were found on individual carcasses. Whole carcass enrichment was shown to be more sensitive than rinse aliquot method, and likely detects Salmonellae even when tightly bound to the carcass or present in very low numbers. As such, whole carcass enrichment is a useful research tool to determine Salmonella prevalence.Practical ApplicationsWhole broiler carcass enrichment is a more sensitive method for detection of Salmonella than whole carcass rinse and aliquot incubation. Logistical requirements, however, make it impractical for routine or large scale investigations. Whole carcass enrichment has utility for research purposes to determine relative sensitivity of other methods or for testing of broiler processing microbial interventions.