Standard Normal Diet Research Articles

The Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum on Lipid Profiles and Histology Via Up-Regulation of LDL Receptor Gene Expression in Hamsters Fed a High Cholesterol Diet

Background: Recently, medicinal plants have become the focus of more attention due to their potentially effective roles in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Objectives: The aim of this research was to examine the effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ) on lipid profile and histological changes due to LDL receptor (LDL-R) gene expression in hamsters fed a high cholesterol diet. Methods: Thirty-two male hamsters were allocated into four groups (eight in each group under four weeks of treatment) as follows: group ND were fed a standard normal diet; group HCD were fed a normal diet supplemented with high cholesterol; group HCD + CZ2 were fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD) along with 2% CZ; and group HCD + CZ8 were fed an HCD diet along with 8% CZ. After the treatment process, blood samples were taken from all of studied animals, and sera were prepared for lipid profile assays. Liver LDL-R gene expression was assayed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Liver histological changes were determined using the hematoxylin and eosin staining method. Results: A significant reduction was observed in serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in the HCD + CZ8 group, while serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels increased when compared with the HCD group (P < 0.001). The HCD group demonstrated decreased LDL-R gene expression in the animals’ livers, whereas treatment with CZ up-regulated its expression. The scores for hepatic steatosis in the HCD + CZ8 group were diminished significantly. Conclusions: The administration of CZ improved dyslipidemia in hypercholesterolemic animals, probably by increasing LDL-R gene expression in the liver; consequently, it can be concluded that CZ can reverse hepatic steatosis. Therefore, CZ was determined as having a protective role against hypercholesterolemia.

Exposure to high-fat diet since post-weaning induces cardiometabolic damage in adult rats

AimsThis study sought to investigate the metabolic, hemodynamic and autonomic responses in adult rats exposed to high-fat diet since post-weaning. Main methodsYoung male Wistar rats were assigned into groups fed with standard normal diet (3% lipids; ND, n=8) or high-fat diet (30% lipids; HD, n=8) during 8weeks. Body composition, food intake, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations were determined. Hemodynamic and autonomic evaluations were performed. Renin angiotensin system and nitric oxide were also studied by pharmacological blockades. Key findingsHD group showed no difference in body weight, total cholesterol, food intake in calories and insulin concentration, but visceral fat pads weight, triglycerides and leptin were higher in HD group. Moreover, HD group decreased adiponectin level, increased 12% of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and 6% of heart rate compared with ND group. Spectral analyses showed an increase in cardiovascular sympathetic modulation in HD compared with ND group. Depressor responses after losartan were higher in HD compared with ND group: −9±0.7 vs.−3±1.6mmHg. Pressor responses after l-NAME were higher in HD compared with ND: 45±8 vs. 32±5mmHg. SignificanceHigh-fat diet consumption during early period of life can increase WAT mass and MAP. These alterations may be mediated by an augment in sympathetic activity associated with higher leptin and lower adiponectin levels. These cardiometabolic damages can lead to the development of hypertension and increase cardiovascular risk in adulthood.

Anti-obesity and Anti-fatty Liver Effects of Cynara scolymus L. Leaf Extract in Mice under Diet-induced Obesity

Objective: In this study, we conducted an animal study to investigate the effect of Cynara leaf extract (CLE) on visceral fat and serum lipid profile in animals fed on high fat diet (HFD). In addition, we focused on gene expression of some lipogenesis and lipolysis enzymes to investigate the anti-obesity and anti- fatty liver mechanism of CLE. Methods: Thirty male mice Swiss albino strain, at age of six weeks were classified into 3 groups. The first group was kept on standard normal diet and served as healthy control. Other animals received HFD for 4 weeks. These animals were assigned as HFD group and HFD + 5% Cynara scolymus leaf extract (CLE) -treated group. Results: CLE supplementation significantly reduced both body weight and white adipose tissue

Clinico-pathological effect of feedingFusarium sporotrichioidesand T-2 toxin contaminated diet in broiler chicken

Mycotoxins in combinations may exert a greater negative health impact than the sum of their individual effects. A study was undertaken to investigate the clinico-pathological effect of feeding Fusarium sporotrichioides and T-2 toxin contaminated diet in broiler chicken Thirty six day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into two groups of 18 each. Treatment group was fed with diet containing Fusarium sporotrichioides culture with 4 mg T-2 toxin from 0 to 28 days and observed weekly for feed intake, body weight and various haematobiochemical parameters on 14th, 21st and 28th days of age. Control birds were fed with standard normal diet. Treatment group showed significant reduction in feed intake and body weight gain from 1st wk to 3rd wk, in addition to significant decrease in total erythrocyte count, hematocrit value and leukocyte count. There was significant increase in the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and insignificant decrease in the total protein and albumin concentration. Gross pathological changes included anemic carcasses, enlarged and pale yellowish tan friable liver and generalized atrophy of lymphoid organs. Microscopically, extensive degenerative changes were observed in hepatocytes and depletion of lymphocytes in different lymphoid tissues, which increased in severity with the duration of experiment.

Altered adipocyte progenitor population and adipose-related gene profile in adipose tissue by long-term high-fat diet in mice

AimsHigh-fat diet (HFD) is associated with adipose inflammation, which contributes to key components of metabolic abnormalities. The expanded adipose tissue mass associated with obesity is the result of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipocytes. In this study, we investigated the effects of long-term HFD on adipocyte progenitor cell (APC) population and adipose-specific gene profiles in both white and brown adipose, and the role of perivascular adipose in the alteration of vascular function in response to HFD. Main methodsMale C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard normal diet (ND) or HFD for about 8months. Glucose metabolism was assessed by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. APC population and adipose-related gene profile were evaluated, and vascular function was measured in the presence or absence of perivascular adipose. Adiponectin and AMPK activity were also investigated. Key findingsHFD induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, and resulted in a decrease in APC population in brown, but not in white adipose tissue, when compared with animals fed a ND, with differential alterations of white and brown adipocyte-specific gene expression in brown and white adipose. Additionally, HFD led to altered vascular function in arteries in the presence of perivascular adipose tissue, which is associated with increased superoxide production. Adiponectin and AMPK activity were significantly decreased in response to long-term HFD. SignificanceThese findings suggest that long-term high-fat intake differentially alters adipocyte progenitor population and adipose-related gene expression in adipose tissue, and adiponectin-AMPK signaling might be involved. In addition, HFD induces changes in perivascular adipose-mediated vascular function.

Selective Depletion of Hepatic Kupffer Cells Significantly Alleviated Hepatosteatosis and Intrahepatic Inflammation Induced by High Fat Diet

To address the impact of Kupffer cell ablation via intraperitoneal injection of gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) on hepatosteatosis, intrahepatic inflammation and other metabolic derangements induced by high-fat diet (HFD). C57/BCL male mice were fed with either standard normal diet or HFD. Meanwhile, mice received an intraperitoneal injection of either natural saline (5mL/kg) or 0.2% GdCl3 solution (10mg/kg) twice a week. After 8 weeks, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed. F4/80 expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and quantitative (q) RT-PCR. Adipokines in liver were detected via qRT-PCR. HFD led to clear Kupffer cell infiltration and migration into areas surrounding the hepatic central vein. Both F4/80 expression and F4/80-positive cells in the liver were significantly reduced after GdCl3 administration (both p<0.01). Liver triglyceride and cholesterol deposition decreased dramatically after GdCl3 administration (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). TNF-a and IL-6 expression in mouse liver decreased significantly after Kupffer cell depletion (both p<0.01). Daily diet amount, weight and the area under IPGTT curve of the mice fed with HFD were clearly decreased after Kupffer cell depletion, though not statistically significant (all p>0.05). Selective depletion of hepatic Kupffer cells significantly alleviated hepatosteatosis and intrahepatic inflammation induced by HFD.

Effect of nicotine on body composition in mice

Nicotine induces weight loss in both humans and rodents consuming a regular diet; however, the effect of nicotine on body weight and fat composition in rodents consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) has not been well studied. Thus, this study examined the effect of nicotine vs saline on body weight and fat composition in mice fed with either an HFD (62% of kcal from fat) or a standard normal chow diet (NCD) for 7 weeks. Nicotine dose dependently reduced body weight gain in mice that consumed both diets, but this effect was significantly greater in mice on the HFD. Caloric intake was decreased in nicotine-treated mice. Estimates of energy intake suggested that decreased caloric intake accounted for all the reduced weight gain in mice on an NCD and 66% of the reduced weight gain on an HFD. Computed tomography analysis for fat distribution demonstrated that nicotine was effective in reducing abdominal fat in mice that consumed the HFD, with nicotine treatment leading to lower visceral fat. The effect of nicotine on weight loss in mice on an HFD was completely blocked by mecamylamine, a nonselective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, but only partially blocked by the α4β2 nAChR partial agonist/antagonist, varenicline. We conclude that nicotine is effective in preventing HFD-induced weight gain and abdominal fat accumulation.

Ability of Lactobacillus plantarum JR64 isolated from noni juice in lowering Cholesterol in vivo

Recently public’s attention to the importance of healthy food increases rapidly. Probiotic based food exploiting lactic acid bacteria is among the healthy food. Lactobacillus plantarum JR64 isolate from Morinda citrifolia fruit was assessed for its probiotic in-vivo by using Wistar Rat. The purpose of this research was to study the ability of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum JR64 in lowering serum LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) of Wistar Rat . Twenty Rats were grouped into 4, each group consisted of 5 Rats. First Group was a negative control given standard normal diet of 20 gr/day plus aquadest. Second Grup was a positive control given cholesterol normal diet 20 gr /day plus Propil Tio Urasil (PTU) 60 mg/kg body weight/day. Third Group was supplemented with normal diet 20 gr /day plus Propil Tio Urasil (PTU) 60 mg kg body weight /day and 10 12 CFU Lactobacillus plantarum JR64 . Fourth Group was the same as third Group unless the probiotic using commercial probiotic Lactobacillus bulgariccus at 10 12 CFU. Blood samples were withdrawn for measurement of total cholesterol, triglyceride, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol every week and measured by using spectrophotometer with 546 nanometers wavelength. The results show that probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum JR64 isolated from noni juice significantly (p < 0,01) reduce Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Triglyceride in vivo and tend to reduce High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol.

Abstract 1825: Sustained aerobic exercise alone does not counteract the tumor-promoting effects of a westernized diet on prostate cancer progression in vivo

Abstract Introduction: The influence of lifestyle behaviors on prostate cancer (PCa) is well established. Our lab has previously reported that diets high in both fat and carbohydrates – the “Westernized” diet – promote PCa tumor growth in vivo. Numerous studies have also found an inverse relationship between exercise and PCa progression. However, the exact relationships between diet, exercise and PCa, as well as their underlying mechanisms, are unclear. Herein we aim to investigate the effect of sustained aerobic exercise on PCa tumor growth in animals fed a “Westernized” diet or a normal diet. Methods: Athymic nude mice (n=46) were inoculated subcutaneously with LNCaP cells. Mice were fed ad libitum with either a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet (HFHC) or a standard normal diet (Normal), and randomized into exercising (Ex) and non-exercising groups (No-Ex). Exercise was undertaken 3 days per week (3 × 15 mins; 2-min breaks between cycles; 2.0-7.0 m/min) for 8 weeks, using a forced exercise wheel. Body weights, tumor volumes, and food consumption were recorded tri-weekly. Comparisons between groups over time were performed using RANOVA Type 3 Tests of Fixed Effects. Results: There were no significant differences in body weight between the groups over time. The HFHC-Ex group (n=10) had the highest rate of tumor growth compared to all other groups (p&amp;lt;=0.0007). No significant differences were observed between the rate of tumor growth of the HFHC-No Ex group (n=11) and the Normal-No Ex group (n=12) or between the Normal-No Ex group and the Normal-Ex group (n=10). However, the rate of tumor growth of the Normal-Ex group was reduced compared to the HFHC-No Ex group (p&amp;lt;=0.0008). Food consumption analysis revealed significant differences (p&amp;lt;=0.012) in energy consumption (kcal) between each of the groups over time. Mice in HFHC-Ex group consumed the most energy compared to all other groups followed by HFHC-No Ex&amp;gt;Normal-Ex&amp;gt;Normal-No Ex groups. Conclusions: The results indicate that exercise stimulated an increase in food consumption. In mice fed a tumor-promoting “Westernized diet,” this enhanced the rate of tumor growth. However, in mice placed on a normal diet, this increase in energy consumption did not correspond with increased tumor growth over time, emphasizing the importance of both exercise and healthy diet in the progression of PCa. Further studies to examine the relationship between diet and exercise with respect to PCa progression are currently underway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1825. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1825

1617 SUSTAINED AEROBIC EXERCISE ALONE DOES NOT COUNTERACT THE TUMOR-PROMOTING EFFECTS OF A WESTERNIZED DIET ON PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION IN VIVO

You have accessJournal of UrologyProstate Cancer: Basic Research1 Apr 20111617 SUSTAINED AEROBIC EXERCISE ALONE DOES NOT COUNTERACT THE TUMOR-PROMOTING EFFECTS OF A WESTERNIZED DIET ON PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION IN VIVO Natalie Venier, Avi Vandersluis, Alexandra Colquhoun, Alex Kiss, Neil Fleshner, Laurence Klotz, and Vasundara Venkateswaran Natalie VenierNatalie Venier Toronto, Canada More articles by this author , Avi VandersluisAvi Vandersluis Toronto, Canada More articles by this author , Alexandra ColquhounAlexandra Colquhoun Toronto, Canada More articles by this author , Alex KissAlex Kiss Toronto, Canada More articles by this author , Neil FleshnerNeil Fleshner Toronto, Canada More articles by this author , Laurence KlotzLaurence Klotz Toronto, Canada More articles by this author , and Vasundara VenkateswaranVasundara Venkateswaran Toronto, Canada More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.1725AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The influence of lifestyle behaviors on prostate cancer (PCa) is well established. Our lab has previously reported that diets high in both fat and carbohydrates – the “Westernized” diet – promote PCa tumor growth in vivo. Numerous studies have also found an inverse relationship between exercise and PCa progression. However, the exact relationships between diet, exercise and PCa, as well as their underlying mechanisms, are unclear. Herein we aim to investigate the effect of sustained aerobic exercise on PCa tumor growth in animals fed a “Westernized” diet or a normal diet. METHODS Athymic nude mice (n=46) were inoculated subcutaneously with LNCaP cells. Mice were fed ad libitum with either a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet (HFHC) or a standard normal diet (Normal), and randomized into exercising (Ex) and non-exercising groups (No-Ex). Exercise was undertaken 3 days per week (3 × 15 mins; 2-min breaks between cycles; 2.0–7.0 m/min) for 8 weeks, using a forced exercise wheel. Body weights, tumor volumes, and food consumption were recorded tri-weekly. Comparisons between groups over time were performed using RANOVA Type 3 Tests of Fixed Effects. RESULTS There were no significant differences in body weight between the groups over time. The HFHC-Ex group (n=10) had the highest rate of tumor growth compared to all other groups (p<=0.0007). No significant differences were observed between the rate of tumor growth of the HFHC-No Ex group (n=11) and the Normal-No Ex group (n=12) or between the Normal-No Ex group and the Normal-Ex group (n=10). However, the rate of tumor growth of the Normal-Ex group was reduced compared to the HFHC-No Ex group [p<=0.0008]. Food consumption analysis revealed significant differences (p<=0.012) in energy consumption (kcal) between each of the groups over time. Mice in HFHC-Ex group consumed the most energy compared to all other groups followed by HFHC-No Ex>Normal-Ex>Normal-No Ex groups. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that exercise stimulated an increase in food consumption. In mice fed a tumor-promoting “Westernized diet,” this enhanced the rate of tumor growth. However, in mice placed on a normal diet, this increase in energy consumption did not correspond with increased tumor growth over time, emphasizing the importance of both exercise and healthy diet in the progression of PCa. Further studies to examine the relationship between diet and exercise with respect to PCa progression are currently underway. © 2011 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 185Issue 4SApril 2011Page: e648 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2011 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Natalie Venier Toronto, Canada More articles by this author Avi Vandersluis Toronto, Canada More articles by this author Alexandra Colquhoun Toronto, Canada More articles by this author Alex Kiss Toronto, Canada More articles by this author Neil Fleshner Toronto, Canada More articles by this author Laurence Klotz Toronto, Canada More articles by this author Vasundara Venkateswaran Toronto, Canada More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Requirement of Apelin-Apelin Receptor System for Oxidative Stress-Linked Atherosclerosis

The recently identified endogenous peptide apelin and its specific apelin receptor (APJ) are currently being considered as potential regulators in vascular tissue. Previously, we reported apelin mediates phosphorylation of myosin light chain and elicits vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle. In this study, physiological roles of the apelin-APJ system were investigated on atherosclerosis. In APJ and apolipoprotein E double-knockout (APJ(-/-)ApoE(-/-)) mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, atherosclerotic lesions were dramatically reduced when compared with APJ(+/+) ApoE(-/-) mice, in the absence of an effect of cholesterol levels. Immunohistochemical detection of smooth muscle cells, using a smooth muscle alpha-actin antibody, showed greatly reduced staining for these cells in lesions of APJ(-/-)ApoE(-/-) mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. Vascular production of superoxide radicals and the expression of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunits were decreased in APJ(-/-)ApoE(-/-) mice compared with APJ(+/+)ApoE(-/-) mice fed a standard normal diet. In vascular smooth muscle cells, apelin induced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit expression. Apelin also induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, which was inhibited by superoxide dismutase or diphenylene iodonium. The apelin-APJ system is a mediator of oxidative stress in vascular tissue, and thus we propose it to be a critical factor in atherogenesis under high-cholesterol dietary conditions. APJ deficiency is preventative against oxidative stress-linked atherosclerosis.

Sequential feeding can increase activity and improve gait score in meat-type chickens

This study investigated the short- and long-term effects of sequential feeding by alternating low-and high-lysine diets during the day on growth, gait score (GS), and behavior in broilers. From Days 2 to 12, 6 pens of 10 birds were assigned to control treatment and fed a standard normal lysine diet (NL) (ME = 3,250 kcal/kg, CP = 23%, Lys = 1.19%) and six pens of 10 birds were assigned to the sequential treatment and fed a low-lysine diet (LL) (Lys = 0.85%) for half of the day and NL for the other half of the day. From Days 13 to 21, all groups were fed NL, and from Days 21 to 42, they were fed a grower diet. Sequential (S) chicks were lighter than Control chicks at Days 13 (304 +/− 6 vs. 378 +/− 7 g) and 42 (2,588 +/− 31 vs. 2,714 +/− 10 g) and had better leg condition at Day 42 (mean GS = 1.6 +/− 0.1 vs. 2.1 +/− 0.1, P < or = 0.05). During a day of S feeding, S birds ate less and wasted more LL than NL. Sequential birds spent less time standing and more time lying idle when fed LL than when fed NL. Sequential birds spent more time eating than Control birds, and they gradually increased the number of pecks in the litter during a sequential feeding day. The results suggest a major effect of food composition on behavior. Sequential feeding could be a means of decreasing leg problems in broilers.

Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on pancreatic response to central vagal stimulation by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the rat.

Male Wistar rats, fed a standard normal laboratory diet, drank ad libitum a 20% ethanol solution for 3 months. Basal and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) stimulated pancreatic secretion were measured. Basal secretion of sodium (-30%, p less than 0.001), bicarbonate (-35%, p less than 0.001) and total protein (-35%, p less than 0.001) were depressed in alcoholic versus control rats. Pancreatic response was identical in both groups with the smaller dose of 2DG, dose related in controls, and identical for both doses in alcohol-fed rats. The response was thus significantly smaller in alcohol-fed rats than in controls for the larger dose of 2DG (p less than 0.01). Pancreatic concentration and contents of amylase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and lipase were all decreased in alcoholic versus control rats (40-60%, p less than 0.001). These results are consistent with the hypothesis of functional modifications in pancreatic cholinergic innervation in alcohol-fed rats.