Standard Norms Research Articles

프란시스 수차 모델 내 흡출관의 내부 유동 특성에 미치는 공기 주입구의 영향

Swirling flow inside draft tube at part load condition during cavitation inception induces large pressure fluctuations. For suppression of the draft tube surge, fins with air injection holes are employed on the draft tube wall. The protrusion of air injection holes obstructs the incoming flow and creates flow complexities near the holes. The present study transiently investigates the effect of protrusion of these holes on the performance and flow phenomena of the Francis turbine numerically. Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are solved along with a two-phase mixture model using Scale Adaptive Simulation Shear Stress Transport (SAS-SST) model to solve the turbulent flows. The numerical methodology is then verified by an experiment based on the International Standard (IEC 60193) norms. The hole protrusion reduces the efficiency of the turbine and exhibits higher strength of the vortex rope which is minimized using fins without holes. The swirl number is reduced by about 34% for the draft tube without holes. The random pressure fluctuations caused by the hole’s intrusiveness are also suppressed when the holes are removed.

Analytical methods for the quantification of ritonavir in pharmaceuticals, a comparative evaluation

ABSTRACT. Ritonavir is an antiretroviral medication used to treat AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)/HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). This article describes the development and validation of spectrophotometric and liquid chromatographic techniques for ritonavir quantification in pharmaceutical formulations. Liquid chromatographic analyzes were carried out using a C18 column and a mobile phase consisted of 20 mM KH2PO4 (pH = 3.0) and acetonitrile (45:55, v/v), with a flow rate of 1.2 mL min-1 and UV detection at 235 nm. For the spectrophotometric analyses, ethanol was employed as a solvent, The UV spectra of the standard and sample solution were scanned between 200 and 800 nm, and λmax was determined as 235 nm. Analytical techniques have been validated in accordance with the processes outlined in the ICH (International Council for Harmonization) recommendations. The results showed that the analytical procedures were linear, accurate, precise, and robust. The recovery values of the methods are within the standard norms (98-102%). Following that, a statistical comparison of analytical techniques was carried out, and the findings revealed no significant difference. Consequently, the developed analytical techniques might be used quality control analysis of ritonavir in pharmaceuticals.
 
 KEY WORDS: Ritonavir, Analysis, Method, Validation, Spectrophotometer, HPLC
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(4), 737-747. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i4.2

Geometric criteria for 𝔸¹-connectedness and applications to norm varieties

We show that A 1 \mathbb {A}^1 -connectedness of a large class of varieties over a field k k can be characterized as the condition that their generic point can be connected to a k k -rational point using (not necessarily naive) A 1 \mathbb {A}^1 -homotopies. We also show that symmetric powers of A 1 \mathbb {A}^1 -connected smooth projective varieties (over an arbitrary field) as well as smooth proper models of them (over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 0 ) are A 1 \mathbb {A}^1 -connected. As an application of these results, we show that the standard norm varieties over a field k k of characteristic 0 0 become A 1 \mathbb {A}^1 -connected (and consequently, universally R R -trivial) after base change to an algebraic closure of k k .

THE HEIGHT OF THE POPULATION OF OLD RUS HALYCH

The information about the length of the bones of the population of Old Rus Halych is introduced into the scientific circulation, the average height of the city’s population is reconstructed, and its position among chronologically close groups of the territory of Ukraine is determined in the paper. The material comes from excavations of the burial ground of the 11th—13th centuries in the Tsarinka tract, where in Old Rus times the trading and craft suburb of Halych was existed. Measurements of 45 male and 21 female skeletons were used in the work.
 The people buried in the cemetery had a small height, which fits well into the range of intergroup variations of the series from the territory of Ukraine during the Old Rus period. Men and women are tall (174 cm and 160.4 cm). The difference in average height between men and women in this series is higher than the standard norm. This may be because they were genetically related to different populations. The fact that the male and female parts of the population of Halych were formed on a slightly different basis, we can say from the materials of craniology. A fairly wealthy population was buried in the cemetery, so it is difficult to connect the difference in height with nutritional problems.
 The height of the men of Halych buried in Tsarinka has the closest analogies in the cemeteries of the cities of Kyiv and Pereyaslav. The height of the male population of Halych is bigger than the height of the people of the Old Rus Age from the rural burial grounds of both the western lands of Ukraine and the Middle Dnieper region. Female samples do not demonstrate this so clearly.
 The difference in height between the population of cities and villages of Kyivan Rus is fixed. In a number of cases, it can be said that the composition of the population of cities was intensively replenished by immigrants from other territories, which are characterized by higher height. Perhaps, in addition, there was a certain selection of newcomers to the city, taking into account professional requests. The most physically developed people from those populations, which were generally characterized by a massive body structure, were selected for the prince’s guard as well as for a number of craft professions. In the future, these features could be fixed by marriage contacts in their milieu. Perhaps the better nutrition of city dwellers, especially wealthy ones, also played a role.

Institutionalisation of urban climate adaptation: three municipal experiences in Spain

Comparative studies of urban adaptation have evaluated the progress, means and scope of adaptation planning. Practice on the ground shows that the local politics of climate adaptation advance through various strategies to align different interests and spheres of action or disrupt mainstream practices, which translates into a wide range of interventions. This paper focuses on understanding the dynamics and tools that enable the institutionalisation of adaptation practices in local governments,i.e. the means through which adaptation practices, beyond plans and policies, are embedded in the routines of urban governance. It presents a framework to analyse the institutionalisation of adaptation that maps stages and tools with the potential to deliver adaptation in urban areas. Adaptation is framed as a learning process involving overlapping phases of recognition (of needs, capacities and actors), groundwork (knowledge generation) and action on the ground (change). The framework compares three Spanish local government initiatives (Bilbao, Barcelona and Madrid). The analysis shows that adaptation can be effectively incorporated into standard rules, norms and practices using combinations of tools and spatial and temporal scales. The coupled stages of recognition, groundwork and action highlight the importance of long-term learning processes to engage with the temporal dimensions of adaptation governance. <em><strong>Policy relevance</strong></em> Addressing the adaptation gap in urban areas requires the institutionalisation of climate adaptation as a routine part of decision-making. Institutionalisation refers to actions whereby adaptation to climate change is mainstreamed in urban practices, rules and norms, enabling the long-term impact of adaptation actions beyond the confines of adaptation plans. Using institutionalisation, adaptation goals can be integrated into urban governance and facilitate social learning. This paper examines the processes of implementation of adaptation and how they interact with and are shaped by existing contexts of infrastructure and institutions. Adaptation requires a gradual process of institutional change whereby adaptation becomes ‘institutionalised’ in municipal policy. Coupled phases of recognition, groundwork and action along a temporal scale are needed to deliver adaptation and advance learning and effective action. Three cases of urban adaptation in Spain demonstrate the various processes whereby institutionalisation occurs.

Development and Peculiarities of Electric Vehicle Terms Standardization in French Language

The study deals with normative and linguistic peculiarities electric vehicle terms standardization in French language on international, national, branch, and linguistic levels, as well as their proper development. It examines articles on term standardization in French language, identifies and describes stages of term standardization of a new term system of electric vehicle and presents schematically the results. The study is novel in that it systematically describes the contribution of international and national bodies, branch and linguists associations performing purposeful activities on harmonization of the electric vehicle term system in French language. These activities includes several stages and considers the characteristic of a term. The obtained results can be used to evaluate the current state of terms standardization in term systems being formed for further adjustment of methods and approaches of standardization. An elaborated scheme and comparison of the types of a term give an insight into similarities and differences on term standardization in France. The study can be continued by examining linguistic and extralinguistic peculiarities of the standardization process for each level.

World Federation of Athletic Training and Therapy World Congress 2022 Peer-Reviewed Track Abstracts, May 5–7, 2022, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

World Federation of Athletic Training and Therapy World Congress 2022 Peer-Reviewed Track Abstracts, May 5–7, 2022, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Neurodevelopmental functioning in probands and non-proband carriers of 22q11.2 microduplication.

Microduplication of the LCR22-A to LCR22-D region on chromosome 22q11.2 is a recurrent copy number variant found in clinical populations undergoing chromosomal microarray, and at lower frequency in controls. Often inherited, there is limited data on intellectual (IQ) and psychological functioning, particularly in those individuals ascertained through a family member rather than because of neurodevelopmental disorders. To investigate the range of cognitive-behavioral phenotypes associated with 22q11.2 duplication, we studied both probands and their non-proband carrier relatives. Twenty-two individuals with 22q11.2 duplication (10 probands, 12 non-proband carriers) were prospectively assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests, physical examination, and medical record review. Assessment measures with standardized norms included IQ, academic, adaptive, psychiatric, behavioral, and social functioning. IQ and academic skills were within the average range, with a trend toward lower scores in probands versus non-probands. Adaptive skills were within age expectations. Prevalence of attention deficits (probands only) and anxiety (both groups) was high compared with norms. The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder was relatively low (5% of total sample). Assessment of both probands and non-probands with 22q11.2 duplication suggests that the phenotypic spectrum with respect to neurodevelopment overlaps significantly with the general population. IQ and academic abilities are in the average range for most of the individuals with 22q11.2 duplication in our study, regardless of ascertainment as a proband or non-proband relative. Symptoms of attention deficit and anxiety were identified, which require further study. Results of this study further clarify the phenotype of individuals with 22q11.2 duplication, and provides important information for genetic counseling regarding this recurrent copy number variant.

The Sewing lemma for 0 < γ ≤ 1

We establish a Sewing lemma in the regime γ∈(0,1], constructing a Sewing map which is neither unique nor canonical, but which is nonetheless continuous with respect to the standard norms. Two immediate corollaries follow, which hold on any commutative graded connected locally finite Hopf algebra: a simple constructive proof of the Lyons-Victoir extension theorem which associates to a Hölder path a rough path, with the additional result that this map can be made continuous; the bicontinuity of a transitive free action of a space of Hölder functions on the set of Rough Paths.

Analiza popravkov velike/male začetnice v korpusih &lt;i&gt;Šolar &lt;/i&gt;in &lt;i&gt;Lektor&lt;/i&gt;

The paper examines the role of orthographic norms in two types of non-authored text revision – text correction within the educational process and proofreading. Both the teacher and the proofreader intervene in the text in order to correct the deviations from the standard language norms: the teacher with the aim to develop the student's language (and stylistic) abilities, and the proofreader to ensure that the text complies with the standard language norms; in this paper the term correction is used for such interventions in the text. The specialized corpora Šolar and Lektor were used for the comparative analysis. As regards the corrections of upper-case/lower-case initials, there are 2,015 such corrections in the Šolar corpus where they represent a special category within spelling errors, while in the Lektor corpus there are 1,702 of those corrections and they are divided into six subtypes, which together overlap precisely with the category of upper-case and lower-case corrections in the Šolar corpus. They were used to create a typology of corrections from the Šolar corpus for the purposes of this paper. The aim of this paper is to present concrete spelling problems encountered by students and adult authors, and to examine how such errors are corrected by teachers and by proofreaders – whether they strictly adhere to codified orthographic norms, or whether deviations occur and in which cases. It was found that distinguishing between proper and common nouns causes the most problems. The paper represents a new approach in the study of language by connecting the field of developing students' language abilities and the field of proofreading.

A novel inactivated virus system (InViS) for a fast and inexpensive assessment of viral disintegration

The COVID–19 pandemic has caused considerable interest worldwide in antiviral surfaces, and there has been a dramatic increase in the research and development of innovative material systems to reduce virus transmission in the past few years. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) norms 18,184 and 21,702 are two standard methods to characterize the antiviral properties of porous and non-porous surfaces. However, during the last years of the pandemic, a need for faster and inexpensive characterization of antiviral material was identified. Therefore, a complementary method based on an Inactivated Virus System (InViS) was developed to facilitate the early-stage development of antiviral technologies and quality surveillance of the production of antiviral materials safely and efficiently. The InViS is loaded with a self-quenched fluorescent dye that produces a measurable increase in fluorescence when the viral envelope disintegrates. In the present work, the sensitivity of InViS to viral disintegration by known antiviral agents is demonstrated and its potential to characterize novel materials and surfaces is explored. Finally, the InViS is used to determine the fate of viral particles within facemasks layers, rendering it an interesting tool to support the development of antiviral surface systems for technical and medical applications.

PREDICTABLE ERRORS IN SERBIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

This paper compares the written production of students learning Serbian as a foreign language with utterances of children at an early age acquiring Serbian as a first language. In one part of the corpus – the one compared – there are errors in essays by a linguistically heterogeneous group of students who attended an intensive course in Serbian at A1 and A2 levels of knowledge in the Centre for Serbian as a Foreign Language (within the Department of Serbian Language and Linguistics) at the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad. The other part of the corpus – the one the first part is compared with – there are deviations from the standard Serbian language revealed in papers dedicated to the acquisition of Serbian and speech development of children at an early age (one to three years old). By means of comparison, common morphological and syntactic deviations from the standard Serbian norm have been determined and singled out (deviations: 1. in the creation of verb forms, 2. in congruence between the subject and predicate as well as 3. in the use of prepositional-case constructions with verbs) with the aim of showing which students’ errors occur under the influence of the target language itself, i.e. due to intralingual interference. The result of the analysis is a list of the total 43 types and subtypes of errors common for the two groups of respondents, which further leads to the conclusion that the singled out students’ errors can be considered intralinguistic ones. It is established that the total sum of examples by students is 38.1% of their whole corpus in the three observed grammar segments.

Coinage of Code Meshed Numlianlect in BS English NUML Students' Informal University Discourse: A Plurilingual Study

The first time such a newly emerged linguistic variety has been documented at NUML, Islamabad. This language variation means morphological, semantic, connotative deviations from standard linguistic norms. Contact linguistics, code meshing, diversified linguistic backgrounds and their colloquialism play their vital roles in shaping Numlianlect of BS English. The research problem faced by learners of super standard language is that they do not comprehend the newly code meshed discourse in the informal settings of NUML. So, this research raises questions about the exploration of linguistic variations, their formulation process and their denotative and connotative semantic shades. To answer these questions, qualitative and survey-based research design has been employed. The collected data have been analyzed with Labov and Weinreich’s Variation Theory (1960). Major findings reveal that students mix English, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Urdu words to produce variant code-meshed linguistic patterns. Connotation, semantic shades and contexts of words have been changed by students.

Suomenoppijoiden käsityksiä kolmaspersoonaisten pronominien käytöstä ja puhuttelusta

My study is a survey that examines how Finnish as a second language speakers understand the use of Finnish pronouns and how to address people. I focus on the informants’ experiences and perspectives with the allocation of the Finnish third-person singular pronouns hän (‘he’ and ‘she’) and se (‘it’) and second-person singular sinä (familiar ‘you’) and plural te used as singular (formal ‘you’). I examine these issues particularly in light of previous studies carried out on addressing and variation. The informants in this study encompass a group of immigrants with an academic background. The survey shows that these informants can identify factors and situational variation that lead to pronoun choice as well as using the familiar or formal ‘you’. In examining hän and se, the differentiation between colloquial Finnish practices and the norms of standard Finnish is an important aspect. In particular, se is seen as confusing, as it is colloquially used for human beings and standardly for animals, while hän could also be used for household pets. The informants’ experiences with sinä and te show that they perceive their set of politeness norms used for addressing as one that often differs from that of a Finn.My materials provide preliminary indications of the fact that the approach non-native speakers take on the deviation from standard Finnish norms and on situational variation may differ from that of native Finnish speakers. What is interesting is that identifying variation does not necessarily change one’s own approach or way of speaking.

Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Water Quality of the Tiflet River, Province of Khemisset, Morocco

Humanity’s water needs are constantly increasing, however, under the action of humanity themselves, the reserves of this substance are, constantly, deteriorating in quantity and quality. It is, therefore, necessary to preserve the water reserves. However, any development of a hydrosystem’s quality conservation strategy is based on determining the chemical characteristics of its waters. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of water quality in the Tiflet River, a watercourse in the northwest of Morocco, to estimate its degree of pollution and to determine its main sources of pollution. Thus, eight stations, distributed along the watercourse and positioned taking into account the potential sources of pollution, were fixed, and eleven physicochemical parameters were, seasonally, evaluated. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to assess variations in water quality and identify the main factors responsible for pollution. The results showed that wastewater discharges into the river can increase the water salinity, phosphorus load and organic pollution load of the river. The total loads of nitrogen and nitrate pollution were higher compared to the standard norms in the stations exposed to agricultural pollution and to the leaching of the watersheds, which could aggravate the eutrophication state of the river and stimulate the growth of aquatic vegetation. The organic pollution load recorded in the wet season is low, compared to that recorded in the dry season. Whereas, the nutrient load recorded during the dry season is low, compared to that recorded in the wet season. An overall pollution index was used, classifying surface waters from sub-clean to moderately polluted.

The development, validity, reliability, and norm of a preschool auditory processing assessment scale in China

BackgroundChildren with auditory processing deficits may face problems with language, learning, and social communication. AimsTo develop a Chinese auditory processing assessment scale for preschool children and establish the norms of the scale. Methods and proceduresThe predictive version of the scale was formed by a literature review, qualitative interviews, expert consultation, and a pre-test with a small sample. Nine kindergartens in Nanjing were selected by a stratified cluster sampling plan. First, 734 children from two kindergartens were selected for the large sample pre-test of the scale. Then, 1526 children from four kindergartens and 1151 children from three kindergartens were selected for the reliability and validity analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively. The standardized norm data of the scale were established based on the 3411 points of scale data of the nine kindergartens. Finally, the clinical usefulness of the scale was analyzed by comparing the results of objective auditory processing tests in children with normal and abnormal auditory processing prompted by the score on the scale. Outcomes and resultsThe preschool auditory processing assessment scale includes 5 dimensions and 30 items. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale is greater than 0.9. The confirmatory factor analysis results verify that the scale structure is reasonable. The percentile norm of the scale was established. The results of electrophysiological tests of the normal and abnormal auditory processing groups were statistically different (P < 0.05). Conclusions and implicationsThe developed preschool auditory processing assessment scale has good reliability and validity. The scale is suitable for clinical application.

A Modern Buryat Author as a Translator of National Character

Modern Buryat literature written in Russian still preserves the natural-historical boundaries of the writer’s ethnic nature. In the process of globalization, the problem of national character has become of particular interest, because the establishment of standard universal norms of human behavior gradually leads to the loss and blurring of the boundaries of national individuality, the uniqueness of one’s own culture. The diversity of Russian reality is especially interesting in the work of the author of the Buryat ethnicity, as the special approach and psychology of his own nationality is transmitted. Relevant for the present is the designation of a crisis situation for modern literature, including Buryat literature, since the process of unification of the national principle leads to the loss of ethnic self-consciousness and national self-identification. The main goal of the study is to identify and describe the main ways of creating the national character in modern Buryat prose in Russian. The hypothesis of the study is that the national character exists and can realize its properties as an intermediary between society and the manifestation of the ethnic unconscious, which contributes to the preservation of the identity of the nation in the conditions of globalization processes. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the definition of techniques and methods for the translation of the national character by the author. Cultural-historical and comparative-typological analysis were used as research methods. According to the results of the work, a whole complex of means and methods of the author’s transfer of national identity in the works of modern Buryat national prose has been identified, motives, cultural code and architectonic lines of the works have been considered. Literary searches for a solution to the problem of national character in the prose of writers, representatives of Siberian ethnic groups, are of great interest to literary researchers. Therefore, we see the prospects for further study of the problem in a more detailed study of the manifestation of the national character in modern Buryat prose, which will make it possible to more clearly see the vector of development of national literatures in the aspect of preserving a sense of the national.

Physicochemical Characterization and Assessment of Magnitude of Pollution to Contribute to Water Sustainability

As in many countries worldwide, deterioration of quality of water in Morocco’s natural reserves continues, such that an inventory of qualities of these reserves has become necessary. Based on statistical analyses of the data collected by measuring nineteen physicochemical variables, and applying an index, the comprehensive pollution index, to those data, the quality of the waters of Lake Dayat Roumi, Morocco, were assessed. Waters of the lake are currently characterized by a salinity of 921.7 mg Cl−/L and 124.2 mg sulfates/L. The concentration of chloride exceeds the value indicated in the standard norms. This can affect the composition of the sediment, overlying water, and specific composition of biota in the lake. Status and trends of values of other parameters also indicate deterioration of water quality in this lake. Multivariate statistical analysis made it possible to differentiate four clusters of samples according to their physicochemical characteristics. These groups are due to inputs from three sources of materials: leaching of rocks from the watershed and plantations, discharge of domestic wastewater and runoff water. Samples taken from deeper parts of the lake indicate a depression of concentrations of dissolved oxygen during the hot season. The analysis results demonstrate the heterogeneous degradation of the water quality in the peripheral areas and deep parts of the lake, favored by the leaching of soils by rainwater, which, when sufficiently severe, can cause repeated mortalities of fishes. This situation requires regular water quality monitoring to develop a management plan for restoration of water quality in the lake to preserve valued ecological services.

Primary Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Breast: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives.

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast (NECB) is characterized with heterogeneity, rarity, and poor differentiation, which is probably an underestimated subtype of breast cancer, including small cell NECs and large cell NECs. The diagnostic criteria for NECB have been constantly updated as the disease changes and the understanding increases. According to the latest WHO Classification, primary neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) of the breast consists of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET), extremely aggressive neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) as well as invasive breast cancers of no special type (IBCs-NST) with neuroendocrine differentiation. The accurate diagnosis of NECB remains a challenge for its low incidence, which needs multi-disciplinary methods. For the rarity of the disease, there is a lack of large samples and prospective clinical research. For these invasive tumors, there are no standardized therapeutic guidelines or norms, and the treatment often refers to nonspecific breast cancer. In addition, the prognosis of such patients remains unknown. In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed NECB as an independent entity for the first time, while few features of NECB were clarified. In this review, it presents the WHO Classification, clinicopathologic characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these patients. In addition, it summarizes the latest studies on molecular features of NECB, aiming to provide new therapeutic perspectives for the disease.

Factor Structure of the Polish Version of Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-PL).

In Poland, there is no tool for measuring the variable body image that would have standardization or Polish norms adjusted to the population of both women and men. The available Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBRSQ) validation developed in Poland was based on a small population of young women only. The aim of this article is to present Polish adaptation and standardization for polish adult women and men (MBSRQ-AS). In the study, the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Polish version of MBSRQ-AS were tested. The participants were 2688 people, including 1699 young women and 1089 young men. In order to investigate the psychometric properties of the adapted Polish tool, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed. Then, the reliability coefficients were calculated, and the descriptive statistics of individual subscales were checked. The separated subscales are characterized by high indexes of factor loadings, ranging most often from 0.47 to 0.78. Separate subscales of the MBRSQ-PL questionnaire were defined: (1) self-esteem of the body and its parts, (2) self-assessment of physical, (3) self-assessment of external appearance, (4) Negation of one’s own physical activity, (5) Self-assessment of health condition, (6) health anxiety, (7) fear of gaining weight, (8) neglecting health and appearance.