Standard Mode Of Operation Research Articles

Laser ion beam production at CERN-ISOLDE: New features – More possibilities

This article summarizes the current specifications and the latest features of the CERN-ISOLDE resonance ionization laser ion source (RILIS). This includes a description of the optical layout and the newly designed reference system. The ionization schemes for the laser ionized beams at ISOLDE are tabulated, including six new elements. All RILIS schemes are also made publicly available in the RILIS elements on-line database. Finally, we announce a paradigm shift in RILIS operation – the combination of a machine protection and a monitoring and control system has enabled on-call operation of the laser ion source for selected beams in 2014 and has become the standard mode of operation in 2015.

Неопределенность как политика: размышляя о природе российского протектората в Средней Азии

The article traces the dynamics and content of Russian imperial policy toward its Central Asian protectorate – the Khanate of Khiva. It analyzes the discussions that were unfolding at different levels of the imperial administration in the last days and immediately following the death of the Khiva ruler, Muhammad Rahim-khan II (1864–1910). According to the authors, the asymmetry of colonial relations between St. Petersburg and Tashkent (the center of colonial administration in Russian Turkestan), as well as the involvement of different political and commercial groups in negotiating colonial policies produced a “typical colonial situation” in which the imperial government pursued a policy of “strategic ambiguity.” This conscious stance revealed itself both explicitly in public discourse and in the very logics of Russian politics vis-à-vis the Khanate of Khiva. The initial indeterminacy was inaugurated by the peace treaty of 1873 affording the Russian authorities vast possibilities for improvising with the status of the newly conquered territory. Forty years later, indeterminacy had already become the standard mode of operation, and hence, a fully fledged policy of strategic ambiguity, which provided different groups of interests with advantages and thus influencing their actions. From this perspective, the reforms initiated by the Russian authorities in 1910 reflected their commitment to preserve an indeterminate status of Khiva in its entirety rather than any serious intentions to modernize the khanate or formalize its status within the empire. The metropole excused its indeterminate attitude toward Khiva by references to the lack or even absence of knowledge about the protectorate – whether real or imaginary (as “applied ignorance”). The central government and private groups instrumentalized the ambiguous status of the khanate to impede possible inter-ventionist reforms.

Controlled charge extraction—antiblooming capabilities in pnCCD imaging sensors

Blooming in a CCD occurs when the signal charges accumulating in a pixel exceed the pixel saturation level and spill over into adjacent pixels. They start to spill over the weakest threshold in the electric potential of the pixel structure resulting in a degradation of the spatial information. With antiblooming mechanisms, the spatial resolution of the incoming photons can be preserved, but the intensity information is lost in the overflowing pixels. For imaging experiments, relying on a precise image structure, the preservation of the spatial resolution at the expense of precise intensity information is a workable compromise. In contrast to insulated gate CCDs, notably MOSCCDs, the potential wells of the pixel array of a pnCCD are created by p+n junctions, allowing direct electric access to the pixel structure. This allows to directly drain off charges from the pixels and to define a drain level by applying the appropriate operation voltages. Charge packets from 1 000 to more than one billion signal electrons per readout frame were generated without observing a spillover into adjacent pixels. As soon as the saturation level of the pixel is reached, the excess charge carriers are removed through charge drains exclusively created with the modification of the electric potential of the pnCCD by the operation voltages. No additional antiblooming structures were implemented in the device and the pixel full well capacity of approximately 300 000 electrons in standard operation mode was preserved. A physical model of the antiblooming mechanism of pnCCDs with a pixel size of 75 μ m × 75 μ m was established by two-dimensional numerical device simulations and verified by experiments.

Impact of Aftertreatment Device and Driving Conditions on Black Carbon, Ultrafine Particle and NOx Emissions for Euro 5 Diesel and Gasoline Vehicles

Ultrafine particle, black carbon and NOx emissions from Diesel and gasoline passenger cars have been investigated in this work, as well as influences of aftertreatment device and driving conditions (the cold start, urban, rural and motorway conditions…) on emissions. Experiments have been carried out on chassis dynamometer bench with Artemis urban, road and motorway driving cycles and NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). Exhaust from Euro 5 Diesel vehicles equipped with additive and catalysed particle filter and Euro 5 gasoline vehicle with direct injection system has been taken directly from the tailpipe and diluted by Constant Volume Sampler (CVS). Tested gasoline DI vehicle emits 25% more CO2 than Diesel vehicles for all Artemis and NEDC driving conditions. It emits 2 to 200 times more PN and BC and 5 to 150 times less NOx than Diesel vehicles. Additive DPF vehicles emit 2 times more NO2 for urban conditions (175mg/km), comparing to Diesel catalysed DPF (80mg/km). No significant differences have been observed between additive and catalysed DPF for CO2 and NOx emissions. The cold start induces 10 to 20% more CO2 emissions for all tested vehicles. It induces 3 to 20 times higher PN emission with a great uncertainty. For NOx and NO2, the cold start induces about 40 to 60% less emissions for additive DPF Diesel vehicles. No significant impact has been observed for gasoline and catalysed DPF Diesel vehicles. DPF regeneration was observed for Artemis motorway driving cycles, with an increase of 100 – 200 times more PN emission than standard filter operation mode.

Cooling Circuit Model for Computer Simulator

Background/Objectives: The cooling circuit model of parallel connected equipment units for the computer simulator is described. Methods/Statistical Analysis: For simulation of the cooling circuit with specified configuration of the pipeline system the loop flow method based on generalized Kirchhoff’s law was used: balance of the flow for each pipeline branching point and equation of each circuit cycle. Findings: The results of the model operational performance in case of emergency situations at water flow rate change in standard and emergency operation modes of the cooling circuit are presented. Technological pipelines network as the scheme of parallel-connected lines and applying to it the described method, it is possible to determine the values of cooling water rates at any moment of time. The calculated water rates serve as input signals for the equipment units cooing system model. The required parameters of the model for simulating emergency situations in the cooling circuit were found experimentally. The graphs presented in the article illustrate function testing of the cooling model operational performance when emergency characteristics change. Applications/Improvements: The developed model allows simulating standard and emergency situations in the cooling circuit.

Master controller of a high-voltage power unit source of an electron beam welding device

This paper describes the structure and control algorithms of a controller of a high-voltage source with an output voltage of 60 kV and a power of up to 30 kW. The source is designed to be used as part of a power unit of an electron-beam welding device developed at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (BINP SB RAS). High-quality welds require a stable electron beam energy. Herewith, a standard operation mode is quick and deep modulation of the electron current. The problem of achieving high-quality control and limiting the transient distortions of output voltage of the source is solved. The error of establishing and stabilizing the output voltage is 0.1%, which allows obtaining high-quality welding. Transient distortions at 100% modulation of the load current do not exceed the value of ±1%, which, along with fast reaction of the source to a load breakdown (energy released during breakdown is smaller than 15 J), protects the welded parts and elements of the gun from being damaged by an electron beam.

Automated Proofs of Block Cipher Modes of Operation

We present a Hoare logic for proving semantic security and determining exact security bounds of a block cipher mode of operation. We propose a simple yet expressive programming language to specify encryption modes, semantic functions for each command (statement) in the language, an assertion language that allows to state predicates and axioms, and rules to propagate the predicates through the commands of a program. We also provide heuristics for finding loop invariants that are necessary for the application of our rule on for-loops. This enables us to prove the security of protocols that take arbitrary length messages as input. We implemented a prototype that uses this logic to automatically prove the security of block cipher modes of operation. This prototype can prove the security of many standard modes of operation, such as Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Cipher FeedBack mode (CFB), Output FeedBack (OFB), and CounTeR mode (CTR).

Research of dynamic properties of control system for reversible hydropower supply units with variable rotational speed on hydroelectric pumped storage power plant

The research of performance and dynamics of a new automatic control system of reversible hydropower supply units in standard operation modes and in the pressure efficiency correction mode was performed. The efficiency of such a system and the possibility of its use for reversible hydraulic turbines of all types of HPSPP, including underground and mine HPSPP was shown. This is determined by the adjustment accuracy of pressure parameters and, therefore, the need to open the guide apparatus, corresponding to optimal efficiency, as well as full compliance with the quality control requirements.It is assumed that the hydropower supply unit, operating with the variable rotational speed, will include an asynchronized generator instead of synchronous one.The effect of pressure setpoint level on the control smoothness and the nature of transients was investigated. It was proved that with a decreasing level of setpoints, transients are virtually eliminated. Based on the stability region obtained, the selection of controller parameters was made.The curves of transients during the turbine operation with synchronous rotational speed and in the efficiency correction mode, during the operation with variable rotational speed were analyzed. It was shown that the value of overspeeds and the number of overshoots during the load drops do not exceed the requirements placed on the quality control of serial hydraulic turbines.

Real-Time Discrete SPAD Array Readout Architecture for Time of Flight PET

Single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays have proven themselves as serious candidates for time of flight positron emission tomography (PET). Discrete readout schemes mitigate the low-noise requirements of analog schemes and offer very fine control over threshold levels and timing pickup strategies. A high optical fill factor is paramount to timing performance in such detectors, and consequently space is limited for closely integrated electronics. Nonetheless, a production, daily used PET scanner must minimize bandwidth usage, data volume, data analysis time and power consumption and therefore requires a real-time readout and data processing architecture as close to the detector as possible. We propose a fully digital, embedded real-time readout architecture for SPAD-based detector. The readout circuit is located directly under the SPAD array instead of within or beside it to remove the fill factor versus circuit capabilities tradeoff. The overall real-time engine reduces transmitted data by a factor of 8 in standard operational mode. Combined with small local memory buffers, this significantly reduces overall acquisition dead time. A prototype device featuring individual readout for 6 scintillator channels was fabricated. Timing readout is provided by a first photon discriminator and a 31 ps time to digital discriminator, while energy reading and event packaging is done using standard logic in real-time. The dedicated serial output line supports a sustained rate of 170k counts per second (CPS) in waveform mode, while the standard operational mode supports 2.2 MCPS.

Electrical distribution network operation with a presence of distributed generation units in a Pre Smart Grid environment using a clustering-based methodology

Technical planning methodologies applied to electrical distribution networks presented in the literature generally consider that the distributed generation units (DGs) are operating in their standard operation mode, i.e., the distribution network operators (DNOs) have no control over the active power dispatched by DGs and there is no injection of reactive power into the electrical distribution network. Furthermore, such methodologies generally consider only balanced loads connected to electrical distribution networks. Some others methodologies that have control over the power dispatched by DGs consider that the Smart Grid philosophy is completely implemented. However, it is a distant prospect in many developing countries. In that ideal scenario, there is a constant and online communication between DGs and DNOs control centers. In this paper, the authors propose a new technical planning methodology, based on a clustering method, that considers the occurrence of unbalanced electrical distribution loads, the absence of DNO control over the active power dispatched by DGs and the absence of online communications between DGs and DNOs. The proposed methodology can be implemented in a short and medium term (called Pre Smart Grid). In that period of time, the Smart Grid philosophy will not be completely implemented.

Increased photoelectron transmission in High-pressure photoelectron spectrometers using “swift acceleration”

A new operation mode of a HPXPS (high-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analyzer is evaluated on a HPXPS system fitted with an Al Kα X-ray source. A variety of metal foil samples (gold, silver and copper) were measured in different sample gas environments (N2 and H2O), and a front aperture diameter of 0.8mm. The new design concept is based upon “swiftly” accelerating the photoelectrons to kinetic energies of several keV after they pass the analyzer front aperture. Compared to the standard mode, in which the front section between the two first apertures is field-free, this gives a wider angular collection and a lower tendency for electron losses in collisions with gas molecules within the analyzer. With the swift-acceleration mode we attain, depending on the experimental conditions, up to about 3 times higher peak intensities in vacuum and about 10 to 20 times higher peak intensities in the 6–9mbar regime, depending on kinetic energy. These experimental findings agree well with simulated transmission functions for the analyzer. The new mode of operation enables faster data acquisition than the standard mode of operation, particularly valuable in a home laboratory environment. Further demonstrations of performance are highlighted by measurements of the valence band structure in dye-sensitized solar cell photoelectrodes under a 2mbar H2O atmosphere, a molecularly modified surface of interest in photoelectrochemical devices.

Parallelization of an Encryption Algorithm Based on a Spatiotemporal Chaotic System and a Chaotic Neural Network

Abstract In this paper the results of parallelizing a block cipher based on a spatiotemporal chaotic system and a chaotic neural network are presented. A data dependence analysis of loops was applied in order to parallelize the algorithm. The parallelism of the algorithm is demonstrated in accordance with the OpenMP standard. The efficiency measurements of a parallel algorithm working in standard modes of operation are shown.

Research on the Practical Operation Specification of Accounting Treatment of Pilot Enterprises Business Tax Changing to VAT

August 1st, 2013, “Business tax change to VAT” implemented across the China. Based on this, the pilot enterprises and non-pilot enterprises do not exist within the same industry, while the difference of the tax levied of the small scale taxpayer also has been cancelled. This makes the ac-counting treatment provisions not fully meet to need to the new policy environment and situation of “BT change to VAT”, while accounting and bookkeeping processing of the VAT have become a difficulty for pilot enterprises. Using literature retrieval, analogy analysis, judgment and reasoning method and the method of induction and deduction method, aiming at related to the latest change of policy released by the country and accounting treatment provisions to the “BT change to VAT” pilot enterprise released by the ministry of finance, therefore, this paper analyses the main business accounting of the “Camp changed to increase” pilot enterprises, and researches the standard operation mode of business accounting and the accounting treatment related to the “BT changed to VAT”.

All-electrical frequency noise reduction and linewidth narrowing in quantum cascade lasers

A novel all-electrical method of frequency noise reduction in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) is proposed. Electrical current through the laser was continuously adjusted to compensate for fluctuations of the laser internal resistance, which led to an active stabilization of the optical emission frequency. A reduction of the linewidth from 1.7 MHz in the standard constant current mode of operation down to 480 kHz is demonstrated at 10-ms observation time when applying this method to a QCL emitting at 7.9 μm.

Evaluation of different synchrotron beamline configurations for X-ray fluorescence analysis of environmental samples.

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) is a powerful elemental analysis tool, yet synchrotrons are large, multiuser facilities that are generally not amenable to modification. However, the X-ray beamlines from synchrotrons can be modified by simply including X-ray filters or removing monochromators to improve the SR-XRF analysis. In this study, we evaluated four easily applied beamline configurations for the analysis of three representative environmental samples, namely a thin aerosol sample, an intermediate thickness biological sample, and a thick rare earth mineral specimen. The results showed that the "white beam" configuration, which was simply the full, polychromatic output of the synchrotron, was the optimal configuration for the analysis of thin samples with little mass. The "filtered white beam" configuration removed the lower energy X-rays from the excitation beam so it gave better sensitivity for elements emitting more energetic X-rays. The "filtered white beam-filtered detector" configuration sacrifices the lower energy part of the spectrum (<15 keV) for improved sensitivity in the higher end (∼26 to 48 keV range). The use of a monochromatic beam, which tends to be the standard mode of operation for most SR-XRF analyses reported in the literature, gave the least sensitive analysis.

Constrained Online Optimization Using Evolutionary Operation: A Case Study About Energy‐Optimal Robot Control

Optimization of full‐scale processes during regular production is a challenge that is often encountered in practice, requiring specialized approaches that only introduce small perturbations so that production does not need to be interrupted. Based on a case study, we discuss the potential of Evolutionary Operation (EVOP) derived methods. The case study relates to a badminton robot that has to perform point‐to‐point motions during a fixed time interval, based on two operation modes: time‐optimal motion, which ensures maximum precision but highest energy consumption, and energy‐optimal motion, which decreases the energy consumption, but as a trade‐off also lowers the precision. The current standard mode of operation is the energy‐optimal mode that is constructed from off‐line optimization on simulations. An online EVOP steepest ascent optimization to further reduce the energy consumption by fine‐tuning the implemented energy‐optimal mode was implemented. The constrained nature of the problem, where energy needs to be minimized subject to a time constraint, was transformed to an unconstrained single‐objective optimization using Derringer desirability functions. Two important contributions were made: (i) the online optimization of the energy‐optimal motion lowered the energy consumption by 4.7% while keeping the precision constant and (ii) the more stringent time‐constraints implemented in desirability functions lead to an operation mode with maximum precision and 51.7% less energy consumption than the current time‐optimal motion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Analysis of rigging assembly for lifting heavy industrial modules

Modularization of heavy industrial plants is a standard mode of operation utilized to reduce costs, site congestion, and schedule. The standard module is 6 m wide, 24 to 36 m long, and up to 7.5 m ...

SCM 첨단계획수립시스템의 구조와 도입효과 분석 : 포스코 사례를 중심으로

포스코는 지난 4년 연속 세계 최고의 경쟁력을 가진 철강기업으로 뽑혔다. 포스코의 성공은 기술혁신과 함께 수많은 협력업체와 고객과의 파트너십에 기인한다. 특히 협력업체와의 파트너십은 효과적인 공급망관리(SCM)를 기반으로 한다. ERP시스템이 표준화된 영업관리를 지원해 주지만 예외사항과 변동으로 이어지는 환경의 변화에는 효과적이지 못하다. SCM 첨단계획수립기능(APS)는 이런 예외적인 사항에 대한 강력한 대응을 가능하게 한다. 본 연구에서는 포스코가 운영 중인 APS의 구조와 성과에 대한 사례를 살펴보았다. 더불어 SCM과 관련된 업무를 담당하는 구성원들에 대한 설문조사를 통해 정보공유, 협업, 협력업체에 대한 인센티브, SCM 성과 등에 대한 인지정도를 연구모형을 통해 분석을 시도하였다. 사례연구 및 통계적 분석결과가 시사하는 몇 가지 함의도 제시하였다. 【POSCO has been chosen as the most competitive steelmaker in the world, for the 4th year in a row. It's potentials and key success points lay at technology innovation as well as effective partnerships with suppliers and customers. Partnership with suppliers is based upon the effective supply chain management. While ERP system supports the standard business work flows, the biggest impact on business performance is created by exceptions and variability. A SCM Advanced Planning System reduces the amount of exceptional situations, helping to keep business in a standard mode of operation. A case summary on SCM Advanced Planning System of POSCO as well as its impact on firm performances is presented. As a supplement to this case study, we also investigate the employees' perceived level of SCM-related factors, including information sharing, collaboration, incentive system for suppliers and their impacts on SCM performances. As a conclusion, the practical implications of these findings are discussed.】

Experimental Setup to Explore the Drives of Battery Electric Vehicles

This paper describes an experimental setup for research and exploring the drives of battery-fed electric vehicles. Effective setup composition and its components are discussed. With experimental setup described in this paper, durability and functional tests can be procured to the customers. Multiple experiments are performed in the form of steady-state system exploring, acceleration programs, multi-step tests (speed control, torque control), load collectives or close-to-reality driving tests (driving simulation). Main focus of the functional testing is on the measurements of power and energy efficiency and investigations in driving simulation mode, which are used for application purposes. In order to enable the examination of the drive trains beyond standard modes of operation, different other parameters can be studied also.

Propagation based X-ray phase-contrast imaging technique for the microstructure analysis of biological soft tissues

X-ray phase-contrast imaging (PCI) technique is an emerging method for the study of the biological soft tissues, carbon composite materials, polymers, low-Z material science, etc. We have set up an experimental facility using a combination of X-ray CCD detector and a microfocus X-ray source. We demonstrate that sufficient contrast and intensity can be achieved for biological soft tissues with the X-ray source in the standard operation mode. Based on the cylindrical fiber and pigeon feathers imaging experiments, the boundary information was observed successfully in the light element materials and extremely low absorption material. This shows that X-ray phase-contrast imaging in this area will have a brilliant future.