Standard Methods Research Articles

Hiking Backpack Design Development with Integrated Splint Feature for Fracture Injuries

The background of this design is the risk of fracture injury to climbers when mountaineering. According to the International Alpine Trauma Registry (IATR), there were 306 mountaineering accidents resulting in fractures in 2019. First aid for fractures requires standardized equipment and methods to assist the rescue process. The problem studied is the difficulty of climbers in utilizing climbing equipment as splints when treating fracture victims on the mountain. The purpose of this design is to develop climbing equipment so that it can be converted into a means of bandaging to perform first aid for fracture injuries. The design method used is Quality Function Deployment (QFD), to determine the priority aspects related to the specifications of the means of massaging that users want. The result of the design is a backpack product with an internal frame that applies a collapsible mechanism so that it can be quickly accessed in an emergency and can be adjusted according to the dimensions of the body part that has a fracture injury. The developed splint design successfully meets the criteria for dimensional customization to the user's body and can immobilize the fracture according to standard first aid procedures.

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Evaluation of Quenching and Annealing as Heat Treatment Methods

Residual stresses and anisotropic structures characterize laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) products due to rapid thermal changes during fabrication, potentially leading to microcracking and lower strength. Post-heat treatments are crucial for enhancing mechanical properties. Numerous dental technology laboratories worldwide are adopting the new technologies but must invest considerable time and resources to refine them for specific requirements. Our research can assist researchers in identifying thermal processes that enhance the mechanical properties of dental Co-Cr alloys. In this study, high cooling rates (quenching) and annealing after quenching were evaluated for L-PBF Co-Cr dental alloys. Cast samples (standard manufacturing method) were tested as a second reference material. Tensile strength, Vickers hardness, microstructure characterization, and phase identification were performed. Significant differences were found among the L-PBF groups and the cast samples. The lowest tensile strength (707 MPa) and hardness (345 HV) were observed for cast Starbond COS. The highest mechanical properties (1389 MPa, 535 HV) were observed for the samples subjected to the water quenching and reheating methods. XRD analysis revealed that the face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phases are influenced by the composition and heat treatment. Annealing after quenching improved the microstructure homogeneity and increased the HCP content. L-PBF techniques yielded superior mechanical properties compared to traditional casting methods, offering efficiency and precision. Future research should focus on fatigue properties.

Improving Nurses’ Compliance with Isolation and Standard Precautions: An Educational Intervention

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of education on nurses' compliance with standardization and isolation precautions. Methods: The study covered two different time periods, before and after the training. The compliance of the nurses with standard and isolation methods was examined in both time periods. Results: The mean total score of the Compliance to Isolation Measures Scale was higher after the education (T1=55.39±7.39, T2=77.50±9.68; t=8.372, p<0.001). The mean total score of the Compliance to Standard Precautions Scale was higher after the education (T1=10.38±2.46, T2=14.43±4.29; t=6.298, p<0.001) Conclusion: Education on the importance of using personal protective equipment, isolation, and compliance with standard precautions led to an increase in the variety and usage rates of nurses' protective equipment.

Vitamin D Status and Oxidative Stress in Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia in Sagamu, Nigeria

Objectives: Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is characterized by nutritional deficiencies and oxidative stress. Vitamin D possesses antioxidant properties but its role in SCA in sub-Saharan Africa has not been fully understood. The relationship between Vitamin D status, oxidative stress and antioxidants status in children with SCA was investigated for its possible role in reducing complications arising from oxidative stress in SCA. Methods: Case-control study involving 100 HbS genotype and 100 HbA genotype children (control) of comparable age (5-12 years). Baseline characteristics were obtained and serum vitamin D, calcium, CAT, SOD, GPX, GST and XO levels were quantified by standard laboratory methods. Results: Serum levels of vitamin D, calcium, CAT, SOD, GPX and GST were significantly lower in SCA group compared to the control, while the XO level was significantly higher in the HbS group compared with control. There was positive correlation between vitamin D, CAT and SOD (r = 0.821, 0.869), weak positive association between vitamin D and Ca (r = 0.545) and no significant relationship between vitamin D and other measurands in the SCA group. Conclusion: Sufficient vitamin D status might impact positively on the antioxidant status in SCA individuals thereby reducing associated complications.

Associations of Maternal Nutritional Status and Supplementation with Fetal, Newborn, and Infant Outcomes in Low-Income and Middle-Income Settings: An Overview of Reviews

Background/Objectives: Despite advances in maternal nutritional knowledge, the effect of maternal diet, micronutrient status and undernutrition, and the effect of maternal supplementation on fetal, neonatal and infant outcomes still have gaps in the literature. This overview of reviews is intended to assess the available information on these issues and identify the main maternal nutritional factors associated with offspring outcomes in low- and middle-income countries as possible targets for public health interventions. Methods: The literature search was performed in Medline (PubMed) and Cochrane Library datasets in June 2024. Pre-specified outcomes in offspring were pooled using standard meta-analytical methods. Results: We found consistent evidence on the impact of maternal undernutrition indicated by low body mass index (BMI), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and stature, but not of individual micronutrient status, on intrauterine-growth retardation, preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age, with research showing a possible effect of maternal undernutrition in later child nutritional status. Studies on micronutrient supplementation showed possible beneficial effects of iron, vitamin D, and multiple micronutrients on birthweight and/or decreasing small for gestational age, as well as a possible effect of calcium on preterm birth reduction. Interventions showing more consistent beneficial outcomes were balanced protein-energy and lipid base supplements, which demonstrated improved weight in newborns from supplemented mothers and a decreased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. Conclusions: Further research is needed to identify the benefits and risks of maternal individual micronutrient supplementation on neonatal and further child outcomes.

Разработка и валидация ПИТС-индекса для оценки тяжести синдрома последствий интенсивной терапии: описательное проспективное несравнительное когортное исследование

INTRODUCTION: The post intensive care syndrome (PICS) is a clinical manifestation of “learned non-use” phenomena, resulting from the application of metabolic rest strategies such as bed rest, sedation, and ventilation. This leads to prolonged, multifocal dysfunction in vital functions. The lack of standardized diagnostic methods for this syndrome limits its study. For the diagnosis of PICS, we combined 15 signs of vital function disturbances that have the greatest impact on quality of life, with a scoring value of 0.5–1. The sum of these symptoms has been designated as the PICS-index. OBJECTIVE: To develop a scale for calculating the PICS-index with stratification of its values into three ranges of severity: mild, moderate and severe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, prospective, and unmatched cohort study was conducted on 169 patients who had a high dependency on medical care and were admitted to a rehabilitation center between 2022 and 2023. RESULTS: Using the PICS-index, showed that 100 % of patients who spent more than 72 hours in the ICU during the early recovery period (up to 6 months) developed PICS, with a predominance of moderate cases (35–52 %). The proportion of severe PICS forms reached its maximum (37 %) between 3 and 6 months. In the late recovery phase (more than 6 months), mild PICS forms were predominant (45 %). The severity of PICS was influenced by the duration of ICU stay and the timing of mechanical ventilation, but not the age of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The PICS-index is a clinically effective tool for the multidisciplinary diagnosis and assessment of the severity and progression of PICS. Using the PICS-index, we have devised a method for evaluating the predominance of specific signs. The most common signs are disturbance of the gravitational gradient, polyneuromyopathy, dysphagia. This confirms the essence of PICS as a clinical manifestation of the "learned non-use" phenomenon.

Characterization of Phytoplankton Composition in Lake Maggiore: Integrated Chemotaxonomy for Enhanced Cyanobacteria Detection

Cyanobacterial blooms in lakes have increased in frequency and intensity over the past two decades, negatively affecting ecological and biogeochemical processes. This study focuses on the phytoplankton composition of Lake Maggiore, with a special emphasis on cyanobacteria detection through pigment composition. While microscopy is the standard method for phytoplankton identification, pigment-based methods provide broader spatiotemporal coverage. Between May and September 2023, five measurement campaigns were conducted in Lake Maggiore, collecting bio-geochemical and bio-optical data at 27 stations. The total Chlorophyll-a (TChl a) was measured, with concentrations ranging from 1.13 to 6.9 mg/m3. Phytoplankton pigment composition was analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the CHEMTAX approach was applied for phytoplankton classification. The results were cross-validated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and microscopic counts. Cyanobacteria were identified based on unique pigment markers, such as carotenoids. The HPLC-derived pigment classification results aligned well with both PCA and HCA and microscopic counts verified the accuracy of the pigment-based chemotaxonomy. The study demonstrates that pigment-based classification methods, when combined with statistical analyses, offer a reliable alternative for identifying cyanobacteria and other phytoplankton groups, with potential applications in support of remote sensing algorithm development.

Machine Learning Assessment of Background Parenchymal Enhancement in Breast Cancer and Clinical Applications: A Literature Review

Background Parenchymal Enhancement (BPE) on breast MRI holds promise as an imaging biomarker for breast cancer risk and prognosis. The ability to identify those at greatest risk can inform clinical decisions, promoting early diagnosis and potentially guiding strategies for prevention such as risk-reduction interventions with the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors. Currently, the standard method of assessing BPE is based on the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS), which involves a radiologist’s qualitative categorization of BPE as minimal, mild, moderate, or marked on contrast-enhanced MRI. This approach can be subjective and prone to inter/intra-observer variability, and compromises accuracy and reproducibility. In addition, this approach limits qualitative assessment to 4 categories. More recently developed methods using machine learning/artificial intelligence (ML/AI) techniques have the potential to quantify BPE more accurately and objectively. This paper will review the current machine learning/AI methods to determine BPE, and the clinical applications of BPE as an imaging biomarker for breast cancer risk prediction and prognosis.

Geochemical study of heavy metals in samples from dumpsites at Onitsha, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria

Core (0-60cm) samples were collected from selected dumpsites at Onitsha and control site at Awka, Nigeria. Physiochemical parameters (particle size distribution, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, Organic Matter (OM in %)) and heavy metals (Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Aluminium (Al), Cobalt (Co), Molybdenium (Mo), Cadmium (Cd), Manganese (Mn) and Silicon (Si)) were analyzed using standard methods. The result of the physiochemical analysis shows that the samples were generally sandy with acidic pH values (4.89-6.24); OM ranged from 5.693-27.71%; CEC ranged from 0.072-0.62(Cmol/kg). Comparatively, DS 5 (Obosi) has the highest levels of these heavy metals followed by DS 2 (Woliwo). The order is Bida < Okpoko <Obosi 1 < Woliwo < Obosi 2. The levels of these heavy metals were above the control values. They were equally above national and international guidelines. Enrichment Factor (EF) values varied between no enrichment to extremely severe enrichment. Pollution load index (PLI) indicated that all the sampled sites were polluted while the ecological risk of heavy metals varied between low contamination to high contamination. The prevailing indiscriminate disposal of wastes occasioned by nonexistence of appropriate disposal facilities is the direct cause of the situation. Proactive measures and regular environmental monitoring must be taken to minimize further deterioration as the contaminants pose serious deleterious effects on human and soil organisms.

A large-scale examination of inductive biases shaping high-level visual representation in brains and machines

The rapid release of high-performing computer vision models offers new potential to study the impact of different inductive biases on the emergent brain alignment of learned representations. Here, we perform controlled comparisons among a curated set of 224 diverse models to test the impact of specific model properties on visual brain predictivity – a process requiring over 1.8 billion regressions and 50.3 thousand representational similarity analyses. We find that models with qualitatively different architectures (e.g. CNNs versus Transformers) and task objectives (e.g. purely visual contrastive learning versus vision- language alignment) achieve near equivalent brain predictivity, when other factors are held constant. Instead, variation across visual training diets yields the largest, most consistent effect on brain predictivity. Many models achieve similarly high brain predictivity, despite clear variation in their underlying representations – suggesting that standard methods used to link models to brains may be too flexible. Broadly, these findings challenge common assumptions about the factors underlying emergent brain alignment, and outline how we can leverage controlled model comparison to probe the common computational principles underlying biological and artificial visual systems.

Development of Dietetic Misti Dahi (Indian Yoghurt) Using Natural and Artificial Sweeteners

Dairy based sweetmeats usually contain high sugar with a high calorific value which in turn is linked to various non-communicable diseases. To reduce this high calorie content, sugar can be replaced in part or wholly by non-nutritive artificial sweeteners, as well as natural sweetener like honey. In the present study natural and artificial sweetener sources (honey and sucralose, respectively) were used to replace sucrose in part or completely to develop low calorie fat reduced misti dahi, an Indian yoghurt. Effect of sweeteners on setting time, proximate composition, microbiological quality and calorific value of mistidahi, and sensory quality were analysed as per the standard methods. Protein and total solids (TS) content decreased from 4.22 to 3.96% or 4.39 to 4.23% in honey or sucralose and from 24.20 to 21.99% in honey or 21.57 to 16.70% in sucralose, respectively with increase in honey or sucralose used to replace sucrose in mistidahi, while fat content was variable. Microbiological analysis revealed that with an increase in the content of honey, the total aerobic plate count (TAPC) of mistidahi tended to show an increase, while for sucralose containing samples a decreasing trend in TAPC in mistidahi was noted.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN TEH HERBAL BUNGA TELANG DENGAN PERBEDAAN PEMANIS SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGOBATAN HIPERTENSI

Hypertension can be caused by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Consumption of sweetened herbal tea can affect antioxidant levels. This study aims to test the antioxidant activity of telang flower herbal tea as an alternative treatment for hypertension and hedonic testing of the formulated herbal tea. Telang flower herbal tea was formulated without sweetener, sugar sweetener, stevia leaf sweetener, sorbitol and cyclamate sweetener. Telang flower herbal tea was brewed with 70℃ water then phytochemical screening of flavonoids, saponins and tannins using standard methods and antioxidant activity using DPPH method. Hedonic test was conducted by assessing the liking of 20 panellists for herbal tea on a scale of 1-5. Unsweetened telang flower herbal tea, sugar sweetener, stevia leaf sweetener, sorbitol and cyclamate sweetener had values of 247.97 ppm; 178.38 ppm; 497.765 ppm; 164.87ppm; 224.96 ppm with hedonic test values of 3.25; 4.05; 3.55; 3.55; 3.35 respectively. The antioxidant activity of telang flower herbal tea with different sweeteners is in the weak to moderate category and panellists like herbal tea with sugar sweetener the most.

Effects of intelligent manufacturing on the high-quality development of manufacturing industry: The mediating role of green technology innovation

Based on the perspective of green technology innovation, this paper takes listed companies in China’s manufacturing industry from 2012 to 2022 as the research sample, and adopts the Driscoll-Kraay standard error method to explore the relationship between intelligent manufacturing and the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry. The results show that intelligent manufacturing can promote high-quality development of manufacturing industry Green technology innovation plays an mediating role in the above relationship. The above findings still hold after considering robustness tests and endogeneity treatments. Heterogeneity analysis indicates the application of intelligent manufacturing in state-owned enterprises, CEO separately enterprises and heavily polluting industries has a stronger role in promoting the development of manufacturing industry. This paper complements the existing research results on intelligent manufacturing and also establishes a realistic path for the high-quality development of China’s manufacturing industry.

Improving Indoor Air Quality: Using Polymate-777A as a Formaldehyde Scavenger to Decrease Formaldehyde Emission in Plywood Panels

Indoor air quality is significantly impacted by volatile organic compounds, with formaldehyde being a prominent concern due to its emission from wood composite products. Formaldehyde emissions from wood composite products is a big concern for the environment and people's health. This study focused at how effective a product called Polymate-777A, the additive used as a formaldehyde scavenger is in reducing the formaldehyde emissions from plywood. This study investigates the efficacy of Polymate-777A, a formaldehyde scavenger, in reducing formaldehyde emissions from plywood panels. Through a series of controlled experiments, it was evaluated the impact of varying concentrations of Polymate-777A on formaldehyde release, utilizing standardized testing methods to quantify emissions. Results indicate that the incorporation of Polymate-777A significantly reduces formaldehyde levels, enhancing the safety and environmental sustainability of plywood products. The Results revels that when 1.5% or more Polymate-777A was used as scavenger for plywood manufacturing, the plywood met the emission standards set by Japan and Europe for formaldehyde emissions. This study suggests that using Polymate-777A could be a good way to reduce formaldehyde emissions from wood products, which would be better for the environment and people's health.

All black: a microplastic extraction combined with colour-based analysis allows identification and characterisation of tire wear particles (TWP) in soils

While tire wear particles (TWP) have been estimated to represent more than 90% of the total microplastic (MP) emitted in European countries and may have environmental health effects, only few data about TWP concentrations and characteristics are available today. The lack of data stems from the fact that no standardized, cost efficient or accessible extraction and identification method is available yet. We present a method allowing the extraction of TWP from soil, performing analysis with a conventional optical microscope and a machine learning approach to identify TWP in soil based on their colour. The lowest size of TWP which could be measured reliably with an acceptable recovery using our experimental set-up was 35 µm. Further improvements would be possible given more advanced technical infrastructure (higher optical magnification and image quality). Our method showed a mean recovery of 85% in the 35–2000 µm particle size range and no blank contamination. We tested for possible interference from charcoal (as another black soil component with similar properties) in the soils and found a reduction of the interference from charcoal by 92% during extraction. We applied our method to a highway adjacent soil at 1 m, 2 m, 5 m, and 10 m and detected TWP in all samples with a tendency to higher concentrations at 1 m and 2 m from the road compared to 10 m from the road. The observed TWP concentrations were in the same order of magnitude as what was previously reported in literature in highway adjacent soils. These results demonstrate the potential of the method to provide quantitative data on the occurrence and characteristics of TWP in the environment. The method can be easily implemented in many labs, and help to address our knowledge gap regarding TWP concentrations in soils.

Can ischemic stroke patients with mTICI of 2b achieve similar outcomes compared to those with complete recanalization following endovascular therapy?

Background and purposeEndovascular therapy (EVT) has been used as a standard treatment method for patients with large vessel ischemic stroke within 24 h of the onset. The extent of recanalization after EVT can be assessed using the modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (mTICI) scale as an accepted angiographic grading system. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether patients with a mTICI grade of 2b achieve similar outcomes compared to those with complete recanalization (mTICI of 3) following EVT for acute ischemic stroke.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 196 consecutive patients who underwent EVT in a comprehensive stroke center. In the final study, 176 patients were included based on the inclusion criteria. The primary outcome was the 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0–2 considered as a favorable outcome, while excellent outcomes were defined as mRS scores of 0–1.ResultsOur data showed that 59.46% of patients in the mTICI 2b group achieved a favorable outcome, comparable to 58.99% observed in the mTICI 3 group (p = 0.959). Additionally, 54.05% (n = 37) of patients with mTICI 2b achieved an excellent outcome, compared to 51.80% (n = 139) in the mTICI 3 group (p = 0.807). The case fatality rates were also comparable between the groups, with 8.11% in the mTICI 2b group and 10.79% in the mTICI 3 group (p = 0.632). Overall, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of 3-month favorable outcomes, excellent outcomes, or mortality.ConclusionSimilar 3-month outcomes can be achieved for ischemic stroke patients undergoing EVT with a mTICI grade of 2b compared to those with a mTICI grade of 3. These data can help clinicians in setting realistic expectations and making informed decisions during EVT procedures.

Numerical solution and analysis of extended Fisher–Kolmogorov equation using an improved collocation algorithm

The paper investigated the approximate solution of the extended Fisher–Kolmogorov. For this, an advanced approach: the improved quintic B-spline collocation technique has been employed, which is an enhancement over the conventional B-spline collocation method. The B-spline interpolant of degree five has been refined through the posteriori corrections, leading to the development of the improved B-spline solution. This proposed technique demonstrates superior convergence compared to the standard B-spline method, as assessed both theoretically and numerically. In tackling the extended Fisher–Kolmogorov equation, the space discretization is conducted using the improved quintic B-spline collocation methodology (IQSCM), and for the temporal domain discretization, the Crank-Nicolson scheme is applied. The error bounds and convergence analysis is established using the Green's functions. Von-Neumann stability analysis is carried out to discuss the stability of the technique. A few examples are solved and are represented graphically which helps in determining the nature of the solution. Also, L 2 , L ∞ error norms, and order of convergence are calculated to demonstrate the contribution of the new improved technique over the standard spline collocation technique.

Tortuosed dilated ureter and urinary retention due to giant Gartner duct cyst

Gartner duct cyst (GDC) is a type of benign congenital vaginal cyst. It is rarely seen in girls and young women. It can also be observed in urological anomalies, and acquired urinary system diseases secondary to GDC have not been well defined. GDC is generally observed to be smaller than 2 cm and is asymptomatic. The larger GDC causes lower urinary tract complaints, sexual dysfunction and intestinal problems. GDC coming out of the vagina can also be perceived as vaginal organ prolapse. Pelvic Magnetic Resonance Imagınıng is the best radiological examination to identify GDC. Surgical treatment is applied to symptomatic due to GDC. There is no standardized surgical treatment method. In this study, we presented the case of a 74-year-old female patient who developed urinary retention and left tortuosed dilated ureter due to giant GDC. After the physical examination, abdominal ultrasonographyand whole abdominal computerized tomography were performed to the patient. Then, cystoscopy, üreterorenoscopy and vajinal marsupialization were applied. Acquired urologic disease due to giant GDC can be seen in elderly woman. Vaginal marsupialization can be applied to giant GDC that mimic vaginal organe prolapse.

Quality assessment of artisanal palm oil from smallholders in the department of Man, western region of Côte d'Ivoire

In the western region of Côte d'Ivoire, more particularly from the department of Man, artisanal crude palm oil enjoys a reputation for quality among consumers and is the subject of a developed trade. To guarantee consumers quality palm oil, it is crucial to register this product as a Geographical Indication artisanal palm oil. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of this artisanal palm oil to better understand his quality. A descriptive survey of palm oil processing was conducted among 200 smallholders in 10 localities in the department of Man, Western region of Côte d'Ivoire. Then, samples were collected from the producers and were taken to the laboratory for analysis. The physicochemical properties of CPO samples were determined using standard analytical method. The results showed that manual processing and screw hand press methods were used for palm oil extraction. About 58% of the processors have 11-20 years’ experience in oil palm processing and have no formal education (48.2%). Concerning the physicochemical quality of artisanal palm oil producing, the lipid oxidation, carotenoids contents, DOBI, slip melting point, iodine and saponification indexes were relatively conformed to the standard while FFA, moisture and impurities content were different. These results demonstrate a need for monitoring of artisanal palm oil production by smallholders in the sector who should adopt good agricultural practices.

Advancing prostate cancer detection: High-accuracy urine test distinguishes between high and low-risk cancers

Prostate cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among men. The standard method for early detection involves measuring Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in the blood, with elevated PSA levels prompting further diagnostic procedures, such as a prostate biopsy. While effective, biopsies can be painful and carry risks of complications such as fever and urinary tract infections. To reduce unnecessary biopsies, researchers have sought alternative diagnostic methods. In recent years, a urine test was developed for early-stage prostate cancer detection. However, this test struggled to differentiate between aggressive and slow-growing cancers, the latter of which often require minimal treatment and are managed through active surveillance. To address this limitation, scientists at Wunderkind University have significantly enhanced the urine test. By analysing the genomes of thousands of prostate cancer patients, they identified a panel of 16 genes detectable in urine that can effectively distinguish between high-risk and low-risk cancers. When applied to individuals with elevated PSA levels, this improved test demonstrated an impressive 97% accuracy in identifying advanced prostate cancer. This advancement holds great promise for reducing unnecessary biopsies and improving patient outcomes by accurately identifying those needing aggressive treatment versus those suitable for observation. This review paper will explore the development, validation, and clinical implications of this novel urine test, highlighting its potential to transform prostate cancer diagnostics and patient management.