Standard Methods Of Water Analysis Research Articles

Influence of Influent Quality and Operational Modes on the Excessive Growth of Filamentous Bacteria in Kuwait’s Activated Sludge Systems

Kuwait’s wastewater treatment plants experience severe sludge bulking and foaming problems during the winter months. In an effort to identify the possible causes of these problems, sample of wastewater and sludge was collected from Um-Al-Haiman and Riqqa activated sludge systems each week for 32 weeks. The quality of wastewater was determined following standard methods of water analysis, while the dominant filamentous bacteria were identified and quantified using a molecular method called Vermicon Identification Technology (VIT). Multivariate statistical analysis (namely, Pearson’s correlation analysis and principal component analysis) was then carried out on the obtained datasets of results. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed several significant associations between filamentous bacteria growth and influent quality and operational modes for the systems. The principal component analysis revealed six components that accounted for more than 70% of the total datasets’ information. The techniques used in this study can also be used to assess the relationship between filamentous bacteria growth and the operating conditions of other activated sludge systems.

An assessment of the physicochemical quality of some bottle water sold in Kano metropolis, Nigeria

Bottled water like any drinking water used for human consumption should be safe and of standard quality to ensure adequate public health significance. This study is aimed at assessing the physicochemical quality of some bottle water sold in Kano Metropolis. Studies on physicochemical parametric analysis were conducted. A total of 40 samples comprising of 4 different brands were randomly selected from different location. Physicochemical parameters of water samples such as Temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, turbidity, Magnesium, Calcium, Lead, Copper, Zinc, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Nitrate and Phosphate were analyzed using standard methods of water analysis. The Results of physicochemical parameters were within the drinking water regulatory standard. However, zinc, lead and copper was found to exceed the bottle drinking water standard in the ranges of 3.91 – 6.17Mg/l, 0. 29 – 0. 47Mg/l and 1.54 – 2. 67Mg/l respectively; thereby rendering the water unfit to human consumption. There is the need to embark on routine monitoring and surveillances by the regulatory agencies involved to ensure effective implementation of WHO water safety plans from the catchment source to the consumer. This could be enhanced by replacing old pipes with new ones Bottled water industries should be designated away from heavy metal industries. Keywords : Physicochemical, Bottled water quality, Kano metropolis

Classification and Health Risk Assessment for Borehole Water Contaminated by Metals in Selected Households in Southwest Nigeria

Samples of borehole water were randomly collected from twenty households in the Lagos-Ogun axis of southwestern Nigeria. The samples were analyzed for silver, iron, manganese, lead, nickel, magnesium, cadmium, zinc, sodium, potassium, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sulphate following standard methods of water analysis. Results obtained were compared with global background values and WHO guidelines for drinking water. The pH values ranged from 4.17 ± 0.26 to 6.07 ± 0.27 while the metal pollution indexes are between 0.01 and 0.11. Cadmium, manganese, iron and nitrate (mg/L) levels were found to be relatively high in most of the water samples. Results obtained were analyzed statistically. Health risk assessment for exposure to cancer and non-cancer indices was evaluated. Kempster and co-workers classification of drinking water quality was applied; nineteen of the twenty household water samples were found to fall short of the ideal water quality suitable for lifetime use.

Quality evaluation of three water sources used in the North Bank area of Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria

The physico chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities of water from three sources :NASMEwater treatment plant (sample A), Kpeghe well and Kernel Stream (sample C) were determined using standard methods of water analysis. While samplesAand B were colourless and odourless, they had rusty and salty tastes respectively. SampleCwas cloudy, had a foul odour and a slightly bitter taste. There were significant (p

Colorimetric Method for Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Field

ABSTRACT The suitability of the Winkler method for the estimation of oxygen dissolved in water is well established (Standard Methods of Water Analysis, 1936; Fox & Wingfield, 1938). Its usefulness in the field, however, is limited by the fact that it is necessary either to titrate the iodine solutions in the field, or to carry back to the laboratory numerous samples of water. Moreover, the titration of iodine solutions necessitates the frequent standardization of the sodium thiosulphate solution. With the modification of the Winkler method described here, the oxygen content of water can be estimated quickly and easily in the field without bulky apparatus. As no standard solutions are required the method is particularly useful when estimations are made only occasionally.

A Syringe Pipette Method for the Determination of Oxygen in the Field

ABSTRACT The method usually employed for the determination of oxygen in natural waters is that described in Standard Methods of Water Analysis (1925). The basis of this method is the Winkler chemical method for the estimation of dissolved oxygen. A sample of the water to be examined is collected in a bottle of about 250 c.c. capacity. The usual Winkler reagents are added and the iodine liberated is titrated against a standard sodium thiosulphate solution. The amount of oxygen originally present in the sample can then be deduced.1

The Determination of Phosphates in Natural Waters

The method for determining phosphates as it is outlined (p. 86) in the eighth edition (1936) of the Standard Methods of Water Analysis is a gravimetric one. It states that accurate results are obtained but that when low concentrations of phosphates are encountered, the large samples which are required cause some inconvenience. Snell states, although the gravimetric method of analysis for phosphorus by precipitation of the phosphomolybdate is very inaccurate for small amounts of phosphorus, the solutions of these small amounts of phosphomolybdate may be determined titrimetrically or compared colorimetrically with a very satisfactory degree of accuracy (1). The colorimetrie method for the determination of phosphates as outlined by Scott (2) in the seventh edition (1933) of the Standard Methods of Water Analysis has not been found satisfactory for determining small quantities of phosphates such as are found in ground and surface waters. Scott's method would be satisfactory for boiler waters or waters containing at least one part per million of phosphates, but the yellow phosphomolybdate color developed is not intense enough to enable a differentiation between small quantities of phosphate (1 p.p.m. or less). A colorimetrie method is also given (p. 109) in the eighth edition (1936) of the Standard Methods of Water Analysis, but it is given in the section on Stationary Boiler Waters. It states that this method may be employed in routine analysis of boiler water for control purposes where results within about three parts per million of the correct amount are satisfactory. The aminonaphthol sulfonic acid solution used for reducing the phosphomolybdate has to be very pure and has to be made up fresh at least every two weeks. The Deniges colori-

Gold Chloride Permanent Standards for Residual Chlorine

When permanent standards are used in colorimetrie determinations it is imperative that, if accuracy is to be attained, their colors closely simulate those developing in the actual determinations. In determining residual chlorine the potassium dichromate-copper sulphate standards of Standard Methods of Water Analysis provide a satisfactory match for the ortho-tolidine-chlorine color only in 300 m.m. depth of liquid. For other depths the color is not simulated. At the 1935 Ohio Conference on Water Purification the writer

Differential Tests for the Colon‐Aerogenes Groups

indications of the presence of the members of the aerogenes group of bacteria, a group closely related to the colon group, in water supplies have long been a source of controversy among bacteriologists. This group has many reactions very similar to the colon group, and, therefore, it is somewhat difficult to separate them. Some hold that the presence of members of either of these groups in water supplies is sufficient evidence for the condemnation of the supply for drinking purposes. As late as 1923, the official method for the determination of the potability of a water supply did not take into consideration the separation of these two groups. 1923 edition of the Standard Methods of Water Analysis (2) made the following statement: It is recommended that the B. coli group be considered as including all non-spore-forming bacilli which ferment lactose with gas formation and grow aerobically on standard solid media.7' last edition (3) does not attempt to separate the two groups as may be seen by the following statement: The formation of gas in lactose broth and the demonstration of Gram-negative non-&pore-forming bacilli in the agar culture shall be considered a satisfactory completed test, demonstrating the presence of a member of the coli-aerogenes group. above definitions give almost equal weight to both the colon and the aerogenes groups of bacteria. If members of the colon group are predominantly of fecal and those of the aerogenes group predominantly of non-fecal origin, such an inclusion is not consistent. In

Notes on the Determination of Nitrates,

In the course of some work on the purification of packing house wastes, a question arose as to the proper technique for the determination of nitrates. The method employed was that recommended in Standard Methods of Water Analysis, which consisted of alkalinizing the sample, boiling down to about one-fourth volume to expel ammonia, then reducing with aluminum and determining the amount of ammonia produced by this reduction. According to Mahin3 not only is ammonia expelled, but the nitrites are decomposed during the concentration of the alkaline solution so that the ammonia liberated by the aluminum reduction is all nitrate nitrogen. On the other hand, Sutton4 maintains that the concentrate contains both the nitrite and nitrate nitrogen. In the latter view the nitrites would havp to be subtracted from the ammonia nitrogen produced by reduction to obtain the nitrate. In the packing house wastes in question the nitrites were frequently so high (over 30 p.p.m.) that slight errors in evaluating between standards when multiplied by the extremely high dilution factors not infrequently gave higher figures for nitrite N alone than those obtained by reduction which would if the latter view is correct include both nitrites and nitrates. This would mean negative nitrates, which is evidently absurd. Some work was therefore undertaken to determine whether the reduction method yields both nitrites and nitrates or nitrates alone, and particularly whether a method could be devised for the determination of the nitrates independently of the nitrites by the reduction method.

Report of Committee No. 1 on Standard Methods of Water Analysis

Water Analysis this year have followed in a general way the plans outlined in the preceding report and have also included a few preliminary studies on subjects which came up for attention during the year. The personnel remains the same as last year with the exception of the addition of Mr. Linn H. Enslow, of New York, and Mr. Sheppard T. Powell, of Baltimore, as additional field representatives. A statement of the assignments and progress of work under the various referees follows :

The Administrative Significance of Proposed Changes in Standard Methods of Water Analysis

The Administrative Significance of Proposed Changes in Standard Methods of Water Analysis John F. Norton CopyRight*Presented at a Joint Session of the Public Health Engineering and Laboratory Sections of the American Public Health Association at the Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting at Minneapolis, Minn., October 4, 1929. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.20.1.27 Published Online: August 29, 2011

Report of Committee No. 1 on Standard Methods of Water Analysis

Journal AWWAVolume 21, Issue 5 p. 668-684 Article Report of Committee No. 1 on Standard Methods of Water Analysis† First published: 01 May 1929 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1929.tb16974.x †Presented before the San Francisco Convention, June 11, 1928, and approved by The Committee on Water Works Practice. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume21, Issue5May 1929Pages 668-684 RelatedInformation

Bacterium Coli in ICED and Uniced Samples of Water

Five duplicate samples of water were collected after the standard method and shipped by express at one-week intervals from each of twelve sources (Tahlequah City water, Bear Creek and certain wells and springs) located at Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Each sample from each source was duplicated in shipping, one of the duplicates being placed in an iced container and the other in an uniced container. The containers were of sheet iron and insulated with a 1-inch layer of cork. The containers were of a size about 10 by 10 by 12 inches, inside measurement. The samples were expressed from Tahlequah to Norman, Oklahoma, a distance of 200 miles. They were in transit from twenty to seventy-two hours. The ice in all the iced containers was melted on arrival at Norman, although in all instances, except one, the* temperature of the container which had been iced was lower than that of the uniced. Immediately upon arrival at destination all samples were examined quantitatively for numbers of Bacterium coli according to the method prescribed on page 104 in Standard Methods of Water Analysis, Sixth Edition (1925). The duplicates of each sample were also tested with Koser's sodium citrate medium as per page 112 of Standard Methods to determine whether the lactose-fermenting organisms were of intestinal or of vegetable origin.

Report of Committee No. 1 on Standard Methods of Water Analysis

Report of Committee No. 1 on Standard Methods of Water Analysis

The Quantitative Estimation of Plankton

Journal AWWAVolume 19, Issue 4 p. 408-415 Article The Quantitative Estimation of Plankton† Wilfred F. Langelier, Wilfred F. LangelierAssociate Professor, Sanitary Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.Search for more papers by this author Wilfred F. Langelier, Wilfred F. LangelierAssociate Professor, Sanitary Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 April 1928 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1928.tb13565.xCitations: 1 †Presented before the Water Purification Division, Chicago Convention, June 10, 1927. Prepared as a preliminary report to the Standardization Council, Committee No. 1 (Standard Methods of Water Analysis), by the Sub-Committee on Microscopical Methods. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume19, Issue4April 1928Pages 408-415 RelatedInformation

Eliminating a Source of Error in the Colorimetric Determination of Manganese

In the determination of minute quantities of manganese by the colorimetrie method, a source of error has been observed and a method devised to overcome it. The error has been noted particularly in waters which were highly colored or contained turbidity. The persulfate method as described in Standard Methods of Water Analysis (1) was used in these determinations. The test in substance is: In hot nitric acid solutions containing silver cations, the reaction takes place as follows:

Comment on a Recent Report on “Standard Methods of Water Analysis”

In view of the widespread adoption of Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewage and of the importance, in general, of accurate and workable methods of sanitary analysis, it has appeared advisable to the writer to present at this time the following comment on the Report of Committee No. 1 on Standard Methods of Water Analysis recently published in The Journal. The discussion will be limited to those sections of the report which refer to the determinations of (1) dissolved oxygen, (2) free chlorine, (3) biochemical oxygen demani, and (4) phenols in water supplies. On the whole, such criticism as may be offered will be based on experimental evidence which was not available to the various referees at the time (Buffalo Convention, June 11, 1926) wheia the report in question was submitted for publication.

Occurrence of Bacterium Coli of Intestinal Origin on Hands of Food Handlers

The purpose of the present paper is to show something of the frequency of the occurrence of Bacterium coli of intestinal origin on the hands of food handlers in restaurants, cafes, lunch counters, sandwich shops and soda fountains. The problem was suggested by seeing two waiters at a lunch counter in a hotel pass back through the lobby of the hotel to the men's room, visit the commodes, and return to the lunch counter without washing their hands. The first duty performed by one of the waiters after returning to the lunch counter was to hand a customer an unwrapped sandwich. This investigation was made in the public eating places of Waco, Texas, which has a population of about 45,000. On casual inspection the general sanitary conditions of public eating places here appear as good as those in the average American town of this size. Such places are inspected and scored monthly, or oftener, by the city health department. All the tests on the hands of the food handlers were made between 8:00 and 10:00 o'clock in the morning. Materials and Methods.?Dehydrated culture medium preparations from the Digestive Ferments Company were used: lactose broth, 13 grams per liter of distilled water; Levine's eosin methylene blue agar; and nutrient agar, IJo, for the agar slants. Koser's 1 sodium citrate medium was used for distinguishing the Bacterium coli of intestinal origin from that of vegetable origin.2 All mediums were sterilized for twenty minutes at fifteen pounds pressure, the tin plates were sterilized by dry heat at 170 C. for two hours, and all incubations were at 37.5 C. A modification of the Bacterium coli test method in bacteriologic water analysis was used as described in Standard Methods of Water Analysis, published by the American Public Health Association.3 The

Report of Committee No. 1 on Standard Methods of Water Analysis

Journal AWWAVolume 17, Issue 1 p. 112-126 Article Report of Committee No. 1 on Standard Methods of Water Analysis† First published: 01 January 1927 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1927.tb12688.xCitations: 1 †Presented before the Buffalo Convention, June 11, 1926. Committee No. 1 consists of Jack J. Hinman, Jr., Chairman, R. C. Bardwell, John R. Baylis, L. I. Birdsall, Julius W. Bugbee, A. M. Buswell, H. G. Dunham, Norman J. Howard, Harry E. Jordan, Wilfred F. Langlier, Max Levine, MacHarvey McCrady, Dale L. Maffitt, F. W. Mohlman and E. C. Trax. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume17, Issue1January 1927Pages 112-126 RelatedInformation