Standard Limit Values Research Articles

Design of a dual band dual mode antenna for on/off body communications

AbstractA dual band dual mode patch antenna for on/off body communications is proposed in this letter. The antenna operates at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz with different radiation modes. The radiation pattern is omnidirectional at the lower frequency band while directional in the broadside at the higher frequency band. Through introducing a ground plane below the radiating patch, the influence of the human body on the performance of the proposed antenna is minimized and the specific absorption rate value is significantly reduced and is much lower than the standard limit value.

Hybrid ash/biochar biocomposites as soil amendments for the alleviation of cadmium accumulation by Oryza sativa L. in a contaminated paddy field

A novel ash/biochar (A/B) biocomposite composed of 90% biomass bottom ash from agroforestry biomass direct-fired power plants, 5% animal-derived biochar from carcass pyrolysis, and 5% bentonite as an adhesive was amended in cadmium (Cd)-polluted paddy soil to alleviate cadmium accumulation by Oryza sativa L. Ash increased the soil pH and contributed exogenous available silicon. Biochar with high Ca/P components played an important role in soil cadmium immobilization. A 1-year field experiment with consecutive rice growing seasons (early and late rice) was conducted in Xiangtan, China, to examine the effects of A/B amendment in Cd-contaminated paddy soil. The A/B biocomposite was amended into soil through one-time addition at three application rates (1, 5, and 10 kg/m2). When A/B amendment was ≥5 kg/m2, the soil pH increased from 4.11 to more than 6. The available silicon content in the soil even increased by 22.9 times. For early rice soil, the CaCl2-extractable Cd(II) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)-extractable Cd(II) decreased by 77.9%–96.1% and 52.4%–70.7%, respectively. A/B remarkably reduced Cd accumulation in rice organs, and this observation was related to A/B treatment rates. Ash and biochar contributed to the inhibition of Cd accumulation in rice organs and Cd translocation from roots to stems. The Cd concentrations in brown rice decreased to 0.11 and 0.12 mg/kg in early and late rice, respectively, and these values were lower than the national food safety standard limit value of China (0.2 mg/kg).

Investigation of Bacterial Regrowth and Residual Chlorine in Household Stored Water in Saveh- Iran

Background & Aims of the Study: Saveh city -located in the semi-arid area in Iran- has brackish water and it was forced to use reverse osmosis desalting systems. Water is not distributed through the distribution network to homes so, people have to buy water from certain places and transfer water through household storage vessel. They have to buy more water and keep it at home for more than 1 week. Therefore, the probability of microbial contamination or the regrowth of microorganisms rise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the free residual chlorine (FRC) and the number of bacteria in desalinated water samples that collected from water kiosk system that provide desalinated water for the public. Material & Methods: Samples collected at the beginning and the end of the water network and stay for 9 days at room temperature and similar condition as public stored at home. The samples analyzed for FRC, total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and organic matter for 9 days. Results: The results indicated that FRC concentration at the beginning of water network was 1 mg/L and after 9 days it was reached to 0.5 mg/L at the end of the water network. The amount of UV254 at the end of water network was 0.0134 cm-1 and after 9 days it was reached to 0.0125 cm-1. There aren’t detected any TC and FC in samples even at beginning of the examination and also, after 9 days storage of water. The number of HPC colony for samples at the end of the network it reached 22 CFU/ml, after 9 days. Conclusion: It was concluded that desalinated water that stored at household storage vessel in Saveh has good quality and meets standard limit value until 9 days. It should be noted that this conclusion depends on various conditions, including various environmental factors. However, Water treatment officials need to pay more attention to the amount of chlorine remaining in drinking water in Saveh because after 9 days, there was still 0.5 mg/L of residual free chlorine in the water.

Atmospheric Pollution Characteristics and Inhalation Exposure Risk of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in PM2.5 at the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base, Northwest China

Atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected by using the active sampling method to investigate the pollution characteristics of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) at the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base, Northwest China. Furthermore, the primary sources and the contributions of secondary formation sources as well as the inhalation exposure risks were identified. The main results were as follows. The concentration levels of ∑12NPAHs in PM2.5 ranged from 2.06 ng·m-3 to 37.14 ng·m-3 at the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base. The average concentrations of ∑12NPAHs were (25.57±5.76) ng·m-3 in winter and (6.22±1.74) ng·m-3 in summer for the Baofeng sampling site associated with the energy industry. The average concentrations of ∑12NPAHs were (7.13±1.44) ng·m-3 in winter and (2.58±0.39) ng·m-3 in summer for the Yinglite sampling site associated with chemical and electricity industries. The levels of ∑12NPAHs in PM2.5 were higher in winter than those in summer because of the increased heating in winter. Atmospheric pollution levels of NPAHs at the Baofeng sampling site were generally higher than those at the Yinglite sampling because of the higher primary NPAHs emissions from coal mining and coke production in Baofeng compared with those from the chemical industry in Yinglite. The calculated nocturnal/diurnal ratios revealed that the concentrations of ∑12NPAHs in PM2.5 during the summer season were higher in the daytime than those in the nighttime, but the opposite trend occurred in winter, thus indicating that secondary formation processes made more contributions to NPAHs during summer in the daytime. The congener profiles of NPAHs were mainly composed of primary emission markers such as 2-nitrofluorene (2N-FLO) and 6-nitrochrysene (6N-CHR), which were the predominant ones in winter and summer for both the Baofeng and Yinglite sampling sites. Total proportions of 2N-FLO and 6N-CHR were 46% in winter and 73% in summer for Baofeng and 59% in winter and 55% in summer for Yinglite, respectively. Meanwhile, 3N-PHE, which is a marker compound of secondary formation processes, accounted for a higher percentage in summer especially at Yinglite. This finding revealed that the chemical production at Yinglite was associated with higher precursor emissions than that of Baofeng, and thus, more NPAHs were derived from secondary formation processes. Moreover, ∑12NPAHs/∑16PAHs ratios were calculated to identify the potential sources of NPAHs across the city. The results indicated that higher environmental temperatures in summer promoted the degradation of PAHs and secondary formation of NPAHs, and thus, secondary formation contributed more to NPAHs in summer than in winter. Furthermore, lung cancer risks induced by inhalation exposures to ∑5NPAHs were assessed based on the BaP equivalent toxicity factor. The results showed that the lung cancer risk values of ∑5NPAHs were (3.06×10-5±1.36×10-5) in winter and (1.79×10-5±0.80×10-5) in summer for the Baofeng sampling site, while the risk values were (2.85×10-5±1.20×10-5) in winter and (1.86×10-5±0.83×10-5) in summer for the Yinglite sampling site. Notably, the lung cancer risk values in our study for both sampling sites were higher than the standard limit value (1.00×10-5) of the California Environmental Protection Agency, which indicates that the local population at the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base has been subjected to potentially elevated lung cancer risks due to inhalation exposures to PM2.5-bound NPAHs.

Corrosion evaluation of steel slag based on a leaching solution test

ABSTRACTSteel slag is alkaline in aqueous solution, and this is a typical feature for solid wastes that contain large amounts of basic oxides. Therefore, this parameter is used for solid waste hazard assessments. Special attention needs to be paid to the chemical parameters of steel slag to improve its comprehensive utilization, disposal, and storage. The corrosiveness of converter slag samples from different steel plants was evaluated according to the method stipulated by the Chinese national standard GB5085.1–007 to identify whether they would be classified as alkaline hazardous waste. The results showed that steel slag leaching solution had a certain corrosivity, and the pH value of the leaching solution increased with a decrease in the particle size of the steel slag and a decrease in temperature. However, the pH value of the short-term and long-term deposited slag leaching solution was not more than the standard limit value, and hence was not a hazardous waste. It was also found that the pH value (12.66 and 12.60) of the leachate of the grounded products of some of the steel slag was close to the pH of saturated Ca(OH)2 at 16°C. The measured pH value entered the pH range for a hazardous waste because it was obtained from the grinding of slag powder products. It was not in the original state of steel slag commonly produced by the steel slag industry. Therefore, it cannot be said that this pH directly indicated that the steel slag produced by these steel plants is hazardous waste. This study provides an analytical method that can be used as a basis for the safe storage and comprehensive utilization of steel slag.

Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment Method for Fire Safety Accident in Liquefied Natural Gas Storage

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has the characteristics of low temperature, volatile, flammable and explosive, and its safety issues are being highlighted. The probability and consequences of accident were quantitatively analyzed in combination with the possibility of LNG filling station pump or pipeline spillage. The DEGADIS and LNGFire3 models were used to determine the consequences of the accident. Based on the injury criterion data provided by relevant literature, the article concludes that the personal risk value derived from personal injury level and mortality rate, when compared with personal risk standards of United Kingdom, Netherlands and other countries and institutions, the personal risk value is much lower than the standard limit value, and shows the rationality of establishing 5kW/m2 as the safety distance from critical thermal radiation intensity.

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Tea Leaves and Potential Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study from Puan County, Guizhou Province, China.

This study features a survey of the concentrations of aluminum (Al) and heavy metals (Mn, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) in tea leaves and the corresponding cultivation soils (0–30 cm), carried out in Puan County (Guizhou Province, China). The average concentrations of Al, Mn, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn in the soil were 106 × 103, 214, 20.9, 0.09, 0.12, 17.5, 121, 27.8, 131.2, and 64 mg·kg−1, respectively. The heavy metals’ pollution indexes in the soil can be ranked as follows: Cu > Cr > Hg > As > Ni > Zn > Pb > Mn > Cd. The soil was moderately polluted by Cu because of the high geochemical background value of Cu in the area. The potential environment risk index (RI) showed that 7.69% out of the total sample sites were within the moderate level. Moreover, the ranges of Al, Mn, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn concentrations in young tea leaves were 250–660, 194–1130, 0.107–0.400, 0.012–0.092, 0.014–0.085, 0.073–0.456, 0.33–1.26, 6.33–14.90, 14.90–26.10, and 35.8–50.3 mg·kg−1, respectively. While in mature tea leaves, they were 4300–10,400, 536–4610, 0.560–1.265, 0.040–0.087, 0.043–0.089, 0.189–0.453, 0.69–2.91, 3.43–14.20, 6.17–16.25, and 9.1–20.0 mg·kg−1, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd, and Cr in young tea leaves and mature tea leaves were all lower than the standard limit values (5.0, 30, 2.0, 0.3, 1.0, and 5.0 mg·kg−1 for Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd, and Cr, respectively) in China. Besides, the accumulation ability of tea leaves to Mn was the strongest, and the average bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Mn in mature tea leaves was 12.5. In addition, the average target hazard quotients (THQ) were all less than one for the young tea leaves and the average aggregate risk hazard index (HI) to adults was 0.272, indicating that there was not a potential health risk for adults through the consumption of the infusions brewed by young tea leaves. However, for mature tea leaves, the percentage which HI values were above one was 38.46%, and the risk to adults via the consumption of mature tea infusions were mainly contributed by Mn and Al.

Microbiological air contamination in university premises and the evaluation of drug resistance of staphylococci occurring in the form of a bioaerosol

The aim of this research was to evaluate exposure to microbiological aerosol of persons staying in selected office and teaching areas of the university premises. The number and biodiversity of microorganisms constituting the bioaerosol, in particular the Staphylococcus spp., and their drug resistance profile, were determined. Moreover, the influence of temperature, level of airborne particle concentration and the type of ventilation on the number of microorganisms was analysed. The monitoring was carried out using the MAS-100 impactor. The level of airborne particle concentration was measured using the DustTrak II dust meter. The analysis of drug resistance level of staphylococci was carried out using the disk-diffusion method. On the basis of research conducted, the highest microbiological air contamination was found in the biomass lab, due to the research carried out there. On the other hand, no unequivocal link between the concentration of microorganisms present in the air and the type of ventilation used was found. Airborne particles concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 exceeded the standard limit values – therefore the air was classified as contaminated. In the sampled air, multi-resistant staphylococci were found, which may pose an epidemiological threat to persons staying in the analysed premises.

Investigation of some disinfection chemicals and water quality parameters in swimming pools in the city center and districts of Canakkale, Turkey.

In this study, the variations in concentrations of some disinfection chemicals such as cyanuric acid (CyA), free chlorine (FC), and residual chlorine (RC), which affect human health, were investigated in the water of swimming pools. In addition, quality parameters such as temperature, pH, and total alkalinity (TA) in 44 swimming pools located in the city center and districts of Canakkale, Turkey, were examined in the summer period. While FC and RC amounts were analyzed using tablet tests with N-N-diethyl phenylenediamine (DPD 1) and potassium iodine (DPD 3) using the colorimetric method in the comparator, TA and CyA levels were measured with a photometric method. Temperature and pH were measured using YSI 556 MPS. Levels of CyA, FC, RC, pH, temperature, and TA varied between 0.00 and 725.0mgL-1 (108.0±111.4mgL-1), 0.00 and 5.00mgL-1 (1.60±0.962mgL-1), 0 and 0.55mgL-1 (0.087±0.059), 6.40 and 8.20mgL-1 (7.30±0.038mgL-1), 22.0 and 32.0°C (27.6±1.45°C), and 0.00 and 391.0mgL-1 (129.3±89.0), respectively. The findings were compared to standard limit values of the Ministry of Health of the Turkish Republic and other countries. Not only maximum concentrations of CyA but also the average concentrations exceeded the standard limit values of different countries in July and August with high tourism activity in Turkey. Although there is no problem in view of average values of other quality parameters, there are some problems in view of the maximum values in pool waters compared to standard limit values.

The Comparison of Health Status Between Male and Female Medical Radiation Workers in China.

To assess the health statue of chronically exposed Chinese medical radiation workers. A cross-sectional study of 530 medical radiation workers in a city of China was conducted to document the health status and the monitored annually absorbed doses. Long-term and low-dose radiation exposure can affect a number of health indicators in the individuals, which covered the cardiovascular system, hematologic system, ophthalmology, liver and kidney's functions, chromosome aberration and micronucleus. The differences in the health status between male and female individuals were associated with job types and exposed years of service. The monitored doses of individuals were lower than the limit value of the national standard. The health status in chronically exposed individuals demonstrated some gender difference associated with length of exposure and work type. This study provides some evidence to understand the health status of medical radiation workers in China and have the potentially to inform screening and clinical diagnosis.

Study of Nitrogen Removal Performance When Treating Low Carbon Sewage Using External Solid Carbon Sources in SBBR Systems

Based on low carbon wastewater as the research object and using corncob as an external solid carbon source, the performance of corncob organic matter was assessed for its release potential, quantity of release, and safety of use. The effects of varying quantities of the solid carbon source on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were investigated in a sequencing biofilm batch reactor (SBBR). Results show that the regularity of corncob as solid carbon source material was linear, with released concentrations of heavy metals being below the Chinese national standard limit values for heavy metals according to the surface water environment quality standards (I and II) (GB3838-2002). When temperatures were within 28~31°C, the dissolved oxygen level was 4.0 ± 0.2 mg/L and the pH conditions were within 7.5~8.0. The optimal quantity for corncob dosing was 5 g per 1.5 L of low carbon wastewater. Following treatment, the average effluent concentrations of NH4+-N and TN were 2.85 mg/L and 4.51 mg/L, respectively. The effluent concentration of NH4+-N, TN had reached the A level national standard of sewage treatment plant pollutant discharge standard (GB18918-2002).

Analysis of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Effluents from Beverage Industry in Ethiopia

Beverage industries are one of the most polluting industries producing huge amount of wastewater effluents. These industries have been recognized to cause pollution by discharging effluent into receiving environment especially to the nearby rivers. The aim of this study is to determine the status of waste water effluent discharge of beverage industry in Ethiopia. Samples were collected from 8 beverage industries’ wastewater effluent discharge end pipe and examined for different physico-Chemical parameters such as: COD, BOD5, TSS, ammonia, total nitrogen, PH and phosphate. The observed values were ranged between 9 - 397.5 mg/L for TSS, 0.185 - 69.7 mg/l for phosphate, 0.265 - 71 mg/l for ammonia, 226 - 1975 mg/l for COD, 15 - 576 mg/L for BOD, 4 - 86.6 mg/l for total nitrogen and 5.21 - 12.37 for PH. The finding of the study revealed that most of the beverage industries were extremely high amount of total suspended solids (TSS), BOD and COD effluent discharge were found above the Ethiopian beverage industry effluent discharge limit value. Half of the sampled beverage industries’ effluent discharge of PH, total nitrogen, ammonia and phosphate were found within the limit value while the rest of the industries are still discharging their effluent above the national standard limit value. The continuous discharge of effluents into rivers without any additional treatment raises the level of pollution and toxicity, which have significantly adverse impact on the aquatic environment.

Using Nonconventional Water in Irrigation of Olive Trees and Its Effect on Olive Oil Properties

The response of olive orchard with same age and type to irrigation with treated municipal wastewater and freshwater was investigated in three years. Physical and chemical properties of the treated municipal wastewater reuse in agriculture (the effluent) produced by the Sheikh Ejleen wastewater treatment plant in Gaza Strip, freshwater, soil, and olive oil were determined and compared with Palestinian and international standards. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) of Sheikh Ejleen effluent is 60 mg·l-1, which indicates low quality effluent. The results indicate that most of olive oil quality parameters—including heavy metals and trace elements for both fruits irrigated with treated wastewater or irrigated with freshwater—fall within the acceptable standard limit values. Moreover, soil analysis shows that organic content and cation exchange capacity were improved in soil irrigated with treated wastewater in comparison with that irrigated with freshwater. The results also show that there is no trace elements or heavy metals accumulation in soil.

Vibroacoustical diagnosis of planetary precessional kinematical transmission

An ideal dynamical system should not generate any vibrations, because vibrations mean a loss of energy. Vibration in planetary precessional gear box occurs at bearings, gear wheels, misaligned shafts, imbalance rotating parts, couplings. If damage occurs, not only the dynamic processes change, but also the forces that act on system components. Regarding this aspects, sound level was measured by using Brüel & Kjær Sound Level Meter Type 2250 Light that has everything needed to perform high-precision, Class 1 measurement tasks in environmental, occupational and industrial application areas. Obtained and measured results were presented in diagrams and tables to be compared with German standard VDI-2058 Limit value for vibration severity and noise level.

PENERAPAN MODEL GROUP INVESTIGATION UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MATERI PENGARUH SEJARAH DUNIA TERHADAP SEJARAH BANGSA INDONESIA ABAD 18-20

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes in learning history. This research was conducted in classes IX IPS SMAN 1 Tambun Utara regency of Bekasi on January 20, 2015 until April 15, 2015 by using the Classroom Action Research. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation, achievement test, documentation, procedures: (a) planning of the action; (B) implementation of the action; (C) observation; and (d) reflection. The results showed that the implementation of cooperative learning model of Group Investigation (GI) on the material Effect Against World History History of the Nation Indonesia Ages 18-20, can improve student learning outcomes with a standard limit value of history is completed 70. Prior to the implementation of cooperative learning model of Group Investigation ( GI) average value hump students is 61.35, but after the implementation of cooperative learning model of Group Investigation (GI) average value grade students into 70.68 in the first cycle and 75 413 in the second cycle. A total of 31 students (83.78%) scored above 70 on the 75% of the planned target by the end of the second cycle. Besides the implementation of cooperative learning model Investigation Group can also improve learning outcomes of students of class XI IPS SMAN 1 Tambun Utara of categories less successful in the first cycle to the category managed in the second cycle. Keywords: Cooperative learning model group investigation , world history , history of Indonesia

Investigating into composition, distribution, sources and health risk of phthalic acid esters in street dust of Xi'an City, Northwest China.

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers and in consumer products, which may enter the environment and present risks to human health. U.S. EPA classifies six PAEs as priority pollutants, which could be accumulated in street dust at the interface of atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. This study collected a total of 58 street dust samples from Xi'an City in Northwest China and analyzed for concentrations of the priority PAEs. Composition, distribution, sources and health risk of the PAEs were further examined. All the priority PAEs were detected in the street dust. The concentrations of individual PAEs varied between not detected and 183.19mg/kg. The sum of the 6 priority PAEs (∑6PAEs) ranged from 0.87 to 250.30mg/kg with a mean of 40.48mg/kg. The most abundant PAEs in the street dust were di-n-butyl phthalate and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Higher concentrations of ∑6PAEs in the street dust were found in the south and west parts of Xi'an City as well as its urban center, which were possibly attributed to the prevailing northerly Asian winter monsoon. The PAEs in the street dust originated mainly from wide application of plasticizers as well as cosmetics and personal care products. The main pathways of human exposure to PAEs in the street dust were ingestion and dermal adsorption of dust particles. The non-cancer risk of human exposure to PAEs in the street dust was relatively low, while the risk to children was higher than that to adults. The cancer risk of human exposure to DEHP in the street dust was lower than the standard limit value of 10-6.

Assessment of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ): Students Well-Being in University Classroom with the Application of Landscaping

The environmental quality (IEQ) in a building is an important element to perceive the good health and comfort level for the building occupants. However, each building contributes different environmental quality results towards the indoor spaces and the occupants. Learning environment is one of the spaces that need attention as it is related to student’s well being as well as their learning performance. Existing knowledge on IEQ is still limited concerning the desirable levels of air quality, maintenance, and other factors affecting IEQ in Malaysian educational establishment. Therefore, the study of indoor environment quality in buildings has been carried out in educational building as it acts as important place in learning process. The methodologies used to conduct this research are divided into two methods, which are classroom measurement normal condition and classroom intervention setting. This is done in order to compare and monitor the improvement of environment in the classroom. This research focuses on the comparison of IEQ in different classroom environment setting and the student satisfaction level in their normal classroom environment. Measurement of temperature (°C), relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), Volatile Organic Compound (VOC), dust particles (PM10), lighting (lux), and noise (decibel) in the classroom were collected and questionnaires were distributed among the students. This research found that most of the elements in the classroom was incompliance with the standard threshold limit value. The level of VOC in the classroom was noted to be significantly high (11.7ppm) compared to the standard threshold limit. An intervention on the normal condition classroom was set up with selected plant placed in the classroom. Results show a tremendous reduction in the percentage of relative humidity, level of TVOC, as well as CO 2 .

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Drinking Water Quality of Arbaminch Town

In this study drinking water samples were collected from three sites of Arbaminch town and have been analyzed for some physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl-) and fluoride (F-). The result showed that pH, EC, TDS, TSS, TS, TA, TH, Cl- and F- ranged from 7.13 to 7.76, 210.0 to 230.5 μScm-1, 134.4 to 147.1 mg/L, 11.22 to 15.44 mg/L, 145.62 to 262.45 mg/L, 88.6 to 182.02 mg/L, 119.2 to 135.11 mg/L, 135.22 to 554.46 mg/L and 2.0 to 4.41 mg/L respectively. All the measured parameters were within the standard drinking water quality values of WHO except Cl- content in AMU sampling site and F- in all sampling sites. The level of Cl- in Secha and Sikela sampling sites were within the standard value of WHO (500 mg/L). But the level of Cl- was found beyond the standard value of WHO in AMU sampling site. Similarly the concentration of F- was found higher than the standard limit value of WHO (1.5 mg/L) in all sampling sites but within the maximum permissible values of US-EPA (4.0 mg/L) except in the AMU sampling site which is a little bit higher than the US-EPA. In general the present investigation found that the maximum parameters were not at a level of pollution.

국내 유통 약용작물 중 카드뮴, 수은, 납, 비소 함량 모니터링 및 위해성 평가

BACKGROUND: The current study was carried out to investigate Cd, Hg, Pb and As contaminations in 222 commercial medicinal plants and to estimate the potential health risk through dietary intake of commercial medicinal plants in Korea.METHODS AND RESULTS: The Cd, Hg, Pb, and As in medicinal plants were analyzed by ICP/MS and mercury analyzer.The potential health risk was estimated using risk assessment tools. Total amount of Cd in medicinal plants with 29% samples exceeded the standard limit legislated in `Pharmaceutical Affairs Act` while all plant samples were lower than the standard limit value for As, Hg, and Pb. However, when applying the standard limit for root vegetable (fresh weight) in the Food Sanitation Act, four samples exceeded the standard limit of Pb. For health risk assessment, the values of cancer risk probability were 0.3~5.9×10-7which were less than the acceptable cancer risk of 10-6~10-4for regulatory purpose. Also, Hazard quotientvalues were lower than 1.0.CONCLUSION: Therefore, these results demonstrated that human exposure to Cd, Hg, Pb, and As through dietary intake of commercial medicinal plants might notcause adverse health effects although some medicinal plants were higher than the standard limit values for Cd and Pb.

Regularidad superficial y adherencia en vías ciclistas - recomendaciones de diseño disponibles

This paper presents an overview of different national and international regulations and recommendations about pavement design in cycle lanes and analyzes the specifications for surface roughness and slip/skid resistance that each offers. After a comparative study, it highlights the lack of specific design criteria and the need to unify the standard test methods and limit values of acceptance and / or rejection to ensure the safety and comfort of the new constructed sections, thus promoting cycling mobility in cities.