Use Of Standardized Language Research Articles

Persistent features – Corpus-based evidence for reallocation processes in German

Abstract This study aims at tracing a reallocation process of a grammatical feature alongside the dialect-standard axis with the aid of corpus linguistics methods; more precisely with an integrative application of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The phenomenon under investigation is articles without the definiteness marker d- in German, usually ascribed to the Bavarian dialect area. Analyses show, however, that this apparently dialectal feature diffuses to other communication settings closer to the intended standard language use. This process is accompanied by a refunctionalisation of reduced article forms, indicating the relevance of language-internal relations for reallocation of grammatical features. The methodical approach should be easily applicable to other variants and – as many European languages show a diaglossic repertoire – relevant to other languages as well.

Use and Significance of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital Emergencies: A Phenomenological Approach.

Background: Professional nursing organizations recommend the use of nursing diagnosis to enhance and facilitate the standardization of care and the development of a common language used by nursing practitioners. In the clinical reality of hospital emergency departments, however, its use is controversial. The objectives of the research are (a) to explore the use of nursing diagnosis in hospital emergency departments, and (b) to describe the meaning of nursing diagnosis for hospital emergency nurses. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted. A purposeful sampling and snowball technique were used. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, researchers’ field notes, and documental analysis. An inductive analysis based on Giorgi´s proposal was used to identify significant emerging themes from interviews and field notes. Seventeen participants with a mean age of 40 were recruited. Results: Three themes were identified. The results showed how the use of nursing diagnosis in hospital emergency departments depends on nurses to apply a working methodology in their practice, along with other dimensions such as the characteristics of emergency care, the type of health problems, and the complexity of care. Conclusions: The use of standardized language in emergency departments is complex due to the overcrowded nature of care in these settings.

The competence of the professional standard language speaker in flux? Support from the speech therapy context

This paper pressure tests the claim that professional speakers who use the standard language are perceived as more competent, by (1) unpacking ‘competence’; (2) disentangling the discursive complexity of ‘professional speech context’; (3) accounting for respondents' language socialization background. In our experiment, Belgian Dutch speech therapy students (N = 77) and a control group (N = 54) evaluate a speech therapist who does (not) use standard language in relational and transactional professional discourse. Results reveal (1) a more conservative versus a more dynamic conception of ‘competence’; (2) penalization of standard language use in informal speech; (3) slightly higher sociolinguistic sensitivity for speech therapy respondents. The perceived tolerance towards non-standard speech in high standard expectancy contexts begs a reconsideration of language ideology in professional communication.

The Use of Indonesian Formal Language in the Process of Legislative Drafting in Accordance With Law Number 12 Of 2011

The character of civil law law that gave birth to the form of written law perceived that the law relies on the text of the written text, so it is possible to misinterpret the interpretation or multiple interpretations of articles or regulations because of wrong in understanding the language. This will impact on law enforcement less than the maximum. The use of standard language is one solution to avoid multiple interpretations in understanding the essence of language in the realm of law. This type of research is qualitative research. The data source is the document of Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Establishment of Legislation. The analysis is conducted on the use of standard Indonesian language in the document to meet its accordance with the rules of the standard language. In addition to the document, the analysis was also conducted on the results of the interview and the questionnaire.

PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI BAHASA NASIONAL DAN INTERNASIONAL BAKU BAGI GURU PAUD DAN SD DI KECAMATAN GETASAN KABUPATEN SEMARANG

The Childhood Education (PAUD) and Elementary School (SD) teachers should have adequate skills and knowledge in teaching, instilling, and being an example or role model for their students. Therefore, it was necessary to increase professionalism in terms of the use of national languages as well as international languages which are needed today, so that Indonesian students can use standard Indonesian properly and correctly.Based on the conditions encountered, the community service team at the Teaching and Education Faculty (FKIP), Satya Wacana Christian University (SWCU) Salatiga carried out community service activities with the aim of opening paradigms and training early-level early childhood and elementary school teachers to have a complete understanding of the concept of standard national and international languages and have the opportunity to improve language competence, especially English. This activity was carried out in the form of training, debriefing, and teaching simulations by four FKIP, UKSW lecturers who have Indonesian, English and educational management backgrounds.The results of the implementation of this activity could be seen at the beginning of understanding of classroom language and obtaining references to the use of standard language in the classroom to be used as capital to apply the Indonesian and English concepts.

Towards development of guidelines for virtual administration of paediatric standardized language and literacy assessments: Considerations for clinicians and researchers.

Objectives:Previous virtual care literature within the field of speech-language pathology has primarily focused on validating the virtual use of intervention programmes. There are fewer articles addressing the validity of conducting virtual assessments, particularly standardized assessment of oral language and literacy abilities in children. In addition, there is a lack of practical, useful recommendations available to support clinicians and researchers on how to conduct these assessment measures virtually. Given the recent rapid rise in virtual care and research as a result of the Coronavirus-19 pandemic, clinicians and researchers require guidance on best practices for virtual administration of these tools imminently. This article seeks to fill this gap in the literature by providing such recommendations.Methods:We (a) completed a narrative review of the extant literature, and (b) conducted semi-structured interviews with a group of 12 clinicians, students and researchers who had administered standardized language and literacy assessments with a variety of monolingual and multilingual school-aged children, with and without speech and language difficulties, in clinical and research settings. Six themes: candidacy for virtual assessment, communication and collaboration with caregivers, technology and equipment, virtual administration, ethics, consent and confidentiality, and considerations for bilingual populations were identified as a result of these two processes and were used to develop a set of recommendations to guide the use of standardized assessments in a virtual setting. In line with the Guidelines International Network, these recommendations were rated by group members, and reviewed by external stakeholders. A quasi-Delphi consensus procedure was used to reach agreement on ratings for recommendations.Results:We have developed and outlined several recommendations for clinicians and researchers to guide their use of standardized language and literacy assessments in virtual care, across six key themes.Conclusions:This article is one of the first to share practical recommendations for virtual assessment in the domain of oral language and literacy assessment for clinicians and researchers. We hope the current recommendations will facilitate future clinical research in this area, and as the body of research in this field grows, this article will act as a basis for the development of formal Clinical Practice Guidelines.

PANORAMA DO PROCESSO DE ENFERMAGEM NO BRASIL

Objetivo: caracterizar a produção científica sobre a aplicação do processo de enfermagem (PE) emâmbito nacional. Método: revisão integrativa de literatura com buscas nas bases de dados LILACS,BDENF e PUBMED. A análise foi realizada em seis fases, sendo que os estudos selecionadosforam categorizados mediante aplicação de um roteiro de coleta de dados adaptado, estruturado emdez variáveis. Resultados: identificaram-se 447 artigos, sendo 95 selecionados a partir dos critériosde inclusão e exclusão predefinidos. Predominaram estudos no idioma português (96,8%), do tipoestudo de caso (25,2%), desenvolvidos na região Nordeste (42,1%), em nível de assistência terciária(70%), na especialidade saúde do adulto (32,8%), que mencionaram o uso de linguagenspadronizadas (93,7%), sendo o diagnóstico de enfermagem a etapa do PE mais prevalente.Observou-se, ainda, reduzida quantidade de estudos que discorreram sobre o PE informatizado(3,2%) e o método de estudo baseado em evidências (1,1%). Além disso, em 43,2% dos estudos nãofoi mencionado qualquer tipo de fundamentação teórica na aplicação do processo de enfermagem.Conclusão: identificou-se avanços e desafios na estruturação do PE em âmbito nacional, permitindoa aquisição de elementos pertinentes, de modo a contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento e oreconhecimento do PE como uma prática inerente à assistência de enfermagem.

Long-term effects of teamwork training on communication and teamwork climate in ambulatory reproductive health care.

We previously reported an association between team training in the ambulatory setting and improvements in team climate at 6 and 12 months, but it is unknown whether improvements persist at 2years. From 2014 to 2015, we enrolled 20 organizations, each operating a varying number of health centers, into a teamwork training initiative. We evaluated teamwork outcomes at baseline and 2years using a communication behaviors assessment, the TeamSTEPPS® Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire (T-TPQ), and the Patients' Insights and Views of Teamwork (PIVOT) survey. At 2years, use of TeamSTEPPS® tools and strategies remained increased compared to baseline at many health centers; results ranged from 32% of centers reporting increased use of pauses to identify the patient to 91% reporting increased use of standardized language. Staff T-TPQ responses indicated that TeamSTEPPS® implementation was associated with improved perceptions of teamwork in approximately half (49%) of statements at 2years. Significant improvements occurred in over half of PIVOT survey statements, and patient satisfaction was significantly greater at 2years compared to baseline. Patient and staff views of teamwork were significantly improved 2years after TeamSTEPPS® implementation in ambulatory reproductive health care centers, demonstrating positive long-term effects of teamwork training.

Machine Normalization

User-generated text in social media communication (SMC) is mainly characterized by non-standard form. It may contain code switching (CS) text, a widespread phenomenon in SMC, in addition to noisy elements used, especially in written conversations (use of abbreviations, symbols, emoticons) or misspelled words. All of these factors constitute a wall in front of text mining applications. Common text mining tools are dedicated to standard use of standard languages but cannot deal with other forms, especially written text in social media. To overcome these problems, in this work we present our solution for the normalization of non-standard use of standard and non-standard languages (dialects) in SMC text with the use of existent resources and tools. The main processing in our solution consists of CS normalization from multiple to one language by the use of a machine translation--like approach. This processing relies on a linguistic approach of CS, which aims at identifying automatically the translation source and target languages (without human intervention). The remaining processing operations concern the normalization of SMC special expressions and spelling correction of out-of-vocabulary words. To preserve the coded-switched sentence meaning across translation, we adopt a knowledge-based approach for word sense translation disambiguation reinforced with a multi-lingual vertical context. All of these processes are embedded in what we refer to as the machine normalization system. Our solution can be used as a front-end of text mining processing, enabling the analysis of SMC noisy text. The conducted experiments show that our system performs better than considered baselines.

Implementation of nutrition care process in nephrology practice: A mini review

The American academy of nutrition introduced the nutrition care process (NCP) in 2003. The introduction of nutrition care process has resulted in achievement of higher quality of care due to reduction in variance in nutrition care, better communication due to use of standardized language, help in outcome research.Although of immense benefit, its introduction and adaptation has been slow in India. Although of immense benefit, its introduction and adaptation has been slow in India. This article aims to introduce the concept of NCP and highlight the ways in which it has been implemented in other countries. It discusses the enablers and barriers to its implementation as seen in other countries and proposes a road map to its implementation in India. Going by the reviewed literature, the major steps which would facilitate the adaptation of NCP in India would be its endorsements by leading associations of nutritionists, its introduction in the syllabus of postgraduate studies of clinical nutrition in universities, the training of practicing nutritionists by regular workshops, and the introduction and integration of apps to carry out repetitive tasks in NCP implementations in patient care.

Research and Analysis on the Training of Standardization of Customer Service in Power Enterprises Based on the Background of Linguistics

Electric power enterprises are an important part of the national economy and a bridge connecting electric energy services with the public. Electric power enterprises provide high-quality electric power services for the majority of residents. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt standardized terms. Service standardization is a powerful guarantee for the service operation of electric power enterprises, improving the efficiency of service services of electric power enterprises, and improving public satisfaction. The use of standardized language in the process of customer service is an effective measure for enterprises to improve economic efficiency, and it is also an important means of internal standardization management. Therefore, enterprises attach great importance to standardization work and continuously improve the standardization management level of enterprises. It is very necessary to standardize the basis for promoting technological progress, improving product quality, service quality and engineering quality of enterprises, and is an effective means for enterprises to improve operational efficiency. An important tool for enterprises to achieve scientific management. The establishment of customer service standardization terms requires the specification of standardized terms in the context of linguistics to lay a good foundation for better customer service.

Accuracy of basic school teachers knowledge in the english terms materials of game better education

Students of the Elementary School have core competencies and basic competencies that must be achieved according to the 2013 curriculum contained in Minister of Education and Culture Regulation number 24 of 2016 concerning Core Competencies and Basic Competencies of Learning in the 2013 Curriculum on Basic Education and Secondary Education. In PERMENDIKBUD number 24 (2018) it is stated that curriculum objectives include four competencies, namely (1) spiritual attitude competency, (2) social attitude, (3) knowledge, and (4) skills. The competency is achieved through extracurricular, curricular and / or extracurricular learning processes. The importance of the correct use of terms in learning materials in schools is one of the important things where in the academic world the use of standard language is a must. In sports and health physical education material which on several occasions uses the term in English, remembering that sports culture originates from a global culture that uses the English term needs to be mastered appropriately by physical and physical education teachers. The questionnaire is used as a data collection tool that uses descriptive quantitative analysis and research data will be obtained from a questionnaire filled out by elementary school PJOK teacher participants in Bangkalan who attended the basic motion material socialization event carried out by the STKIP PGRI Bangkalan sports education study program. Data analysis techniques used by researchers in looking at the percentage of respondents from the questionnaire distributed. Based on the results of the research and discussion above it can be concluded that the understanding of the knowledge of the accuracy of the use of English terminology in the material of large ball games physical and sport education and the results of the analysis have shown that the accuracy of elementary school teachers in using the terminology in English to teach sports the body in elementary school the results are quite good.

Adolescents’ perceptions of social media writing: Has non-standard become the new standard?

AbstractThe present study examines adolescents’ attitudes and perceptions with respect to writing practices on social media. It reports the findings of a survey conducted among 168 Flemish high school students with various socio-demographic profiles. The survey examines linguistic attitudes and awareness of sociolinguistic patterns in computer-mediated communication, as well as relevant language skills. Moreover, the present paper uniquely combines the study of both adolescents’ perceptions and their production of informal online writing, as the participants’ responses to the survey are compared to their peers’ actual online writing practices.The respondents appear to have a fairly accurate intuition with respect to age and gender patterns in social media writing, but much less so with respect to education-related patterns. Furthermore, while typical chatspeak phenomena are easily identified as such, ordinary spelling mistakes often are not. Strikingly, the teenagers do not claim a high standard language proficiency, although they do state to care about standard language use in formal contexts. Finally, some significant differences were found between participants with distinct socio-demographic profiles, e. g. girls and highly educated teenagers appear to be more sensitive to the potential negative connotations of linguistic features and that sensitivity seems to increase with age.

A corpus Study on Narrative Texts in Turkish Language

This study aiming to determine the frequency of use of words in the narrative texts in which the best examples of standard language use are displayed ranks 268 stories compiled from the prominent names of Turkish story-writing. Frequency analyses were made on a corpus of approximately 450 thousand words and the frequency of use of words were tried to be listed according to their lexical categories. The words ranking at a certain percentage (about 2%-4%) were scored. It was observed that general words and grammatically functional words had higher frequencies, and the wordswere used with their antonyms. In terms of Turkish, categorization of words according to their positions in the sentence and their affixations, possible categorization of words in more than one lexical category, and variable meanings which homonyms gain in context were found as the most significant problems in frequency analysis and corpus formation.

The Use of Phonetically Reduced Modals in Present-day English: A Corpus-Based Analysis

This paper examines the usage frequency of phonetically reduced modals (i.e. gonna, wanna, gotta) in Present-day English. It is assumed that in distinct sociolinguistic and discourse contexts, the use of reduced modals is dynamic. To collect the data, there are two corpora used in this study, Corpus of Contemporary American English and Global Web-Based English as the representatives of Present-day English. The analysis focuses on usage frequency of phonetically reduced modals over period of time, in different regions, different medium of language use, and different text types. The frequencies were further interpreted based on sociolinguistics and text genre perspective to reveal the factors triggering the dynamic of use. The results of this study show the use of reduced modals is dramatically escalating in the last decades. According to regional observation, the use of reduced modals is more frequent in the United States than in other English-speaking countries. In relation to medium of language use, reduced modals are more commonly used in spoken language than in written language. As for text type, the usage frequency of reduced modal in fiction texts is the highest compared to academic texts and news texts. Academic texts seem to avoid these linguistic units since this sort of text must obey the use of standard language in which reduced forms are less standard and more colloquial. This phonetic reduction is plausible to occur since language system and language use apply economy principle. The use of phonetically reduced modals, however, varies in different context, varies in different context, influenced by colloquialization: the more colloquial the context is, the more frequent they are. In general, language use is phonetically simplified and sociolinguistically colloquialized.

Language Inequality and the Use of Standard Language

This paper deals with linguistic inequality and the use of standard language. Language inequality has a wide and multifaceted meaning with several interpretations. It should be noted that the habits of informal use of the language do not define all inequality because the same user in another circumstance may use the language standard and manage to indicate a certain degree of use of the language. From the research with students of Albanian language, it turns out that these students, starting from the first year of the studies, show the efforts, the ability and the skills of using the linguistic standard despite a linguistic conformism. Linguistic individuality highlights the linguistic inequality.
 Language inequality has linguistic or limited language deficits on written and speech discourse. Meanwhile, the text sublimates the individual skills of writing, brainstorming, text planning, linguistic coherence and cohesion, according to an elaborate linguistic code. Furthermore, we see that language inequality is relative, because everyone who writes or speaks, under certain conditions, has his / her linguistic competence and individuality. In my research on students` texts are noticed some elements dealing with linguistic inequality and use standard language.
 Key words: Language Competence, Standard Language, Language Inequality, Language Deficit, Restricted Code, Elaborated Code.

Language Conformity and the Use of Standard Albanian Language

The aim of this paper is to investigate the outcome of a relationship between conformation and the use of language standard among Albanian language students, who were also part of this research paper. Moreover, feedback on the contexts was provided by them. Spelling on word formation was evaluated for each text, as well as correct pronunciation within the terms. For each text is evaluated the spelling of word phrases, directing within reading terms and the interpretation of the text content. The research was conducted with 34 students, in order to produce some results related to conformation and the use of standard language. The outcome of the research brought emerge real sociolinguistic indications of the use of the standard. These parameters are: conformism, individualism, language inequality and language “competence”. The use of the standard language by the students in the written and spoken form shows that apart from linguistic conformity and the linguistic of each student, a student from a particular region speaks with different phonetic nuances of standard language (or prosodic) of that sphere and with nuances of personal individuality. Language as a sociolinguistic notion, is the adaptation of one’s individuality to the language of the social group he/she belongs to. The interconnection of and standardization of language is a current general issue of sociolinguistics. There is no complete conformism. The written standard is learned while linguistic conformism is measured by its learning and practising.

Uso de lenguaje estandarizado en prácticas formativas de enfermería. Pereira 2011-2015.

Objetivo: Caracterizar el uso del lenguaje estandarizado en el registro del Proceso de Enfermería a la población atendida durante las prácticas formativas en una Institución Universitaria de Pereira Colombia, durante los años 2011 a 2015. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo autorizado por el comité de Ética Institucional. Se ordenaron según frecuencia 30.020 diagnósticos enfermeros, registrados durante los años 2011 a 2015 en el sistema de información de prácticas formativas de enfermería. Se seleccionaron los diagnósticos más frecuentes, sus resultados esperados e intervenciones hasta completar el tamaño de muestra con un NC=95% y error de precisión=1%. La muestra correspondió a 7276 registros que incluyeron 15 diagnósticos presentes en 4731 personas atendidas. Variables: Características de la población atendida, tipo de práctica formativa y Proceso de Atención de Enfermería (PAE) con taxonomía NANDA-I, NOC y NIC. Resultados: Predomina la atención a la población femenina (57,4%), principalmente adultos (72%), régimen subsidiado (68%). Las prácticas se realizan principalmente en áreas clínicas (84%) de instituciones hospitalarias estatales (68%). Se priorizaron diagnósticos ‘reales´ (69,3%) relacionados con los dominios: ‘Seguridad/Protección´ (22,8%), ‘Eliminación/Intercambio´ (21,0%) y ‘Actividad/ Reposo´ (21,0%). NOC más frecuentes en dominios ´Salud fisiológica (63,0%) y ‘Salud funcional ‘(16,8%). NIC relevantes en campos de ‘Seguridad ‘(27,4%), ´Fisiológico complejo ‘(26,8%) y ‘Fisiológico básico ‘(24,5%). Conclusiones: Coherencia en la aplicación de las fases del PAE. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes correspondieron a problemas de salud clínicos, fisiológicos y funcionales. Se requiere fortalecer la formulación y registro de diagnósticos de ‘Percepción/cognición´ y resultados del dominio ‘Psicosocial´ que orienten intervenciones educativas en familias y comunidades.

Japanese language and the influences of computer-mediated communication: how people feel about their language use

This study investigates how Japanese young people feel about their language use, for example, its accuracy and appropriateness. Extensive exposure to Japanese mobile phone email (Keitai-mail) as computer-mediated communication (CMC) may differ in terms of standard language use and grammar. Therefore, this study investigates how CMC affects language use in young people. The results show that Japanese native speakers feel that the advanced part of the Japanese language, such as the polite form (Keigo) and/or kanji (Chinese characters), is difficult. They are also concerned that the dictionary installed on their mobile device will affect their language abilities in both positive and negative ways. Some participants try to read print works in an effort to uphold their literacy standard.

On the Use of Standard Albanian by Politicians

The key feature of standard language is its formation by planning in a conscious way, with a view to serve as a communication tool in the national or any other level, where no other form such as: dialect, sub-dialect, common speech or any other segment of linguistic variation could not meet the criteria. The use of language, whether spoken or written by state institutions, carries a special and indispensable importance, not only to state leaders, but also to the people. Indeed, leaders of a country should be a linguistic model, since inadvertently they are an integral part of citizens’ life in that country, and as such, they constantly appear in public opinion. Thus, in this paper we shall consider the use of standard language by politicians in various state institutions. All through our work, we have noticed that linguistic mistakes are numerous, however, we will touch upon the most common mistakes encountered in their speeches, particularly in the phonetic, morphological and lexical domains. Due descriptions and explanations shall be made when politicians’ language is carefully analysed, however it is noted that their language’s structure is not properly based on any form of standard language, since in most cases they use language in their own way or dialectal form. Through this approach, we have tried to distinguish between different parts of their language, as well as the distinctive features or common aspects of these paradigms that emerge during our work. Hence, this paper’s purpose is to properly understand the significance of using standard Albanian in state institutions and to what extent it is used by state leaders, since the use of standard [language] greatly influences the awareness of masses, consequently affecting its use both in writing and in speech.