Standard Internet Research Articles

Impact of Tactile Internet over Skill Set

Using 5G advances, ultra-low delay networking, AI and robotics, this paper brings out the emergences of innovative internet to deliver the skills digitally. We are discovering the technical challenges which are to be suppressed in order to achieve that vision that is to implement all the inventive ideas that are vision to be accomplishes in future days. This idea would unwrap all the techniques to develop a 5G tactile internet, AI and systematized haptic codecs. This paper concludes the general idea on the current potential and the uniform initiatives in 5G tactile internet standards.

GAGMS: a requirement-driven general address generation and management system

IPv6 address generation is closely related to the manageability, security, privacy protection, and traceability of the Internet. There are many kinds of IPv6 address generation and configuration methods in the area of Internet standards and research that may cause certain problems, including the mixed operation problem of multiple IPv6 address generation schemes, the synchronization problem of the change in IPv6 address, the efficiency problem of processing large-scale concurrent IPv6 address requests, and the general model problem for mapping IPv6 addresses to other requirement spaces as identifiers. In this paper, we consider generating and managing IPv6 addresses according to network requirements. After conducting a requirement analysis of most proposed address generation schemes, we propose a general address generation model and a general address management system, which are the cores of the general address generation and management system (GAGMS). This system solves the above problems under the premise of maintaining the diversity and flexibility of the existing IPv6 address generation and configuration methods and allows networks to utilize different address generation schemes according to different requirements in different scenarios. Finally, we design a prototype system and evaluate our GAGMS to demonstrate its effectiveness, manageability, and scalability, and we have conducted trial deployment in campus networks and are trying to standardize this work in IETF.

Improving the picture archiving and communication system: towards one-click clinical quantifying applications

The picture archiving and communication system (PACS) replaced the old film archiving mechanism that stored and moved the data produced by different image-acquisition devices within hospitals. Using the standard Internet transport protocol, PACS creators developed a robust digital signaling platform to optimise media use, availability and confidentiality. Currently, PACS is ubiquitous in medical facilities but lacks image-analytics capabilities. A myriad of initiatives have been launched in the hope of achieving this goal, but current solutions face issues with security and ease-of-use that have precluded their widespread adoption. Here, we present a PACS vehicle that enables the use of analytic tools in medical networks. The vehicle safeguards patient confidentiality, is user-friendly, has low intrusiveness and is easy to implement. The PACS vehicle has been thoroughly tested and, as a proof of concept, we disclose a hydrocephalus case where clinicians wanted to determine the volume of the lateral ventricles before and after placing a cerebro-spinal fluid diverting shunt. When the images were made available at a bit level using the developed vehicle, a fully automatic algorithm estimated the ventricular volumes from images before and after shunting. The image transferring took 15.74 s moving 12.54 MB of data. With a click of the mouse, the volume change was determined and incorporated in the report of the study. Three videos demonstrating the feasibility of the methods proposed here and the clinical significance of this solution are provided along with this paper.

Prevalence And Characteristics Of Us State-level Physical Activity And Public Health Planning

PURPOSE: The prevalence and attributable risk of disease due to physical inactivity requires it be made a public health priority. Public health planning allows for prioritization and resource allocation, particularly at the state and local level. The extent to which state planning efforts for physical activity exist in the US is unknown. METHODS: We developed and conducted a standardized internet search audit of each of 50 US states and the District of Columbia to determine the prevalence and characteristics of health planning documents that include physical activity. Data regarding prevalence and characteristics and degree of alignment with existing physical activity guidelines were abstracted for analyses. RESULTS: Overall, physical activity was part of 215 health planning documents in 50 states. These documents ranged from those addressing various chronic diseases in adults, physical education in children and/or adolescents, or specifically stand-alone physical activity physical activity plans (n=2). Only 9.8% of documents specifically mentioned older adults as a priority population. For children and adolescents, 28.5% of documents aligned correctly with current aerobic physical activity guidelines, 6.6% with current muscle strengthening guidelines and 5.3% with current bone-strengthening guidelines. For adults, 28.5% of health planning documents aligned with current aerobic activity guidelines and 11.6% aligned with muscle strengthening guidelines. Only 22 (11%) of state planning documents aligned entirely with the US National Physical Activity Plan sector-based approach to physical activity promotion. CONCLUSION: Efforts to improve state-level physical activity planning in the US are needed.

CLOUD COMPUTING-TECHNOLOGIES

Cloud computing is pictured as the next-generation technology. It is a web-based technology where quality services are provided to users including data and software, on remote servers. Cloud computing is just like as called Data outsourcing as an outsider gives storage services to the client. There is producing good result for the customers without costing a lot of money for equipment and programming for information storage. Cloud computing eliminates the need of having a complete infrastructure of software and hardware to meet clients requirements and applications. It can be thought of or considered as an entire or an incomplete outsourcing of hardware and software resources. To access cloud applications, a fast Internet connection and a standard Internet browser are required. It offers an on-demand and scalable access to a shared pool of resources hosted in a data Centre at providers’ site.

CU-MAC: A Duty-Cycle MAC Protocol for Internet of Things in Wireless Sensor Networks

Nowadays “Internet of Things” or IoT becomes the most popular technology in the Internet system. Types of devices and sensors have been connected as a network of devices and sensors. While a wireless sensor network is a traditional network of sensors that can be considered as a beginning point of IoT systems. Currently, these sensor data are not only exchanged within a local network but also are delivered to other devices in the Internet. Consequently, well-known organizations such as IEEE, IETF, ITU-T and ISO/IET are trying to set standards for wireless sensor devices in IoT systems. The recommended standard utilizes many of internet stack standards such as CoAP, UDP and IP. However, the traditional design of WSNs is to avoid using internet protocol in the system to reduce transmission overhead and power consumption due to resource limitation. Fortunately, the current technology in both hardware and software allow the internet standard to sufficiently operate in a small sensor. In this paper, we propose a MAC protocol named CU-MAC to efficiently support IoT standard that need request-respond communication or bi-direction communication. CU-MAC uses multi-channel communication to perform continuous and bi-directional data transfer at low duty-cycle. It also has a mechanism to overcome the hidden terminal problem. We evaluated the performance of CU-MAC on both simulation and real testbed based on Contiki OS. The result shows that CU-MAC outperforms other existing MAC protocols in term of packet delivery ratio at 98.7% and requires lower duty-cycle than others to operate in the high traffic environment.

Internet Addiction in Adolescents: A Review

Studies on internet addiction in adolescents published during the years 2014-2017 were found on PubMed and PsycInfo. Predictive factors for internet addiction included parent variables (internet use, depression, heritability), personality traits (self-esteem, self-regulation, perfectionism, empathy, conscientiousness), and psychological problems (attention deficit neuroticism, anxiety, depression). Internet addiction effects included physiological responses (blood pressure, evoked potentials, fMRIs, sleep problems and overweight), psychological problems (depression and suicidal ideation), inferior academic performance, difficult relationships (family and peers), and co-morbid addictions (smoking, alcohol, drug use, cell phone addiction, internet gaming and cyberbullying). The intervention studies found in this recent literature included restricted internet use, internet monitoring by parents and group therapy. Methodological limitations include the lack of a standard internet addiction classification and the reliance on self-report questionnaires that often do not include time spent online and online and offline behaviors as well as potential underlying mechanisms such as social anxiety. Further, most of the studies are cross-sectional, not longitudinal, so that the direction of effects cannot be determined.

Literature overview of Chinese research in the field of better coal utilization

Abstract Coal preparation is an indispensable stage in coal production, during which run-of-mine coal is transformed into products (clean coal) suitable for the market. By-products (coal gangue, coal slime, and middlings) are also produced during this process, which are complex mixtures containing small amounts of coal and many impurities (minerals). However, in recent years, against a background of rising energy demand and growing yield of by-products, the Chinese Government has successively promulgated a series of policies to encourage and support comprehensive utilization of coal by-products. As a result, the comprehensive utilization of coal by-products has attracted considerable research interest and resulted in the publication of many academic articles (mostly written in Chinese). However, few previous studies have addressed the problems and negative effects of comprehensive utilization of by-products. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive literature review and analysis of the comprehensive utilization of coal-preparation by-products in China. The key focus of the review is on revealing problems during processing and giving indications of potential solutions. In addition, the paper also gives recommendations for future work in the field. To this aim, this study reviews the body of knowledge on the topic, through a systematic review of the literature. After searching for publications in four databases (Elsevier, Springer Link, CNKI, and ACS) and a standard Internet search engine, 203 studies (published from 1982 to 2017) have been included in the review due to their relevance for the stated aims. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it interprets the comprehensive utilization of coal-preparation by-products from a new viewpoint. Despite its advantages, the comprehensive utilization of by-products is associated with negative impacts that cannot be ignored, so it is very important to consider environmentally benign methods of utilizing these by-products. The findings of the present study can provide valuable information for researchers interested in the field, and hopefully motivate and promote relevant research and policy-making in the near and long-term.

LastQuake: From rapid information to global seismic risk reduction

The European Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC), one of the top global earthquake information centers, has been empirically developing a multichannel rapid information system comprising websites, a Twitter quakebot, and a smartphone app for global earthquake eyewitnesses. At the intersection between seismology, citizen science, and digital communication, its aim is twofold: to offer timely, appropriate information in regions where an earthquake is felt and to collect high numbers of eyewitnesses’ direct and indirect observations about the degree of shaking being felt and possible damage incurred. This, in turn, will improve rapid situation awareness and augment data at a relatively low cost. Engagement with eyewitnesses is based on the rapid provision of tremor detection (between few tens of seconds to a couple of minutes from when the earthquake strikes) which is derived from the analysis of indirect information, i.e., digital footprints of Internet and social media searches by eyewitnesses eager to find out the cause of the tremor. This detection generally precedes detection by seismic networks. Eyewitness’ behavior is comparable to real-time seismic sensors when using EMSC websites or LastQuake smartphone app. The hit times on our websites and launch times of our app closely follow seismic wave propagation. Crowdsourced data (felt reports, geo-located pictures, and open comments) is then fed back into the ongoing information product improvement and situation awareness which, in turn, attracts more eyewitnesses through a viral spread, thus creating a positive feedback loop. The use of visual communication for felt report collection, where traditional online questionnaires have been replaced by cartoons depicting different degrees of shaking and damage levels, has proven to be fast and efficient on a global scale with, on average, half of the felt reports being collected within 10 min. Following requests by Nepalese users after the devastating 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake, the LastQuake app now includes timely geo-targeted safety checks to inform loved ones that one is safe and safety tips communicated using cartoons to describe behaviors to be encouraged or avoided after violent tremors. We argue that this simple and affordable system, based on standard Internet technologies and social media, can reduce anxiety by offering timely information and services to eyewitnesses and possibly contribute to immediate global seismic risk reduction by complementing well-established long-term strategies built around improving the seismic performance of the existing buildings by raising situation awareness and limiting potentially dangerous behaviors after violent ground shaking. Short abstractThe EMSC, one of the top global earthquake information centers, has been empirically developing a multichannel rapid information system comprising websites, a Twitter quakebot and a smartphone app for global earthquake eyewitnesses. At the intersection between seismology, citizen science, and digital communication, its aim is twofold: to offer timely, appropriate information in regions where an earthquake is felt and to collect high numbers of eyewitnesses’ direct and indirect observations to improve rapid situation awareness. Engagement with eyewitnesses is based on the rapid provision of tremor detection (between few tens of seconds to a couple of minutes) which is derived from the analysis of indirect information, i.e., Internet and social media searches by eyewitnesses eager to find out the cause of the tremor. Eyewitness’ behavior is comparable to real-time seismic sensors when using EMSC websites or LastQuake smartphone app. Crowdsourced data is then fed back into the ongoing information product improvement and situation awareness which, in turn, attracts more eyewitnesses through a viral spread. The use of visual communication for felt report collection has proven to be fast and efficient on a global scale with, on average, 50% of felt reports being collected within 10 min. The LastQuake app now includes timely geo-targeted safety checks and safety tips to describe behaviors to be encouraged or avoided after violent tremors. We argue that this simple,affordable system, based on Internet technologies and social media, can reduce anxiety by offering timely information to eyewitnesses and possibly contribute to immediate global seismic risk reduction.

The methods of big data fusion and semantic collision detection in Internet of Thing

We sometimes find ourselves with plenty of data fusion in Internet of Thing, which necessitates an automatic removing semantic collision. For this, it is necessary to detect semantic collision, with a fairly reliable method to find many semantic collision and powerful enough to run in a reasonable time. Big data fusion in Internet of Thing represents today an important data quality challenge which leads to bad decision-making. This paper proposes and compares on real data effective fusion matching methods for automatic removing semantic collision of files based on names, working with Chinese texts or English texts, and the names of people or places, in East or in the West. After conducting a more complete classification of big data fusion than the usual classifications, we introduce several methods for big data fusion. Through a simple model, we highlight a global efficiency, accuracy and recover. We propose a new measuring mechanism between records, as well as rules for automatic big data fusion. Analyses made on Internet of Thing containing real data in western cities, and on a known standard Internet of Thing containing names of companies in the China, have shown better results than those of known methods, with a lesser complexity.

Implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) Based on IPv6 over Wireless Sensor Networks

Background & Objective: The Internet of things (IoT) refers to the connection of smart electronics devices to the Internet which enables these devices to collect and exchange data. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are effectively connected in an ad-hoc manner which consists of collaborative sensing devices that have limited resources capabilities. The sensor nodes can work together to organize real-time monitoring, sensing, and collecting information about the various environments within the event area. Method: Connecting WSNs to the internet will allow new generations of WSN applications to appear. One of the main standards of Internet of Things (IoT) over WSN is IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) which has been designed to enable low-power wireless personal area network devices to integrate with IPv6 networks. This paper presents a 6LoWPAN test bed which has been conducted using MICAZ and TELOSB platforms. It implements TCP/IPv6 layers using Berkeley IP (BLIP) in TELOSB and MICAZ platforms. Conclusion: The finding in this paper opens up new Internet applications over WSNs. Keywords: Internet of Things, 6LoWPAN, WSNs, BLIP, electronic devices, sensor nodes.

Bump in the wire (BITW) security solution for a marine ROV remote control application

The work presented here describes a Bump-In-The-Wire (BITW) security solution for the provision of secure communications for a Marine ROV Control Application. The targeted marine application involves controlling a ‘Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)’ from a remote control station through standard Internet. A BITW solution is required as communication through the Internet is inherently insecure and open to signal modification or tampering. BITW technology is an implementation approach that places a security mechanism outside and independent of the system that is to be protected, in this case that is a ROV and its remotely located control station. Secure communications between the ROV and the remote control station is necessary to ensure that only authorised persons can issue control commands to the ROV and that no unauthorised individual can understand/sniff the communications between the ROV and control station. The proposed BITW security solution involves an efficient implementation of the AES cryptographic algorithm on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform. The extra delay introduced into the remote control application was well within the allowable time window of 50 ms. Other security mechanisms can also be implemented in the same way depending upon the availability of hardware resources.

A survey on routing protocols supported by the Contiki Internet of things operating system

Standardization and technology advancements have helped the realization of the Internet of things (IoT). The availability of low-cost IoT devices has also played a key role in furthering IoT research, development, and deployment. IoT operating systems (OSs) provide integration of software and hardware components. The availability of standard protocols, heterogeneous hardware support, ease of development, and simulation or emulation support are desirable features of IoT OSs. Contiki OS is one of the contenders for future IoT OSs. It was proposed in 2003, and since then, it has been continually under development and upgraded by professionals, academia, and researchers. Contiki OS supports open source, Internet standards, power awareness, dynamic module loading, and many hardware platforms. The diverse applications of IoT, including smart homes, smart health, smart cities, require efficient network connectivity and demand intelligent routing protocols that can handle heterogeneous, mobile, and diverse networks. Subsequently, designing routing protocols for memory- and central processing unit (CPU)-constrained IoT devices is a very challenging task. Therefore, this paper surveys the state-of-the-art routing protocols of Contiki OS. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to classify the Contiki OS routing protocol literature and list the potential challenges and future work.

A Comprehensive IoT Attacks Survey based on a Building-blocked Reference Model

Internet of Things (IoT) has not yet reached a distinctive definition. A generic understanding of IoT is that it offers numerous services in many domains, utilizing conventional internet infrastructure by enabling different communication patterns such as human-to-object, object-to-objects, and object-to-object. Integrating IoT objects into the standard Internet, however, has unlocked several security challenges, as most internet technologies and connectivity protocols have been specifically designed for unconstrained objects. Moreover, IoT objects have their own limitations in terms of computation power, memory and bandwidth. IoT vision, therefore, has suffered from unprecedented attacks targeting not only individuals but also enterprises, some examples of these attacks are loss of privacy, organized crime, mental suffering, and the probability of jeopardizing human lives. Hence, providing a comprehensive classification of IoT attacks and their available countermeasures is an indispensable requirement. In this paper, we propose a novel four-layered IoT reference model based on building blocks strategy, in which we develop a comprehensive IoT attack model composed of four key phases. First, we have proposed IoT asset-based attack surface, which consists of four main components: 1) physical objects, 2) protocols covering whole IoT stack, 3) data, and 4) software. Second, we describe a set of IoT security goals. Third, we identify IoT attack taxonomy for each asset. Finally, we show the relationship between each attack and its violated security goals, and identify a set of countermeasures to protect each asset as well. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that attempts to provide a comprehensive IoT attacks model based on a building-blocked reference model.

Standardizing by Running Code: The Signal Protocol and De Facto Standardization in End-to-End Encrypted Messaging

In the wake of the Snowden revelations, encryption of communications at a large scale and in a ‘usable’ manner has become a matter of public concern. This turning of encryption into a ‘political’ issue, coupled with seminal secure messaging protocols such as PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) and OTR (Off-the-Record Messaging) starting to show their age in terms of security and usability, has led to renewed efforts by the cryptography community (in particular by academic and free software colectives) to create next-generation secure messaging protocols. One of the leading motivations behind this effort consisted to facilitate key exchange and key verification process, previously identified as the main obstacles to the mass adoption of encryption (Whitten & Tygar, 1999). The most advanced and popular of these next generation protocols is currently the Signal Protocol (formerly Axolotl, firstly introduced in Signal and adopted or forked by other instant messaging applications, ranging from WhatsApp and Wire to Matrix and Conversations). While the Signal protocol is widely adopted and considered as an improvement over both OTR and PGP, it remains officially unstandardized, even though there is an informal draft elaborated towards that goal by the protocol’s creators, Trevor Perrin and Moxie Marlinspike. This paper analyses the reasons behind this absence of official standardization and explores how and why, in parallel, a de facto standardization process is happening in the field of end-to-end encrypted messaging that mostly revolves around the development and adoption of the Signal protocol. Drawing from an ongoing three-year investigation, from an STS perspective, of end-to-end encrypted messaging, we seek to unveil the ‘subtle’ processes that make the Signal protocol a quasi-standard. In its conclusions, the paper seeks to comment on the governance implications of this quasi-standardization process, both for the end-to-end encrypted messaging field and for the main existing Internet governance standardization bodies, such as the IETF.

Real‐Time Video Latency Measurement between a Robot and Its Remote Control Station: Causes and Mitigation

This work presents a detailed study, characterization, and measurement of video latency in a real‐time video streaming application. The target application consists of an automatic control system in the form of a control station and the mini Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) equipped with a camera, which is controllable over local area network (LAN) and the Internet. Control signal transmission and feedback measurements to the operator usually impose real‐time constraints on the network channel. Similarly, the video stream, which is required for the normal system control and maneuvering, imposes further strict requirements on the network in terms of bandwidth and latency. Based on these requirements, controlling the system in real time through a standard Internet connection is a challenging task. The measurement of important network parameters like availability, bandwidth, and latency has become mandatory for remotely controlling the system in real time. It is necessary to establish a methodology for the measurement of video and network latency to improve the real‐time controllability and safety of the system as such measurement is not possible using existing solutions due to the following reasons: insufficient accuracy, relying on the Internet resources such as generic Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers, inability to obtain one‐way delay measurement, and many solutions only having support for web cameras. Here, an efficient, reliable, and cost‐effective methodology for the measurement of latency of a video stream over a LAN and the Internet is proposed. A dedicated stratum‐1 NTP server is used and the necessary software needed for acquiring and measuring the latency of a video stream from a generic IP camera as well as integration into the existing ROV control software was developed. Here, by using the software and dedicated clock synchronization equipment (NTP server), it was found that normal video latencies in a LAN were in the range of 488ms – 850ms, while latencies over the Internet were measured to be in the range of 558ms – 1211ms. It is important to note that the values were obtained by using a generic (off‐the‐shelf) IP camera and they represent the actual latencies which might be experienced during control over long range and across international territory borders.

An Investigation on Internet of Things Technology (IoT) In Smart Houses

Existing scientific developments have enabled new technological approaches to emerge. 'Internet of Objects' (IoT) technology is one of these approaches. Using the standard internet protocol, this technology can transfer wirelessly the data obtained by digitizing the data of the object or the domain of the adapter that it is adapting to the server. Digitized data; can be humidity, noise, temperature, pressure, of an environment etc., as well as the number of uses of any device, energy consumption, damage analysis, physical condition or security management. A server or interconnected objects can be controlled remotely by the user via the Internet. In this regard, IoT technology offers significant opportunities for use in living spaces. The emergence of applications such as 'Smart Connected Homes' can be expressed in this context. In the literature review, it is seen that there are many academic studies about the use of IoT technology in smart houses. In the literature review, it is seen that there are many academic studies about the use of IoT technology in smart houses. In these researches, IoT technology is used in smart houses; Security, privacy, personalization and physical environment control. This study aims to examine the academic studies on the use of IoT in smart homes through a systematic literature review from the beginning of the 2000s. Scanned work is classified according to their content and keywords and analyzed in detail within the scope of examining IoT technology. With this study, it is also aimed to draw attention to the untouched points by foreseeing future use of IoT in intelligent houses.

Internet Addiction: Impact on Academic Performance of Premedical Post-Baccalaureate Students

The study identified Internet addicts in a population of post-baccalaureate students (n = 153) enrolled in a USA-based medical school preparatory program, using a standard Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Independent sample t tests, chi-square tests, and multiple regression analyses were used to compare outcomes and measure the contributions made by different predictors toward different outcomes. Of the total number of subjects, 17% met the criteria for Internet addicts. Students’ age and time spent on the Internet per day were significant predictors underlying their addictive Internet usage. Internet addiction and students’ academic performance also exhibited a significant negative association. A preliminary positive association between Internet addiction and students’ self-reported depression was noted.

Extending the model of internet standards adoption: A cross-country comparison of IPv6 adoption

Internet standards are very important for the effective operation of organizations. This study extends on the model of Internet standards adoption by examining the effect of organizational factors on adoption of Internet standards across different cultures. We propose attitude, top management support, and participation as important organizational factors influencing Internet standards adoption. Surveys were conducted in Australia and China, and the results show that organizational factors indeed play an important role in Internet standards adoption. Moreover, the effects of organizational factors are significantly different between the two countries. Discussion and implications of these findings are provided to conclude this study.

ZigBee WSN Applied in Intelligent Monitoring Systems of Agricultural Environment

China is a great agricultural country, which has huge total land resources, yet very little per capita, and meets the food requirements of numerous people about 7% of the world's land. How to increase product yield, improve production efficiency, and combine the dual effect of environment and economy based on the limited resources, is one of the significant problems to urgently need to be addressed at present. This paper first introduces the architecture standard of agricultural Internet of things (IOT), then expounds the basic situation of ZigBee and wireless sensor network (WSN), and finally analyzes the demand for intelligent monitoring system of agricultural environment (IMSAE), from the perspective of the overall design, preliminarily designs an IMSAE using ZigBee WSN.