Standard Industrial Classification Research Articles

Elintarviketuotannon ja elintarvikemarkkinoiden riippuvuus tuonnista

Suomessa tuotetaan monia keskeisiä maatalousraaka-aineita - viljaa, lihaa, maitoa, munia, vihanneksia ja marjoja. Kun Suomessa sijaitseva elintarviketeollisuus jalostaa nämä raaka-aineet elintarvikkeiksi, on kyse ns. Suomessa tuotetusta eli kotimaisesta ruoasta. Elintarvikkeiden tuotantoketjuun sisältyvien tuontipanoksien huomioon ottaminen muuttaa elintarviketuotannon kotimaisuuden kotimaisuusasteeksi tai tuonnin näkökulmasta tuontiasteeksi. Elintarviketuotannon ja elintarvikemarkkinoiden tuontiasteesta ei ole ollut aiemmin käytettävissä yksiselitteistä tutkimustietoa. Tutkimuksessa johdetaan elintarviketuotannon tuontipanosasteen ja elintarvikemarkkinoiden tuontiasteiden mittaustavat panos-tuotosmenetelmän avulla. Kotimaisen elintarviketuotannon tuontipanosasteen ja elintarvikemarkkinoiden tuontiasteen laskemisen tuloksia voidaan käyttää esimerkiksi huoltovarmuuden turvaamisen määrittelyyn. Myös normaalitilanteissa tuontiasteet ovat keskeisiä käsitteitä ja mittareita arvioitaessa elintarviketuonnin ja panostuonnin korvattavuutta kotimaisilla tuotteilla. Elintarvikeketjun toimialojen tuontipanosasteen selvittämisessä tutkimusmenetelmänä käytetään panos-tuotosmenetelmän tuotosmallia, jonka avulla selvitetään toimialojen tuotoksien olemassa olevilla riippuvuussuhteilla elintarviketuotannon alojen välilliset tuontipanosten määrät vuosina 2003–2008. Hankkeen toteutuksessa hyödynnetään Tilastokeskuksen (TK) koko maan panos-tuotosaineistoja, Tullin ulkomaankauppatilastoja sekä aiemmin tehtyjä selvityksiä elintarvikesektorin huoltovarmuudesta. Käytetyssä koko maan panos-tuotosaineistossa maataloutta analysoidaan neljän ja elintarviketeollisuutta yhdeksän toimialan tarkkuudella. Kun tarkasteluun otetaan huomioon myös valmiiden elintarvikkeiden tuonti, voidaan määrittää, mikä on elintarvikemarkkinoiden kokonaistuontiaste. Tulokset voidaan esittää vuosittain. Artikkelissa esitellään alustavia tuloksia vuosilta 2003–2007. Elintarvikealojen tuontipanosaste vaihteli Kasvi- ja eläinrasvojen jalostuksen noin 47 prosentista Maatalouden 12 prosenttiin vuonna 2007. Alkutuotannon ja palvelualojen tuontipanosasteet Muuta kotieläintaloutta lukuun ottamatta olivat alle kaikkien toimialojen tuontipanosasteen keskiarvon (24,6 %) sen sijaan elintarvikejalostuksen toimialat ylittivät keskiarvon Lihanjalostusta ja Meijerituotteita lukuun ottamatta. Elintarvikealojen tuontipanosasteiden nousua selitti pääsääntöisesti se, että niiden tuonnin arvot kasvoivat enemmän kuin tuotoksen arvot.

Identifying Peer Firms: Evidence from Edgar Search Traffic

Applying a “co-search” algorithm to Internet traffic at the SEC's EDGAR web-site, we develop a novel method for identifying economically-related peer firms and for measuring their relative importance. Our results show that firms appearing in chronologically adjacent searches by the same individual (Search-Based Peers or SBPs) are fundamentally similar on multiple dimensions. In direct tests, SBPs dominate GICS6 industry peers in explaining cross-sectional variations in base firms' out-of-sample: (a) stock returns, (b) valuation multiples, (c) growth rates, (d) R&D expenditures, (e) leverage, and (f) profitability ratios. We show that SBPs are not constrained by standard industry classification, and are more dynamic, pliable, and concentrated. We also show that co-search intensity captures the degree of similarity between firms. Our results highlight the potential of the collective wisdom of investors ― extracted from co-search patterns ― in addressing long-standing benchmarking problems in finance.

A Framework for the Construction of Ontology for ICT Experts

Systems that help to find answers to suitable experts have received the attention of many researchers. Pioneer researchers on the development of search system for experts emphasized the importance of a search system that required returning a list prioritizing the names of individuals. Among the issues raised related to locating experts are, the critical problem of maintaining up-to-date information in the expert database and the inadequacy in expert finding systems in returning search results that are expected to account for not only the list of the names of the experts, but any information related to the experts and those involved with them. In the last decade, researchers have examined the search for experts from various research perspectives such as expert tracking system and construction of expert profiles involving ontology. This paper aims to describe a new approach in designing a framework for the construction of ontology that will be used in the directory of ICT experts. The researchers propose to incorporate thesaurus in their construction of ontology on ICT experts by providing a profile of the experts including their social profile and whatever concerns that may be associated with the expert. The researchers constructed the ontology on ICT experts by extracting information from sources such as their resumes and personal web sites to obtain the index glossary of words that characterized experts to be used in the directory of experts system. In this study, the standards contained in the Performance Evaluation System of the National University of Malaysia are used to extract information on the academicians in the Faculty of Information Science and Technology. The researchers employed the index glossary, metadata of experts and integrate appropriate taxonomy, thesaurus and classification schemes; such as Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) taxonomy, web classification schemes such as Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) to enrich the ontology of ICT expertise. The proposed framework aims at helping users find information on the expert they require and at the same time obtain other information related to the experts from various perspectives encompassing research, consultancy, links with research partners, other interest related to a particular field and other resources. With a semantically driven directory of ICT experts, matters related to ICT can be referred to the right experts. The framework will be validated by developing the directory of ICT experts prototype and by involving domain experts to evaluate the content of the ontology constructed. In addition, the researchers will evaluate the search results of users who will use the prototype to search for ICT experts.

An Assessment of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises that Underwent UP ISSI's Integrated Plant Surveys for the Periode 2006 to 2011

This paper makes an assessment of the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) that volunteered to become part of the integrated plant surveys (IPS's) that were conducted by the participants of the Managers Course, the flagship program of the University of the Philippines Institute for Small-Scale Industries. The legal definition of MSMEs in the Philippines and the Philippine Standard Industrial Classification provide the framework in profiling the firms that underwent UP ISSI's management audits. Problems faced by these firms under each function area of management (marketing, production, organization and finance) are identified. On the other hand, some of the best practices and coping mechanisms in overcoming the major constraints in the development of MSMEs such as access to finance, technology and skills, information gaps and difficulties with product quality and marketing are also presented. Finally, after presenting the problems encountered by the firms, this paper formulates general recommendations for the government, UP ISSI and the MSMEs being studied.

Getting Patents and Economic Data to Speak to Each Other: An 'Algorithmic Links with Probabilities' Approach for Joint Analyses of Patenting and Economic Activity

International technological diffusion is a key determinant of cross-country differences in economic performance. While patents can be a useful proxy for innovation and technological change and diffusion, fully exploiting patent data for such economic analyses requires patents to be tied to measures of economic activity. In this paper, we describe and explore a new algorithmic approach to constructing concordances between the International Patent Classification (IPC) system that organizes patents by technical features and industry classification systems that organize economic data, such as the standard International Trade Classification (SITC), the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) and the Harmonized System (HS). This ‘Algorithmic Links with Probabilities’ (ALP) approach incorporates text analysis software and keyword extraction programs and applies them to a comprehensive patent dataset. We compare the results of several ALP concordances to existing technology concordances. Based on these comparisons, we select a preferred ALP approach and discuss advantages of this approach relative to conventional approaches. We conclude with a discussion on some of the possible applications of the concordance and provide a sample analysis that uses our preferred ALP concordance to analyze international patent flows based on trade patterns.

The role of industry classification in estimating discretionary accruals

This study compares the properties of the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) with three alternatives: Standard Industrial Classification, North American Industry Classification System, and Fama–French classification. First, we demonstrate that GICS results in more reliable industry groupings for financial analysis and research; in particular, we find that estimations of performance-adjusted discretionary accruals (PADA) based on GICS significantly outperform estimates derived using each of the three alternative classifications systems in capturing discretionary accruals. Second, we show that the difference between GICS and the other systems can provide significantly different results, and hence different inferences, in empirical studies that rely on industry classification. Specifically, we revisit findings by Teoh et al. (J Financ 53[6]:1935–1970, 1998a) and assess the conclusion that initial public offering (IPO) issuers with high abnormal accruals during the IPO year experience subsequent poorer long-term stock performance than issuers with low discretionary accruals do. We find that this result disappears when PADA estimates are based on GICS. Our results call for serious consideration of using GICS classifications in research, either in the primary analysis or as a necessary corroboration.

The importance of industry classification in estimating concentration ratios

We compare different industry concentration ratios based on the Standard Industry Classification (SIC) system to ratios based on the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) system and demonstrate through the analysis of industry markups that GICS-based measures are better proxies for the actual industry concentration than SIC-based measures.

Foreign direct investment spillovers and technical efficiency in the Indonesian pharmaceutical sector: firm level evidence

The spillovers of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on domestic firms’ performances have been highly debated for many years. This article contributes to this debate by analysing spillovers effects on technical efficiency of Indonesian pharmaceutical sector using a unique unbalanced panel of highly disaggregated (at five-digit International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)) 210 firms over the period 1990–1995 (1001 observations). The Stochastic Production Frontier (SPF) and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based on Malmquist Productivity Indices (MPI) have been used to test the spillovers effects of FDI on technical efficiency. The empirical results from the SPF show that foreign firms are more efficient than domestic competitors, and the presence of the former increases the inefficiency of the latter. Similarly the results from the MPI demonstrate that FDI has a negative and significant impact on technical efficiency changes in domestic competitors, but generate positive spillovers to domestic suppliers.

Explaining Corporate Capital Structure: Product Markets, Leases, and Asset Similarity*

Better measurement of the output produced and capital employed by firms substantially improves the ability to explain capital structure variation in the cross section. For every firm, we construct the set of other firms producing the same output using the set of product market competitors listed in the firm’s public Securities and Exchange Commission filings. In addition, we improve measurement of capital structure by explicitly accounting for leased capital. These two steps increase the explanatory power of the average capital structure of other firms producing similar output on a firm’s capital structure by 50% compared to using only the average unadjusted debt ratio of other firms in the same three-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code. We provide evidence that the large explanatory power of the capital structure of other firms producing similar output is related to the assets used in the production process. Our findings suggest that what a firm produces and the assets used in production are the most important determinants of capital structure in the cross section.

한국표준산업분류에 기초한 공간정보산업의 분류에 관한 연구

공간정보산업의 범위가 모호하여 산업규모와 국민경제에서 차지하는 가치를 조사하기가 힘들었다. 본 연구에서는 한국표준산업분류에 기초하여 공간정보산업 범위와 종류를 명확히 할 수 있는 분류안을 제안하였다. 분류안은 공간정보의 가치사슬에 대응하는 각산업 영역의 역한과 특정을 고려하고 기존 표준산업분류체계를 기초로 하였기 때문에 타 산업분야와 연계성이 높은 공간정보산업의 특정을 반영하고 있다. 향후 본 연구에서 제안한 분류안을 활용하여 공간정보산업 정책을 수립하기 위한 산업 통계정보를 체계적으로 구축할 수 있을 것이다. It is challenging to survey the size and economical value of geospatial industry, because of the vagueness of the industry range. This study suggested a proposed method for the classification of geospatial industry based on Korea Standard Industry Classification, Th proposed method for the classification considered the value added chain of geospatial industry and Korean Standard Industry Classification, Theses considerations reflected characteristics of geospatial industry, Industrial statistics of geospatial industry are expected to be surveyed based on the classification proposed by this study,

Design and implementation of an integrated Taguchi method for continuous assessment and improvement of manufacturing systems

The aim of this paper is to propose an integrated modeling framework that would help manufacturing managers for assessment, ranking, and analysis of the manufacturing systems. The proposed framework is based on Taguchi method that ranks and analyzes the manufacturing sectors by consolidating a set of management and organization productivity indicators. Sixty-one indicators were identified and classified in five categories, namely (1) financial, (2) customer satisfaction, (3) process innovation, (4) production process, and (5) organizational learning and growth. The mentioned indicators are related to organizational and managerial productivity and efficiency. Next, a test problem and a random sample of 12 indicators have been carried out for the two-digit International Standard Industrial Classification sectors of manufacturing systems. Principal component analysis (PCA), numerical taxonomy, and clustering analysis approach have been used to demonstrate and validate the results of the integrated Taguchi method. Also, Spearman and Kendall tau correlation experiments should show high level of correlation between the findings of Taguchi, PCA, and taxonomy. In addition, normality test has been applied to show the superiority of integrated method over previous approaches. The proposed method has been provided with respect to management and organizational performance indicators to decide the best actions for continuous improvement. The results indicated that the structure and modeling approach of this paper could be easily utilized for managerial and organizational ranking and analysis of other sectors.

P1-438 The urothelial carcinoma risks of radiation, smoking and occupational exposures: a case-cohort study with stratified sampling among a-bomb survivors

IntroductionPrimary risk factors for urothelial carcinomas (UC) include smoking, occupational exposures to aromatic amines (AA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Radiation risk estimates of the A-bomb survivors indicate the bladder...

Proposing a decision-making model using analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy expert system for prioritizing industries in installation of combined heat and power systems

Restructuring electric power and increasing energy cost encourage large energy consumers to utilize combined heat and power (CHP) systems. In addition to these two factors, the gradual exclusion of subsidies is the third factor intensifying the utilization of CHP systems in Iran. In this paper, a hybrid decision making model has been proposed for prioritizing Iranian industries to install CHP systems. Integrated analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy expert system (FES) has been applied. Weighted amount of each decision criterion which calculated by AHP affects the fuzzy membership function in FES model. In this model, 23 Iranian industries (based on international standard industrial classification) are ranked using the combination of AHP and FES considering weighted criteria and actual data. The results demonstrate that the priority of chemical, non-metallic minerals, refined petroleum, food products and beverages, basic metals, paper and paper products, and textile industries, for installation of CHP is more than other industries. The similarity of these results with the share of different industries in installed CHP in developed countries indicates the validity of the proposed decision-making model. This model can be applied for solving similar decision-making problems.

A value chain statistical definition of construction and the performance of the sector

Existing statistical analyses often fail to capture the true scope of the economic impact of the construction sector. They account for the construction of buildings, civil engineering, and construction specialized activities, as defined by Section F of the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities (or NACE) used in the European Community, but overlook related activities such as the manufacture of construction products and architectural and engineering services. This shortcoming is addressed and a wider definition of the construction sector is proposed that encompasses the whole value chain of the industry. Going beyond the ‘core’ construction sector section (Section F), activities from other NACE sectors that fully or principally depend upon or are functional to core construction activities are considered. These ‘non-core’ classes relate to ‘pre-production’ activities, such as the provision of intermediate goods and services; various ‘support’ activities and ‘post-production’ functions such as maintenance and management services. Equivalent broad definitions of the construction sector based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) are also developed to allow for optimum comparisons across countries and over time. Using detailed data from Finland and the Community Innovation Survey 4 (CIS4), core and non-core activities are characterized and quantified. Evidence suggests that indicators measuring the composition, structure, value added, skills, and R&D input and output of the construction sector change substantially when a broader definition of the sector is applied. Policies targeting the ‘wide’ construction sector, and exploiting the innovation, growth and productivity leverage potential of non-core activities are thus advocated.

Methodological Developments to the UK Environmental Accounts

This article introduces the methodological developments to be implemented with the publication of the UK Environmental Accounts on 29 June 2011, primarily the implementation of Standard Industrial Classification 2007 (SIC2007) and the continuing review of road transport methodology for the energy consumption and air emissions statistics. The article also previews other developments planned for the next 2–3 years.

EPSRC/RSC joint report 'The economic benefits of chemistry research for the UK'.

I. Introduction A study, produced by Oxford Economics (1), was commissioned by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) to 'examine the many channels which chemistry research contributes to the UK economy and to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of just how much it benefits the UK'. The outcome of this study was published in September 2010 in a 136-page report (plus appendices) entitled 'The economic benefits of chemistry research to the UK'. This Commentary offers a summary of the findings of the Report and also notes subsequent reports in the media on the benefits of scientific research in general to the UK economy. The Report in full is available online (2). 2. Definitions and methodologies The Report utilised different methodologies for estimating the impact of 'upstream' and 'downstream' chemical industries. 'Upstream' is defined as the manufacture of chemicals and derived products according to the standard government industrial classification (SIC) (3) (details of the industries coming within this classification are given below). The importance of chemistry research to these industries was gauged from a series of structured interviews with businesses operating within the sector, academia and specialist research centres. Its economic impact was based on analysis of input-output data from the Office of National Statistics (ONS); it comprises direct, indirect and induced impacts which in total make up the supply chain of the upstream chemicals industry. The 'downstream' chemicals industry was defined as 15 major chemicals-using industries, namely: aerospace, automotive, construction and materials, energy, electronics, extraction and refining of petroleum products, farming, food and drink, forestry and paper, health, home and personal care, packaging, textiles, water. Analysis of the impact of these diverse industries required a 3-step process: (1) Use UK input-output tables to analyse which industries purchased the most from the upstream sector, and other chemicals-using sectors. This led to identification of the 15 sectors detailed above. The unadjusted economic input of these sectors was the total GDP and employment within these sectors. (2) Adjust the GDP and employment totals on the basis of how important chemistry research is in enabling the sector to operate; this involved using information from the UK input-output tables together with structured discussion with relevant parties to produce a weighting for each sector, leading to a corresponding chemistry-related GDP and employment figure for that individual sector. (3) The totalling of the figures for the individual sectors led to the integrated direct impact of the downstream industry on the UK economy. (The final figure excludes contributions from indirect and induced activity to prevent double counting). The approach can be summarised thus: [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] 3. Report structure The Report comprises five chapters and an Annex, and is prefaced by a Foreword and Executive Summary. Chapter I introduces the Report. Chapter 2 quantifies the economic benefits of the chemistry-dependent upstream sector. Chapter 3 considers the role of chemistry research in the downstream chemistry-using industries and quantifies the extent to which their economic contribution depends on chemistry research. Chapter 4 outlines the wider impact chemistry research can have on the UK. Chapter 5 presents detailed downstream results, illustrating from case studies the facilitating role of chemistry research in the key 15 chemistry-using industries noted above. Chapter 6 is the Annex, which describes, in a series of annexes: the study methodology; examples of current collaborative industry-university projects; a set of 'highly-ranked' chemistry institutions; examples of key research centres; labour skills and productivity in the upstream chemistry sector; trade and the upstream chemistry industry; the economic significance of RD sector calculation tables (GDP and employment-weighted and unweighted. …

Pricing to pass‐through under volatile exchange rate scenario in the US manufacturing

A plethora of studies suggests the pricing decisions depend on product substitutability, costs, market structures, and the magnitude of exchange rate uncertainty in the international setting. Taking a departure from existing literature, this paper examines the average degree of exchange rate pass‐through to the prices of export product under low to high exchange rate volatility. A panel data estimation method is performed using the annual US export data to 69 export destinations across 111 four‐digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industries. An average zero or insignificant pass‐through estimate for all industries in the high exchange‐rate‐fluctuation sub‐sample confirms the hypothesis. In this period of high exchange risk, the possible high hedging engagements disconnect the relationship between exchange rate movements and export pricing.

Changes to the picture of the UK economy - impact of the new SIC 2007 industry classification

The new Standard Industrial Classification (SIC 2007) which is currently being implemented in the UK, and across Europe as NACE Rev21, has resulted in some major classification changes. Some key business surveys are now being collected and reported on the basis of the new SIC 2007 classification, including Workforce Jobs (WFJ) and the Annual Business Inquiry (ABI). This article uses these outputs to give a first quantitative picture for key economic measures to examine the impact of the classification changes across the UK economy.

Industrial development and the trade-off to environment: measurement techniques, meanings and outcomes in the context of water poverty in Egypt

Industrialisation is one of the main pillars of economic development but it is usually associated with significantly negative impacts on the environment. Environmental damage impedes development efforts; destroys resources; especially water; and redirects government objectives towards reducing pollutants emission. This study aims to estimate the pollution load for the industrial sectors in Egypt using industrial pollution projection system (IPPS), with respect to employment. These projections are based on the four-digit levels in the international standard industrial classification (ISIC). The purpose of such estimation is to provide an assessment to quantify the effects of the industrial pollution in Egypt, to guide the regulatory framework with information to prioritise its monitoring efforts, and more efficient managing of resources. It also addresses the potential consequences of industrial pollution on water poverty.

ANALISIS PERDAGANGAN INTRA INDUSTRI SEKTOR MANUFAKTUR: STUDI KASUS ASEAN-5

Research analyzes the Intra industry Trade in Manufacture Sector between Indonesia and other countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Philippines. It also analyzes the relationship of industrial sectors in the economic field, especially among countries at ASEAN-5. The intra industry trade is measured based on Grubel-Lloyd Index with the aggregation rate of three digits in the ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification). Panel data analysis tool is employed to analyze the factors influencing intra industry trade. Result of research indicates that the intensity of the intra industry trade between Indonesia and ASEAN-4 is relatively higher and consistent with that during 1998-2007. The dominant product in the intra industry trade is iron and steel metals. Market structure, product differentiation, and foreign investment, positively and significantly, influence the intra industry trade between Indonesia and ASEAN-4 countries. Machinery, equipment, and electric tool industry is the highest-rank sector based on its forward linkage coefficient. The machinery, equipment, and electric tool industry sector is important to support the growth of other sectors. With respect to the direct backward linkage coefficient, the sector with highest coefficient is the base industry of iron and steel. It shows that base industry of iron and steel sector gives enough great contribution to other sector.