Standard Expected Years Of Life Lost Per Living Person Research Articles

Changes in mortality and years of life lost due to lung cancer in Poland, 2000\u20132016

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to evaluate trends of mortality and the number of years of life lost due to lung cancer in Poland, in the period 2000–2016.MethodsThe study material was 375,151 death certificates of all inhabitants of Poland who died in the period 2000–2016 due to lung cancer. In order to calculate the number of years of life lost, the authors used indices: SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person), SEYLLd (per deaths), APC (Annual Percentage Change) and AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change).ResultsThe standardized death rate (SDR) due to lung cancer decreased in the analyzed period from 74.5 to 68.3 per 100,000 population (AAPC = −0.6%). The most rapid decrease was noted in the years 2008–2011 (APC = –2.2%). With regards to males, SDR decreased from 148.8 to 114.5 (AAPC = –1.7%), whereas in females, it increased from 25.7 to 37.6 (AAPC = 2.3%). The SEYLLp index, calculated per 100,000 inhabitants, increased from 1189.9 in the year 2000 to 1250.5 in the year 2016. The trend and pace of changes fluctuated. In 2000–2008, the SEYLLp index was increasing at a pace of 0.7%. This growth was followed by a decrease at a pace of −1.2%, noted in 2008–2011. After the year 2011, the indices started to grow at an annual pace of 0.4%. AAPC in the whole study period was 0.3%. Increased mortality in females was responsible for the increase in the number of lost years of life. SEYLLp values in this sex group increased from 464.8 in the year 2000 to 774.7 in the year 2016 (APC = 3.3%).With regards to males, SEYLLp values, calculated for 100,000 male population, decreased in the analyzed period from 1961.1 to 1758.3.ConclusionsLung cancer still poses a serious epidemiological problem in Poland and the number of years of life lost due to this cause reflects social and economic implications of premature lung cancer-related mortality. There is a great need to educate, particularly women, and show effective ways of quitting smoking.

Trends of mortality due to breast cancer in Poland, 2000\u20132016

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and the number of lost years of life due to breast cancer in the female population in the years 2000–2016, with consideration given to differences regarding the level of education and place of residence.MethodsThe analysis was based on a database of the Central Statistical Office of Poland, containing information gathered from 92,154 death certificates of all Polish female inhabitants who died in the period 2000–2016 due to breast cancer. The SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person), the SEYLLd (per deaths), the APC (Annual Percentage Change), the AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change) were calculated to determine years of life lost.ResultsThe mean age of women who died from breast cancer increased in the study period from 64.7 years to 69.7. The SEYLLp index (per 100,000) increased to 776.8 years in 2016 (AAPC = 0.5%). The most unfavorable changes were observed in the group of women with secondary education. In 2004, the SEYLLp values started to grow at a rate of 2.3% and since 2011, they have been higher than amongst women with elementary education. In the years 2000–2016, the authors observed that SEYLLp was steadily declining (APC = -1.0%) in the group of inhabitants of rural areas, whereas with regards to city dwellers, the SEYLLp index has been increasing since 2004 (APC = 0.5%), which has resulted in increased disproportions regarding the place of residence.ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that breast cancer is becoming a serious epidemiological problem in Poland. There is the need to intensify activities among women at highest risk group and it should be the starting point for making key decision in combating breast cancer.

Ocena utraconych lat życia z powodu chorób sercowo‑naczyniowych w populacji osób starszych w Polsce

Celem artykułu jest ocena trendów umieralności z powodu chorób sercowo‑naczyniowych w grupie osób w wieku 65 lat i więcej w Polsce w latach 2000-2014 na podstawie danych o utraconych standardowych oczekiwanych latach życia. W badaniu wykorzystano bazę danych zawierającą 2 148 871 kart zgonów starszych mieszkańców Polski, którzy zmarli w latach 2000-2014 z powodu chorób układu krążenia. Utracone lata życia obliczono, stosując wskaźniki SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person). Do analizy trendów wykorzystano modele joinpoint. Współczynnik SEYLLp (na 10 000 ludności) z powodu chorób sercowo‑naczyniowych w Polsce w populacji osób w wieku 65 lat i więcej zmniejszył się w analizowanym okresie. Wśród mężczyzn z 4619,0 w 2000 roku do 3067,0 w 2014 roku (AAPC = –2,4%, p < 0,05), a w grupie kobiet z 3038,0 do 2065,0 (AAPC = –2,5%, p < 0,05). W 2014 roku największą liczbę utraconych lat życia wśród mężczyzn spowodowała choroba niedokrwienna serca (819,0), natomiast wśród kobiet choroby tętnic, tętniczek i naczyń włosowatych (489,0). Niekorzystne trendy (w grupie mężczyzn i kobiet) odnotowano dla niewydolności serca (AAPC odpowiednio 3,3% i 2,8%; p < 0,05). Mimo pozytywnej tendencji badanego zjawiska należy zwiększyć nacisk na problemy kardiologiczne osób starszych w celu niwelowania nierówności w zdrowiu i niekorzystnych różnic w przeciętnym dalszym trwaniu życia.

Epidemiology of Mortality Due to Prostate Cancer in Poland, 2000–2015

The aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and years of life lost due to prostate cancer (PCa) in Poland in 2000–2015. The crude death rates (CDR), standardised death rates (SDR), standard expected years of life lost per living person (SEYLLp) and per death (SEYLLd) values were calculated. Joinpoint models were used to analyse time trends. In the study period, 61,928 men died of PCa. The values of mortality rates in 2000 (per 100,000) were: CDR = 16.97, SDR = 16.17, SEYLLp = 332.1. In 2015, the values of all rates increased: CDR = 26.22, SDR = 16.69, SEYLLp = 429.5. However, the SEYLLd value decreased from 15.62 to one man who died due to PCa in 2000 to 13.78 in 2015. The highest SEYLLp values occurred in the group of men with primary education (619.5 in 2000 and 700.7 in 2015). They were respectively 2.24 and 2.96 times higher than in men with higher education (275.7 and 237.1). SEYLLp values increased in urban areas (from 295.7 to 449.4), slightly changed in the rural areas (from 391.5 to 400.2). Unfavorable trends in mortality due to PCa in Poland require explanation of the causes and implementation of appropriate actions aimed at mortality reducing.

Years of Life Lost Due to Cervical Cancer in Poland in 2000 to 2015.

The aim of the study was an analysis of years of life lost due to cervical cancer in Poland in the period 2000 to 2015 with consideration given to differences related to education and place of residence. The study material was 28,274 death certificates of all female inhabitants of Poland, who died in 2000 to 2015 due to cervical cancer. In order to calculate years of life lost, the authors used indices: SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person), SEYLLd (per deaths) and AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change). The SEYLLp index (per 100,000) due to cervical cancer in Poland decreased from 394.3 in 2000 to 220.9 years of life in 2015 (AAPC = −3.6%). Women with university education lost the smallest number of years of life (SEYLLp = 139.0 in 2000 and 53.7 in 2015; AAPC = −5.4%), whereas those with elementary education had the greatest number of years of life lost (524.2 and 312.8; AAPC = −3.4%). Women living in rural areas lost on average 329.5 years in 2000 and 177.0 in 2015 (AAPC = −3.8%). In city areas, the values were 428.6 and 247.1 (AAPC = −3.4%). Many of the years of life lost could have been avoided by including more women, particularly those with elementary education, in screening examinations.

Years of life lost due to infectious diseases in Poland.

PurposeAn evaluation of mortality due to infectious diseases in Poland in 1999–2012 and an analysis of standard expected years of life lost due to the above diseases.MethodsThe study material included a database created on the basis of 5,219,205 death certificates of Polish inhabitants, gathered between 1999 and 2012 and provided by the Central Statistical Office. Crude Death Rates (CDR), Standardized Death Rates (SDR) and Standard Expected Years of Life Lost (SEYLL) due to infectious and parasitic diseases were also evaluated in the study period as well as Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person (SEYLLp) and Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per dead person (SEYLLd). Time trends were evaluated with the application of joinpoint models and an annual percentage change in their values.ResultsDeath certificates report that 38,261 people died due to infectious diseases in Poland in the period 1999–2012, which made up 0.73% of the total number of deaths. SDR caused by these diseases decreased, particularly in the male group: Annual Percentage Change (APC = -1.05; 95% CI:-2.0 to -0.2; p<0.05). The most positive trends were observed in mortality caused by tuberculosis (A15-A19) (APC = -5.40; 95% CI:-6.3 to -4.5; p<0.05) and also meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis and encephalomyelitis (G03-G04) (APC = -3.42; 95% CI:-4.7 to -2.1; p<0.05). The most negative mortality trends were observed for intestinal infectious diseases (A00-A09) Annual Average Percentage Change (AAPC = 7.3; 95% CI:3.1 to 11.7; p<0.05). SDR substantially decreased in the first half of the study period, but then significantly increased in the second half. Infectious and parasitic diseases contributed to a loss of around 37,000 standard expected years of life in 1999 and more than 28,000 in 2012. During the study period, the SEYLLp index decreased from 9.59 to 7.39 per 10,000 population and the SEYLLd index decreased from 14.26 to 10.34 years (AAPC = 2.3; 95% CI:-2,9 to -1.7; p<0.05).ConclusionsDespite smaller numbers of deaths reported from infectious causes these diseases still represent a serious problem for Poland compared to countries in Western Europe.

Standard expected years of life lost due to tuberculosis in Poland.

Central European countries such as Poland have higher tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality than Western European Union countries. To evaluate changes in mortality due to TB during the period 1999-2012 in Poland and years of life lost due to the disease. Information obtained from 5 219 205 death certificates in Poland during the period 1999-2012 was used for the study. Crude (CDRs) and standardised (SDRs) death rates due to TB were analysed. Standard expected years of life lost per living person (SEYLLp) was also calculated. In Poland, TB and related complications contributed 0.23% of total deaths from 1999 to 2012. The SEYLLp was 3.46 per 10 000 population in 1999 and 1.88 in 2012. It was respectively 5.75 and 3.12 for males, and 1.31 and 0.72 for females. The SEYLLp index decreased over the period (annual per cent change [APC] -4.27%, P < 0.05); the decrease was greater in females than in males (APC -4.75%, P < 0.05 vs. APC -4.15%, P < 0.05). Despite an improvement in the epidemiological situation, TB remains the most common single cause of death due to an infectious agent in Poland.

Years of life lost due to bladder cancer among the inhabitants of Poland in the years 2000 to 2014.

IntroductionThe aim of the study is to evaluate the number of years of life lost in inhabitants of Poland due to bladder cancer (BC), identify trends of the mortality and calculate the pace of change which has happened over the period of the first fifteen years of the 21st century.Material and methodsThe study material was a database including 44,283 death certificates of Polish inhabitants who died due to bladder cancer in the period 2000–2014. The number of years of life lost were calculated using the SEYLL indices: SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) and SEYLLd (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per death).ResultsThe crude death rates (CDR) index increased from 10.79 per 100,000 males in 2000 to 14.30 in 2014 (Annual Percentage Change [APC] = 2.1%, p <0.05). In women, the group value of the CDR index increased from 2.50 in 2000 to 3.83 in 2014 (APC = 2.9%, p <0.05). The standardized death rates (SDR) index fell from 23.27 in 2000 to 22.48 in 2014 (APC = -0.1%, p >0.05) in men, but rose from 3.54 in 2000 to 3.83 in 2014 (APC = 0.4%, p <0.05) in women.The SEYLLp index (per 100,000 population) due to bladder cancer in Poland increased from 202.9 in 2000 to 243.4 in 2014 (APC = 1.3%, p <0.05) in men, and from 40.4 in 2000 to 60.1 in 2014 (APC = 2.7%, p <0.05) in women.ConclusionsDespite the prolongation of patient life, as shown by the SEYLLd factor, Polish patients still lose too many years of life due to BC than compared to United States patients.

Years of life lost of inhabitants of rural areas in Poland due to premature mortality caused by external reasons of death 1999-2012.

External causes of death are the third most common causes of death, after cardiovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms, in inhabitants of Poland. External causes of death pose the greatest threat to people aged 5-44, which results in a great number of years of life lost. The aim of the study is the analysis of years of life lost due to external causes of death among rural inhabitants in Poland, particularly due to traffic accidents and suicides. The study material included a database created on the basis of 2,100,785 certificates of rural inhabitants in Poland in the period 1999-2012. The SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) and the SEYLLd (per death) indices were used to determine years of life lost due to external causes of death. Joinpoint models were used to analyze time trends. In the period 1999-2012, 151,037 rural inhabitants died due to external causes, including 27.2% due to traffic accidents and 25.2% due to suicides. In 2012, the SEYLLp was 1,817 per 100,000 males and 298 per 100,000 females. Among males, suicides (SEYLLp = 633 years per 100,000) and traffic accidents (SEYLLp = 473 years per 100,000) contributed to the largest number of years of life lost. Among females, SEYLLp values were: 109 years due to traffic accidents and 69 years due to suicides (per 100,000). Among males, SEYLLp values started to decrease in 2008 at the average annual rate of 3.2%. In the group of females in the period 1999-2012, SEYLLp values were decreasing by 2.4% per year. The decreasing trend of the number of lost years of life due to external causes among rural inhabitants does not apply to suicides among men. The SEYLLp due to this group of causes has been steadily increasing since 1999. Analysis of the years of life lost focuses on the social and economic aspects of premature mortality due to external causes.

Years of Life Lost due to Premature Mortality in a Province with the Shortest Life Expectancy in Poland.

The aim of the study was to evaluate years of life lost for citizens of the Lodz Province, which is characterized by the lowest life expectancy in Poland, and to identify current trends in this area according to the most common causes of death. The study material included a database containing information gathered from 470,000 death certificates of Lodz Province inhabitants, who died between 1999 and 2011. In order to calculate years of life lost, the authors applied the SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) and SEYLLd (per death) indices. The analysis of time trends was carried out with the application of joinpoint models. The SEYLLp measure was 2,300 years per 10,000 males and 1,500 years per 10,000 females in 2011. Cardiovascular diseases contributed to the highest number of years of life lost (SEYLLp=682 years per 10,000 males and 559 years per 10,000 females). Next were malignant neoplasms (SEYLLp=505 years per 10,000 males and 437 years per 10,000 females), external causes of death (SEYLLp=361 years per 10,000 males and 83 years per 10,000 females). The number of years of life lost due to acute myocardial infarction decreased most rapidly, the Annual Percent Change (APC) was -10.1% in males and -3.7% in females. However, heart failure contributed to the highest increase in the number of years of life lost (APC=10.8% in males and 10.9% in females). A further decrease in the mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases might contribute to the highest reduction of years of life lost. The most effective preventive activities are those aimed at reducing productive years of life lost due to a particular cause of death, i.e. road traffic accidents, suicides, cirrhosis of the liver, alcoholic liver disease, and malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchi and lungs.

The burden of premature mortality in Poland analysed with the use of standard expected years of life lost.

BackgroundDespite positive changes in the health of the population of Poland, compared to the EU average, the average life expectancy in 2011 was 5 years shorter for males and 2.2 years shorter for females. The immediate cause is the great number of premature deaths, which results in years of life lost in the population. The aim of the study was to identify the major causes of years of life lost in Poland.MethodsThe analysis was based on a database of the Central Statistical Office of Poland, containing information gathered from 375,501 death certificates of inhabitants of Poland who died in 2011. The SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) and the SEYLLd (SEYLL per death) measures were calculated to determine years of life lost.ResultsIn 2011, the total number of years of life lost by in Polish residents due to premature mortality was 2,249,213 (1,415,672 for males and 833,541 for females). The greatest number of years of life lost in males were due to ischemic heart disease (7.8 per 1,000), lung cancer (6.0), suicides (6.6), cerebrovascular disease (4.6) and road traffic accidents (5.4). In females, the factors contributing to the greatest number of deaths were cerebrovascular disease (3.8 per 1,000), ischemic heart disease (3.7), heart failure (2.7), lung cancer (2.5) and breast cancer (2.3). Regarding the individual scores per person in both males and females, the greatest death factors were road traffic accidents (20.2 years in males and 17.1 in females), suicides (17.4 years in males and 15.4 in females) and liver cirrhosis (12.1 years in males and 11.3 in females).ConclusionsIt would be most beneficial to further reduce the number of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, because they contribute to the greatest number of years of life lost. Moreover, from the economic point of view, the most effective preventative activities are those which target causes which result in a large number of years of life lost at productive age for each death due to a particular reason, i.e. road traffic accidents, suicides and liver cirrhosis.

Years of life lost due to external causes of death in the lodz province, poland.

BackgroundThe aim of the study is the analysis of years of life lost due to external causes of death, particularly due to traffic accidents and suicides.Materials and MethodsThe study material includes a database containing information gathered from 376,281 death certificates of inhabitants of the Lodz province who died between 1999 and 2010. The Lodz province is characterized by the highest mortality rates in Poland. The SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) and the SEYLLd (per death) indices were used to determine years of life lost. Joinpoint models were used to analyze time trends.ResultsIn 2010, deaths due to external causes constituted 6.0% of the total number of deaths. The standardized death rate (SDR) due to external causes was 110.0 per 100,000 males and was five times higher than for females (22.0 per 100,000 females). In 2010, the SEYLLp due to external causes was 3746 per 100,000 males and 721 per 100,000 females. Among males, suicides and traffic accidents were the most common causes of death (the values of the SEYLLp were: 1098 years and 887 years per 100,000 people, respectively). Among females, the SEYLLp values were 183 years due to traffic accidents and 143 years due to suicides (per 100,000 people).ConclusionsA decrease in the number of years of life lost due to external causes is much higher among females. The authors observe that a growing number of suicides contribute to an increase in the value of the SEYLLp index. This directly contributes to over-mortality of males due to external causes. The analysis of the years of life lost focuses on the social and economic aspects of premature mortality due to external causes.

Years of life lost due to malignant neoplasms characterized by the highest mortality rate

IntroductionThe analysis of premature deaths measured with years of life lost between the studied and referential populations helps to emphasize the social and economic aspect of a loss caused by deaths due to malignant neoplasms. The aim of the study was to analyze years of life lost by inhabitants of the Lodz province due to malignant neoplasms.Material and methodsThe study material included a database which contained information gathered from 313,144 death certificates (including 66,899 people who died of malignant neoplasms) of inhabitants of the Lodz province who died between 1999 and 2008. The SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) method was used to determine years of life lost. Jointpoint models were used to analyze time trends.ResultsIn males the diseases which mostly contributed to death were tracheal, bronchial and lung malignant neoplasms (SEYLLp = 170.7) and cancer of the large intestine, rectum and anus (SEYLLp = 47.5). In females the principal diseases were tracheal, bronchial and lung malignant neoplasms (SEYLLp = 61.6), breast cancer (SEYLLp = 60.4) and cancer of the large intestine, rectum and anus (SEYLLp = 42.3). The years of life lost were growing in the period under study.ConclusionsThe number of years lost due to malignant neoplasms in the Lodz province between 1999 and 2008 was growing. The main reasons for deaths in females were tracheal, bronchial and lung malignant neoplasms as well as breast cancer and in males – cancer of the large intestine, rectum and anus as well as prostate cancer.