Standard Examples Research Articles

Anomaly Detection of Distribution Network Based on Adversarial Dual Autoencoder

Anomaly detection on attributed graphs aims to identify individuals or groups whose patterns deviate significantly from most samples, which is very important for internet security, power system, and other applications. Especially in the power system, the energy flow pattern of the distribution network is very similar to the graph topological constraints. Taking each equipment and bus as nodes and the relevant electrical measurement data as attributes, the distribution network fault location problem is mapped to the anomaly detection task on the attributed graph. The traditional GNN-based anomaly detection algorithm for distribution networks has some problems, such as over-smoothing and inefficient embedding learning. To solve the problem of anomaly detection in the distribution network, an anomaly detection algorithm based on adversarial dual autoencoder (DGAE_GAN) is proposed, which is composed of a structural encoder and attribute encoder based on residual connection GAT. Through joint learning, the attributed graph is mapped to the low-dimensional space, and the decoders reconstruct the attributed graph. Then, a discriminator is invited to learn the sample similarity, and the game strategy can effectively alleviate the over-smoothing problem. Finally, the anomaly node detection task is realized by calculating the reconstruction errors from both the structure and attribute levels. We conducted multiple experiments on three real-world datasets, and the IEEE standard example shows that our proposed model is superior to the existing methods.

An inverse boundary value problem for transverse vibrations of a bar

In this article, we study an inverse problem (IP) for a fourth-order hyperbolic equation with nonlocal boundary conditions. This IP is reduced to the not self-adjoint boundary value problem (BVP) with corresponding boundary condition. Then, we use the separation of variables method, to reduce the not self-adjoint BVP to an integral equation. The existence and uniqueness of the integral equation are established by the contraction mappings principle and it is concluded that this solution is unique for a not-adjoint BVP. The existence and uniqueness of a nonlocal BVP with integral condition is proved. In addition, the fourth-order hyperbolic PDE is discretized using a collocation technique based on the quintic B-spline (QnB-spline) functions and reformed by the Tikhonov regularization function. The noise and analytical data are considered. The numerical outcome for a standard numerical example is discussed. Furthermore, the stability of the discretized system is also analyzed. The rate of convergence (ROC) of the method is also obtained.

A New Third-Order Finite Difference WENO Scheme to Improve Convergence Rate at Critical Points

In this work, a new, improved third-order finite difference weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme is presented for one- and two-dimensional hyperbolic conservation laws and associated problems. The parameter p which is regulate dissipation is introduced in the nonlinear weights in the framework of the conventional WENO-Z scheme, and the higher-order global smoothness indicator is obtained by the idea of Wang [Wang, Y. H., Y. L. Du, K. L. Zhao and L. Yuan. 2020. ‘A Low-dissipation Third-order Weighted Essentially Nonoscillatory Scheme with a New Reference Smoothness Indicator’. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids. 92 (9): 1212–1234.], the sufficient condition of nonlinear weights is proved by using Taylor expansions. Finally, the value range of parameter p is obtained. The proposed scheme is verified to achieve the optimal order near critical points by linear convection equations with different initial values, and the high-resolution characteristic of the present scheme is proved on a variety of one- and two- dimensional standard numerical examples. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme gives better performance in comparison with the other third-order WENO schemes.

Exploring the effect of Weifuchun capsule on the toll-like receptor pathway mediated HES6 and immune regulation against chronic atrophic gastritis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceWeifuchun capsule (WFC) is a traditional Chinese patent medicine for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) in clinic. However, the mechanism of action of WFC for CAG still remains unclear due to its complex composition. Aim of the studyThe study was projected to uncover the mechanism of action of WFC and the corresponding pharmacodynamic substance of WFC against CAG as well as providing a standard example for the research of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from the perspective of the network and the system. Materials and methodsWe identified the compounds of WFC through LC-MS/MS analysis and performed a systematic network targets analysis for WFC in the treatment of CAG which thoroughly described the mechanism of action of WFC for CAG. Based on analysis integrating omics data and algorithms, we focused on the specific immune regulatory role of WFC in the treatment of CAG, especially on a hub pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and thus deciphered the role of WFC in immune regulation, anti-inflammation and mediation of HES6. In experiments part, MNNG-GES-1-cell line and rat models were used to validate our findings. ResultsIn this study, compounds of WFC are identified through LC‒MS/MS and network target analysis is performed to dissect the specific immunoregulatory effect as well as mediation of HES6, a newly discovered biomolecule related to gastritis carcinoma progression, of WFC on CAG through the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Based on cell line and rat models, we verify the mechanism of action of WFC for CAG in inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, regulating immune cells like T cells and macrophages, related genes including TLR2 and CD14. It is also validated that WFC inhibits the expression of HES6 (P < 0.05). ConclusionBased on the combination of computational strategy and experiments, our study offers a comprehensive analysis to reveal the role of WFC in regulating immune response, inhibiting inflammation in the treatment of CAG, and provides a standard example for the research of TCM from the perspective of the network and the system.

Accurate Bounds on Lyapunov Exponents for Expanding Maps of the Interval

In this short note we describe a simple but remarkably effective method for rigorously estimating Lyapunov exponents for expanding maps of the interval. We illustrate the applicability of this method with some standard examples.

A note on quasilinear Schrödinger equations with singular or vanishing radial potentials

In this note, we complete the study of [3], where we got existence results for the quasilinear elliptic equation \begin{equation*} -\Delta w+ V\left( \left| x\right| \right) w - w \left( \Delta w^2 \right)= K(|x|) g(w) \quad \text{in }\mathbb{R}^{N}, \end{equation*} with singular or vanishing continuous radial potentials $V(r)$, $K(r)$. In [3], we assumed, for technical reasons, that $K(r)$ was vanishing as $r \rightarrow 0$, while in the present paper, we remove this obstruction. To face the problem, we apply a suitable change of variables $w=f(u)$ and we find existence of non negative solutions by the application of variational methods. Our solutions satisfy a weak formulations of the above equation, but they are in fact classical solutions in $\mathbb{R}^{N} \setminus \{0\}$. The nonlinearity $g$ has a double-power behavior, whose standard example is $g(t) = \min \{ t^{q_1 -1}, t^{q_2 -1} \}$ ($t > 0$), recovering the usual case of a single-power behavior when $q_1 = q_2$.

An Angular Method to Calculate the Electric Field of a Long Cylindrical Shell

The electric field inside a uniformly charged long cylindrical shell is a standard example discussed in introductory university physics. The field is zero inside the cylinder; outside of the cylinder, the field behaves like a long wire at the center carrying the same amount of charge per unit length, analogous to that of a uniformly charged spherical shell, typically referred to as Newton’s shell theorem. It is usually proven with the use of Gauss’s law and cylindrical symmetry of the electric field. A more direct proof by integration is lacking at this level. In fact, students often have difficulties visualizing intuitively why the field at off-center points is cancelled out completely and behaves like a line charge at the center on the outside.

13.1: Invited Paper: Learnings from Small Form‐Factor Pluggable PC Design for 8K Display

For large form‐factor displays in IOT applications, pluggable PC modules are a popular choice to integrate a media player within the display panel which allows separation of the display and compute module's upgrade. Industry standard examples include the Intel® Smart Display Module (SDM) [1]. New and emerging requirements such as ITU‐R UHD‐2 (commonly referred to as 8K) and advanced connectivity like 5G and Wi‐Fi 6E present unique signal integrity, connector selection, component and antennas placement challenges which are covered in this paper with key learnings from real world Intel® SDM designs. Key learning one is to leverage investment in industry standards such as PCI Express when implementing a custom interface connector between display panel and compute module for parts availability and cost effectively scaling to new data rates. Second key learning is to ensure the wireless antennas are strategically placed to achieve desired isolation, efficiency, and gain within small form‐factor. A third key learning in enabling 8K to support wide range of display panels by choosing compatible system components and designing correct end to end display signal chain.

코로나19 시대의 초등영어교육 관련 정부 자료집 및 연구 동향의 체계적 고찰

The main purpose of this paper is to draw implications for online English classes by systematically reviewing government casebooks and research studies dealing with online elementary school English classes in Korea during the COVID-19 epidemic. In-depth analyses of Korean government casebooks and 16 primary studies published during the years 2020 and 2021 showed that the Ministry of Education tried to support elementary schools by providing examples of restructuring standards for achievement, examples of instructional plans, and examples of evaluation and feedback. Some other findings are as follows. The ratio of content utilization-centered classes using the ‘E-learning platform’ for elementary English was high. Of the entire studies, 74% was conducted in the metropolitan area. Learners valued interaction with teachers the most. Teachers were concerned about copyright infringement and the learning gap between learners. It is necessary to further explore various types of online English classes, taking into account the characteristics of elementary learners.

Field-theoretical approach to open quantum systems and the Lindblad equation

We develop a systematic field-theoretical approach to open quantum systems based on condensed-matter many-body methods. The time evolution of the reduced density matrix for the open quantum system is determined by a transmission matrix. Developing diagrammatic perturbation theory, invoking Wick's theorem in connection with a Caldeira-Leggett quantum oscillator environment in thermal equilibrium, the transmission matrix satisfies a Dyson equation characterized by an irreducible kernel. Unlike the Nakajima-Zwanzig and standard approaches, the Dyson equation is equivalent to a general non-Markovian master equation for the reduced density matrix, incorporating secular effects and independent of the initial preparation. The kernel is determined by a systematic diagrammatic expansion in powers of the interaction. We consider the Born approximation for the kernel. Applying a condensed-matter pole or, equivalently, a quasiparticle-type approximation, equivalent to the usual assumption of a timescale separation, we derive a master equation of the Markov type. Furthermore, imposing the rotating-wave approximation, we obtain a Markov master equation of the Lindblad form. To illustrate the method, we consider the standard example of a single qubit coupled to a thermal heat bath.

Nonequilibrium many-body dynamics in supersymmetric quenching

We study the dynamics induced by quenching an ultracold quantum many-body system between two supersymmetric Hamiltonians. Such a quench can be created by carefully changing the external trapping potential and leads to a situation where the eigenspectra before and after the quench are nearly identical. We show that the dynamics originating from this can be conveniently described using knowledge about the initial state only and apply this insight to the specific example of a fermionic gas that is initially trapped in an infinite box potential. When quenching to different, higher order supersymmetric partners potentials we observe the appearance of many-body revivals in the survival probability and show that some of these are robust at finite temperatures. This is in contrast to the well-known Talbot effect, which is the standard example for quenching into a system with a quadratic spectrum.

Entropy analysis of organizations' knowledge systems on the example of project management standards

The problems of managing complex project management systems areassociated with numerous parameters that characterize their state. Most modern methods of forecasting project activity are based on the use of statistical modeling of individual processes and tools, for example, a work schedule, which requires both the justification of the adopted laws for the distribution of random work durations and the planning of a certain organizational and technological sequence of work. The collection and processing of data on all parameters is a complex and expensive procedure, anda complete justification of all project characteristics can lead to the infor-mation complexity of the system under consideration. However, it is impossible to refuse this due to the need to obtain relevant and reliable data for the adoption and implementation of management decisions. Thus, it is necessary to look for ways and means to re-duce the number of controlled parameters, create algorithms that allow predicting the presence of undesirable processes in a con-trolled system, and develop recommendations for a more detailed analysis of individual project management subsystems. To over-come the informational complexity of predictive models, it is proposed to use a phenomenological approach that is associated with the definition of entropy, which allows usinga minimum of information about the planned and updated course of the project. The concept of entropy is one of the key concepts of thermodynamics and information theory, and also finds its application in a number of other sciences, the subject of researchand study of which are complex stochastic systems. The possibilities of using entropy and entropy modeling are currently being actively explored in the theory of project management. The paper considers an entropy ap-proach to modeling project management systems, in which, on the basis of mathematical procedures arising from K. Shannon's in-formation theory, information phenomenological models are created. The IPMA ICB 4.0 standard is considered as an example. The developed tool creates the prerequisites for the effective use of the entropy approach to assessing complex economic and social sys-tems.

Effectiveness of Random Field Approach in Serviceability Limit State Analysis of Strip Foundation

This work conducts a probabilistic inquiry on how the variability of the parameter defining soil deformability affects the settlement of the foundation located on the soil. The analysis addresses the random foundation model to relevantly estimate the probability of allowable deflection exceedance. The constitutive model parameter is based either on a single random variable or a random field. The computations incorporate direct Monte Carlo sampling and the variance reduction techniques, i.e. Stratified Sampling and Latin Hypercube Sampling. The work focuses on soil parameter modelling by random fields defined by various correlation functions. One of the analytical means is the application of a non-homogeneous function capable of reflecting the soil strata. The probabilistic methods proposed in the paper are tested on a standard example of a foundation strip featuring load eccentricity. It is proved that the modelling mode of the soil—a single variable or a random field—substantially affects the results, i.e. foundation settlements. It was detected that incorporating random fields in soil analysis allows for a valid reliability assessment of a foundation in respect to Serviceability Limit State. The relevantly adjusted correlation functions of random fields allow for a realistic subsoil analysis even in the case of a limited in situ measurement database.

An algebraic representation of the fixed-point closure of *-continuous Kleene algebras – A categorical Chomsky–Schützenberger theorem

AbstractThe family ${\mathcal{R}} X^*$ of regular subsets of the free monoid $X^*$ generated by a finite set X is the standard example of a ${}^*$ -continuous Kleene algebra. Likewise, the family ${\mathcal{C}} X^*$ of context-free subsets of $X^*$ is the standard example of a $\mu$ -continuous Chomsky algebra, i.e. an idempotent semiring that is closed under a well-behaved least fixed-point operator $\mu$ . For arbitrary monoids M, ${\mathcal{C}} M$ is the closure of ${\mathcal{R}}M$ as a $\mu$ -continuous Chomsky algebra, more briefly, the fixed-point closure of ${\mathcal{R}} M$ . We provide an algebraic representation of ${\mathcal{C}} M$ in a suitable product of ${\mathcal{R}} M$ with $C_2'$ , a quotient of the regular sets over an alphabet $\Delta_2$ of two pairs of bracket symbols. Namely, ${\mathcal{C}}M$ is isomorphic to the centralizer of $C_2'$ in the product of ${\mathcal{R}} M$ with $C_2'$ , i.e. the set of those elements that commute with all elements of $C_2'$ . This generalizes a well-known result of Chomsky and Schützenberger (1963, Computer Programming and Formal Systems, 118–161) and admits us to denote all context-free languages over finite sets $X\subseteq M$ by regular expressions over $X\cup\Delta_2$ interpreted in the product of ${\mathcal{R}} M$ and $C_2'$ . More generally, for any ${}^*$ -continuous Kleene algebra K the fixed-point closure of K can be represented algebraically as the centralizer of $C_2'$ in the product of K with $C_2'$ .

Transformations that Cannot Happen or There Won’t Be Clear Answers as Long as We Ask the Wrong Questions

The following reflections argue that theories of development, particularly, modernization fail to develop themselves and still follow the tradition of one-dimensionality—this is evidenced by terms like pre-/postmodern, renaissance, or Middle Ages, all referring to the linearity of time under which everything else is subordinated. It is also evidenced by modernization theories, proposing a certain developmental sequence—the standard example would be the Rostowian model. Underlying is a mechanical understanding of society and economy, based on the assumption that increasing material wealth “presents itself as ‘an immense accumulation of commodities’.” The following will reflect on a concept of relational processuality.

Fuzzy Demand Vehicle Routing Problem with Soft Time Windows

Considering the vehicle routing problem with fuzzy demand and fuzzy time windows, a vehicle routing optimization method is proposed considering both soft time windows and uncertain customer demand. First, a fuzzy chance-constrained programming model is established based on credibility theory, minimizing the total logistics cost. At the same time, a random simulation algorithm is designed to calculate the penalty cost of delivery failures caused by demand that cannot be satisfied. In order to overcome the shortcomings of GA, which easily falls into the local optimum in the process of searching, and the slow convergence speed of SA when the population is too large, a hybrid simulated annealing–genetic algorithm is adopted to improve the solution quality and efficiency. Finally, the Solomon standard example is used to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, and the influence of decision-makers’ subjective cost preference is analyzed.

Dealing with density discontinuities in planetary SPH simulations

ABSTRACT Density discontinuities cannot be precisely modelled in standard formulations of smoothed particles hydrodynamics (SPH) because the density field is defined smoothly as a kernel-weighted sum of neighbouring particle masses. This is a problem when performing simulations of giant impacts between proto-planets, for example, because planets typically do have density discontinuities both at their surfaces and at any internal boundaries between different materials. The inappropriate densities in these regions create artificial forces that effectively suppress mixing between particles of different material and, as a consequence, this problem introduces a key unknown systematic error into studies that rely on SPH simulations. In this work, we present a novel, computationally cheap method that deals simultaneously with both of these types of density discontinuity in SPH simulations. We perform standard hydrodynamical tests and several example giant impact simulations, and compare the results with standard SPH. In a simulated Moon-forming impact using 107 particles, the improved treatment at boundaries affects at least 30${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the particles at some point during the simulation.

Developing a Conceptual Prototype for Teaching English as a Foreign Language Based on Local Culture

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Lumajang Regency, East Java, Indonesia, is known as a tourist destination, everyone is expected to be able to provide correct information to foreigners about Lumajang Regency, so that they will not lose the opportunity to get a job in the field of tourism, public service agencies and government related to tourism. Thus, the importance of maintaining local culture in teaching foreign languages should not be ignored. The researcher aims to develop a conceptual prototype for teaching English as a foreign language based on local culture. A conceptual prototype means a standard or typical example which is designed lessons that focus on the concept instead of individual facts. The significances of the study are to describe the factors that become obstacles in teaching English at STKIP PGRI Lumajang and describe the conceptual prototype developed in the process of learning English towards local culture. This research is a qualitative descriptive study on STKIP PGRI Lumajang students and the sample selection used a multi-stage sampling technique. The data generated are conceptual prototypes of learning English in universities which containing English competency standards, basic competencies, materials that must be taught to achieve competence, approaches, methods/strategies, and assessments used to assess student competence in learning English.&#x0D; Keywords: conceptual prototype, local culture, competence&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Foregrounding in English Advertisements: A Research based on Advertisements on TIME

Advertising forms an essential component of the business field, where the competition fight is the significant marker. Advertisements can give a psychological hint to consumers so that they purchase a product by using image ideology association. More than any other sign or symbol system, language employs a strong effect on consumers and their behaviors. The paper aims to apply Leech’s foregrounding theory on English advertisements on TIME and clarify the “language games,” including deviation and parallelism, so as to figure out its effects on market promotion. The author employs case analysis to examine the theoretical foundation, then presents and exhibits parallelisms and deviations in advertising using classification standards and standard examples. It is found that advertisement language parallelism and deviation is one of the essential linguistic attention-grabbing methods. With the help of the foregrounding, information contained in the advertisement acquires a new, often unexpected sound: at the minimum of the text, the maximum expression.

Epistemic Agency and the Value of Knowledge and Belief

“Credit-worthiness” accounts of the value of knowledge focus on the exercise of agency as the source of value in question. This focus is shared by an approach suggested by Sally Haslanger to the value of belief (and thus true belief). The standard examples and counterexamples from the “value of knowledge” literature treat the relevant sort of agency in fundamentally individualistic terms. But recent work on relational autonomy recommends that we think of agency as fundamentally socially embedded. This reorientation not only disarms a standard objection to the “credit-worthiness” approach, but suggests that the putative counterexample is actually a paradigm-case of the exercise of epistemic agency for creatures like us. In so doing, it also exhibits the agency-based account of the value of knowledge and its main competitor, which focuses on the status of potential informants, as two sides of the same coin. Meanwhile, epistemic agency is an essential component of agency tout court. Effective action requires information. But perhaps the possession of information can take other forms than the having of true beliefs. Paul Churchland characterizes what’s peculiar to belief in terms of the sentential form in “that”-clauses in belief attributions. The alternatives that he envisages divorce informational content from sentence content. But for creatures like us, sentences are the basic units of communication of information. If our agency is paradigmatically exercised in socially embedded contexts, an essential part of the picture is that our information be in substantial measure communicable in sentences, i.e., that it take the form of beliefs. So the socially-oriented version of the agency-based approach to the value of knowledge also confirms Haslanger’s hunch that the value of belief can be vindicated and developed in terms of the role of belief in the exercise of agency for creatures like us.