Standard Element Research Articles

Harmonizing Halal in ASEAN: Analysis of Halal Food Guidelines under the ASEAN Way Approach

The research examined how ASEAN is moving towards legislative harmonization in the key economic sector of halal foods. The research investigated how ASEAN has promoted economic integration by building regional consensus regarding controversial issues, such as the definition of halal food, and discuss the role of other international instruments in building regional consensus – the “ASEAN” way. Qualitative methodology was used by integrating a historical, doctrinal, and comparative approach. The first analysis was on the process leading to adopting ASEAN halal food guidelines, which constitute the most concrete output of regional efforts to bring domestic standards closer. The following procedures were to compare and contrast these instruments substantively to identify the areas where new consensus has been found and those where disagreements persist. Finally, the research examined the potential influence of the guidelines adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and MABIMS in drafting ASEAN instruments. The research concludes that despite of lengthy and difficult road to gaining consensus through the ASEAN way mechanism, member states have successfully agreed on some elements of halal standards. However, the guidelines require member states’ legislation to achieve full harmonization in addition to ASEAN soft law. Moreover, international initiatives have impacted ASEAN’s halal standards in important ways. Some issues regarding harmonization remain, such as mutual recognition and labelling, and require further investigation.

Challenges of older people experienced after an earthquake disaster situation: A neglected issue

Introduction: Older adults’ problems and needs may be ignored and not considered a priority matter during disasters due to their complexities and differences from other age groups. This content analysis study was conducted to explain the older adults’ experience of living in tents after the Mianeh county earthquake. Methods: In this research, we used a descriptive qualitative approach. The key elements of Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) were applied to design the research. Data were collected in-depth and semi-structured interviews were done with potential eligible participants. We used heterogeneous purposive sampling (with a maximum variety of 16 older adults with ages in the range of 60–81 years in Mianeh, East Azerbaijan, Iran. The data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis technique. Results: Four main categories emerged, including failure to provide basic physiological needs, poor management of public support, distress and survival attempts, and loss of life authority. The main themes extracted included psychological quality of life and meeting the basic needs (disabilities and inefficiencies). Conclusion: It is beneficial to consider the specific needs of vulnerable groups, such as the elderly population, during the program designing by counties’ crisis management teams.

An Experimental Study of Message Strategies for Mobile Alerts and Warnings

Dr. Dennis Mileti devoted his career to the study of public warnings disseminated through mass media, word of mouth, and, later, mobile technologies. To date, research on mobile public warnings has focused on standardized elements of messages (e.g., the common alerting protocol). During this same period, however, a variety of private, public, and governmental organizations have adopted mobile alert technologies to disseminate a diverse variety of free-form (nonstandardized) messages. We investigated how the evidence-based guidance developed for mobile public warnings applies to this broader class of free-form mobile alerts and warnings (FMAWs). This study reports an experimental comparison of US residents’ (N=299) reactions to notional free-form mobile messages about a safety risk. Experimental conditions compared messages that included safety instructions, ways to seek additional information, expressions of empathy, and emphasizing choice (“choice forward”). Results indicated that message efficacy was greater for FMAWs that gave safety instructions rather than just notifications. Choice-forward FMAWs produced both message efficacy and safety efficacy, or confidence that the person could make a good safety decision for the situation. Application: When the location, timing, and severity of an emergent risk are ambiguous, or when for public safety organizations, they have not yet reached a threshold appropriate for wireless emergency alert messages, a free-form message disseminated through mobile technologies or social media could use choice-forward language and links to more detailed information about possible self-protective action to facilitate just-in-time pre-event education and preparedness.

RCM adjustment for a double-parallelogram based RCM mechanism used for MIS robots

The inevitable errors in the manufacturing, assembly, and testing of a remote center-of-motion (RCM) mechanism lead to the erroneous link parameters which deviate its geometry. Consequently, the motion, as well as the force, become non-zero at the entry port to the patient’s body which is undesirable. To address this issue, the current work first presents the accurate kinematic model of the RCM of an exemplary double-parallelogram-based RCM mechanism. Thereafter, it introduces the RCM adjustment concept and a flexure-based compliant mechanism to nullify/minimize the said deviation. For the analytical design of the flexure element, this paper makes the required design calculations and performs the finite element analysis. It is followed by the disclosure of the RCM Adjustment System and a systematized method of RCM adjustment for a mechanically constrained RCM device. The devised system is based on the prescribed compliant mechanism design and is advantageous, over the traditional RCM adjustments. The potential of the proposed concept lies in the fact that it is not limited to the adopted mechanism only rather, it is extendable to other mechanisms as well which was missing in the prior art. In addition, it offers a more simplified and economical design. Further, an initial prototype of the exemplary mechanism is manufactured using laser micromachining and rapid prototyping techniques. Both analytical as well as physical validations have been performed which proved the efficacy of the proposed kinematic modeling concept. Furthermore, the prototype of the introduced RCM Adjustment System is manufactured as a single-piece design which demonstrated its effectiveness. The preferred embodiment of the same is the said double-parallelogram-based RCM mechanism which is most widely used for robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RAMIS). It is designed in a SolidWorks environment and manufactured using Al6101-T6 and SS304 as link material, and a variety of standard elements.

Voids effect on micromechanical response of elastoplastic fiber-reinforced polymer composites using 1D higher-order theories

This work investigates the effect of voids within the matrix of composite materials. Effects on local stress and plastic strain values are evaluated by conducting a micromechanical analysis. The microscale Representative Volume Element (RVE) is modeled through refined 1D elements based on the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF). Using 1D models for the RVE leads to a significant reduction in computational costs compared to standard 3D elements. Fibers are modeled as orthotropic, and the matrix has an elastoplastic behavior. Random distributions of voids are considered, and statistical analyses are carried out. Furthermore, the influence of the depth of the RVE is investigated. The results show significant mean and peak stress values increases as the void volume fraction grows. Also, the use of deeper RVE leads to higher stress values.

Well-designed bio-based waste sewage sludge (WSS) cocatalyst coupled g-C3N4 nanorods with the synergistic effect of sludge metals (M=Ni, Cu, Al, Mn) to construct ternary heterojunction for solar H2 production

A ternary heterojunction of waste sewage sludge (WSS) as a co-catalyst with sludge metals (M = Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) elements anchored over g-C3N4 nanorods (g-CNNR) was fabricated for photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light. The innovative WSS enables H2 production of 25 μmol h−1 g−1 due to the presence of oxidized (Fe2O3, ZnO) and other metals to promote charge carrier separation. The g-CNNR with WSS provides good interface interaction with proficient charge carrier separation and can potentially enhance photocatalytic activity, as confirmed by standard metal elements. Using a 10% WSS/g-CNNR nanotexture, a maximum H2 yield of 195 μmol h−1 g−1 was achieved, 4.5 and 7.8 times higher than pure g-CNNR and WSS, respectively. The finding reveals that adding WSS significantly increases the photocatalytic H2 generation under visible light. This noticeable improvement was caused by the formation of heterojunction, which separated charge carriers, higher visible light absorption and synergistic effects of multiple elements in WSS which contributed to promote solar hydrogen evolution. Furthermore, the ultrasonic approach was found promising to enhance H2 evolution approximately two-fold than of bulk WSS/g-CNNR due to more light penetration and separation of charge carriers. Among the sacrificial reagents, methanol enables a higher yield of H2 with more stability in multiple cycles. The findings of this work would be beneficial for further investigation on the use of WSS as a cocatalyst and support in different energy and environment applications.

Traumatized German soldiers with moral injury - value-based cognitive-behavioral group therapy to treat war-related shame.

During deployment, soldiers are confronted with potentially morally injurious events. In many cases, these events violate their personal values and belief systems, resulting in feelings of anger, alienation, guilt, and shame. The psychological distress caused by such transgressions is defined as moral injury. It remains unclear to date, which therapeutic interventions are most appropriate for addressing this specific psychological condition. This study examines the effectiveness of value-based cognitive-behavioral group therapy combining elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, spiritual care, and adaptive disclosure therapy. This controlled study uses the Compass of Shame Scale to assess symptom severity among participants both before and after a three-week inpatient group therapy regimen for moral injury. An intervention group (n = 45) was compared to a waiting-list control group (n = 40). A one-way between subjects ANOVA was conducted to determine the differences between the two measurement points in the intervention group compared to the control group. A positive ethics vote from the Humboldt University Berlin (Charité) was available (No.EA1/092/15). A significant difference was found on the shame-associated maladaptive strategies subscales of attack self (F (1, 83) = 5.942, p = 0.017, Cohen's f = 0,27), withdrawal (F (1, 83) = 8.263, p = 0.005, Cohen's f = 0,32), and attack others (F (1, 83) = 10.552, p = 0.002, Cohen's f = 0,36) of the Compass of Shame Scale between the intervention group and the control group at the p < 0.05 level in the pre- and post-treatment (t1-t2) comparison. This study suggests that the special therapeutic focus in cognitive-behavioral group therapy can alter shame-based maladaptive coping behaviors in response to war-related moral injury. This study provides further evidence that therapeutic approaches - through fostering a reconciliatory, compassionate, and forgiving approach toward oneself and others - target the underlying mechanisms of moral injury. Therefore, value-based cognitive-behavioral interventions should be considered as a standard element of trauma care in a military setting. Future studies should further examine such interventions in randomized control trials. It would also be particularly valuable for future studies to include a follow-up time point.

Virtual element method for the modified transmission eigenvalue problem in inverse scattering theory

In this paper, we present the virtual element approximation for the modified transmission eigenvalue problem. The eigenvalue problem arises in inverse scattering theory for artificial inhomogeneous media characterized as a metamaterial. By the shifting argument and spectral approximation theory of compact operators, we prove the correct spectral approximation of the virtual element scheme, and derive the optimal order error estimates for the eigenfunctions and the double order for the eigenvalues. Finally, we implement numerical experiments to illustrate behaviors of the standard and serendipity virtual element schemes, and the finite element scheme.

TINJAUAN PENERAPAN REKAM MEDIS ELEKTRONIK DI DALAM REGISTRASI PASIEN RAWAT JALAN UPTD PUSKESMAS CIPAYUNG DEPOK

Based on observations of SIMPUS at the UPTD Puskesmas Cipayung Depok, the new patient registration module already running quite well, but it is not yet in accordance with the variable guidelines and meta data for electronic medical records, in which the variable guidelines and meta data for electric medical records are meant to be used as standard data elements for ease of compatibility and/or interoperability of data in electronic systems developed by health care facilities. This journal is based on research data collected on January 2023 with a descriptive research method and by collecting data by observation and interviews. With the results of the research conducted, it was found that the early development of the electronic medical record system at the Cipayung Health Center UPTD was started at the end of 2014 and continued with the development of online registration in 2018. Obstacles that still occur frequently and have not been resolved to date are bugs that have appeared, and there is yet a standardization in the application of variables and metadata used in accordance with the guidelines for variables and metadata of electronic medical records. The suggestions given is to adjust the standard variables and metadata, improve the system to avoid bugs, and standardizing variables.

Patient portal interventions: a scoping review of functionality, automation used, and therapeutic elements of patient portal interventions.

We sought to understand the objectives, targeted populations, therapeutic elements, and delivery characteristics of patient portal interventions. Following Arksey and O-Malley's methodological framework, we conducted a scoping review of manuscripts published through June 2022 by hand and systematically searching PubMed, PSYCHInfo, Embase, and Web of Science. The search yielded 5403 manuscripts; 248 were selected for full-text review; 81 met the eligibility criteria for examining outcomes of a patient portal intervention. The 81 articles described: trials involving comparison groups (n = 37; 45.7%), quality improvement initiatives (n = 15; 18.5%), pilot studies (n = 7; 8.6%), and single-arm studies (n = 22; 27.2%). Studies were conducted in primary care (n = 33, 40.7%), specialty outpatient (n = 24, 29.6%), or inpatient settings (n = 4, 4.9%)-or they were deployed system wide (n = 9, 11.1%). Interventions targeted specific health conditions (n = 35, 43.2%), promoted preventive services (n = 19, 23.5%), or addressed communication (n = 19, 23.4%); few specifically sought to improve the patient experience (n = 3, 3.7%). About half of the studies (n = 40, 49.4%) relied on human involvement, and about half involved personalized (vs exclusively standardized) elements (n = 42, 51.8%). Interventions commonly collected patient-reported information (n = 36, 44.4%), provided education (n = 35, 43.2%), or deployed preventive service reminders (n = 14, 17.3%). This scoping review finds that most patient portal interventions have delivered education or facilitated collection of patient-reported information. Few interventions have involved pragmatic designs or been deployed system wide. The patient portal is an important tool in real-world efforts to more effectively support patients, but interventions to date rely largely on evidence from consented participants rather than pragmatically implemented systems-level initiatives.

A matrix‐free macro‐element variant of the hybridized discontinuous Galerkin method

SummaryWe investigate a macro‐element variant of the hybridized discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method, using patches of standard simplicial elements that can have non‐matching interfaces. Coupled via the HDG technique, our method enables local refinement by uniform simplicial subdivision of each macro‐element. By enforcing one spatial discretization for all macro‐elements, we arrive at local problems per macro‐element that are embarrassingly parallel, yet well balanced. Therefore, our macro‐element variant scales efficiently to n‐node clusters and can be tailored to available hardware by adjusting the local problem size to the capacity of a single node, while still using moderate polynomial orders such as quadratics or cubics. Increasing the local problem size means simultaneously decreasing, in relative terms, the global problem size, hence effectively limiting the proliferation of degrees of freedom. The global problem is solved via a matrix‐free iterative technique that also heavily relies on macro‐element local operations. We investigate and discuss the advantages and limitations of the macro‐element HDG method via an advection‐diffusion model problem.

Rapid determination of titanium in human urine by inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry

To establish an inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry(ICP-MS/MS) method to determinate the titanium(Ti) in human urine samples rapidly. By comparing different gas mode, ~(47)Ti was selected as the analysis element. Injecting NH_3 to the collision/reaction cell, swept by mass spectrum to determine the optimal mass spectrum conditions with the mass number of Q1=47, Q2=149(Ti ammonia hexamer). The mass spectrometry conditions of internal standard elements, integration time, reaction gas flow rate and data processing method and so on were optimized. Ti had a good linear between 0.1-5.00 μg/L under the optimal analytical conditions. The detection limit was 0.1 μg/L. The RSDs of intra-day and inter-day were less than 10%, and the average recoveries were 93.7%-112.2%. The result of Seronorm Trace Elements Urine L-2 met the acceptable range. The method is rapid, simple, accuracy, and suitable for the rapid analysis of titanium in human urine.

Формообразование зданий на основе стержневых арок с изменяемой геометрией

Introduction. Spatial core structures of coatings are used for more efficient industrial production of building structures, which reduces the costs of their mass production, specialization of production and rationality of design solutions. When designing spatial coverings, unique designs of single execution are used, which help to solve grandiose architectural and functional tasks. But coatings that are based on standard elements that help to create various architectural forms are also in great demand. Materials and methods. The subject of the study is a spatial architectural and structural system that is capable of implementing various design tasks, being fast-built, lightweight and having unified elements that exclude assembly welding. Such arches will find wide application from sports to exhibition complexes, thanks to their quick installation. The arch can take the shape of a circle, an ellipse, a parabola or bending in two directions, the arch can take the form of an arbitrary curve with the conjugation of curves curved in different directions. Results. The spatial arch is assembled according to the principle of a crystallographic triangulation scheme, where the upper and lower belts, braces and rods can be distinguished. A new universal joint connecting element connecting from six to twelve standard rods is proposed, which allows achieving a minimum number of standard sizes and performing ground-based manual assembly of enlarged structural elements, the spatial rigidity of the system is ensured when they are articulated together. Conclusions. The results of the present study allow us to consider such a variant of the rod spatial arch as a promising solution, as a result of the theoretical study, it was found that the main direction of improvement of spatial rod structures is the development of new nodal connections.

The IMpact of PerioperAtive KeTamine on Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery (IMPAKT ERAS): protocol for a pragmatic, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial

BackgroundMultimodal analgesic strategies that reduce perioperative opioid consumption are well-supported in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) literature. However, the optimal analgesic regimen has not been established, as the contributions of each individual agent to the overall analgesic efficacy with opioid reduction remains unknown. Perioperative ketamine infusions can decrease opioid consumption and opioid-related side effects. However, as opioid requirements are drastically minimized within ERAS models, the differential effects of ketamine within an ERAS pathway remain unknown. We aim to pragmatically investigate through a learning healthcare system infrastructure how the addition of a perioperative ketamine infusion to mature ERAS pathways affects functional recovery.MethodsThe IMPAKT ERAS trial (IMpact of PerioperAtive KeTamine on Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery) is a single center, pragmatic, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. 1544 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery will be randomly allocated to receive intraoperative and postoperative (up to 48 h) ketamine versus placebo infusions as part of a perioperative multimodal analgesic regimen. The primary outcome is length of stay, defined as surgical start time until hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes will include a variety of in-hospital clinical end points derived from the electronic health record.DiscussionWe aimed to launch a large-scale, pragmatic trial that would easily integrate into routine clinical workflow. Implementation of a modified consent process was critical to preserving our pragmatic design, permitting an efficient, low-cost model without reliance on external study personnel. Therefore, we partnered with leaders of our Investigational Review Board to develop a novel, modified consent process and shortened written consent form that would meet all standard elements of informed consent, yet also allow clinical providers the ability to recruit and enroll patients during their clinical workflow. Our trial design has created a platform for subsequent pragmatic studies at our institution.Trial registrationNCT04625283, Pre-results.

New Regulatory Force of Cyberspace: The Case of Meta’s Oversight Board

It’s been a few years since Facebook (Meta) instituted its Oversight Board as a new quasi-judicial and regulatory body of one of the most important contemporary cyberspaces. It’s long established that social media platforms, such as Facebook, pose certain challenges to democracies as they, among other issues, allow for spread of fake news and hate speech, shift our perception of reality, or create echo chambers. In reaction to talks of regulating similar platforms, Meta’s self-regulatory attempt of instituting the Oversight Board appears to tackle the issue of content moderation by the platform itself. As the content moderation is one of the main sources of Meta’s problematic reputation (taking down posts, pages of various more or less known persons), the board is potentially significant. The paper analyses the board’s mandate, governance structure and procedures. We look at standard elements of independence of decision-making bodies (such as courts) to establish whether the Oversight Board is structured in a way conducive to independent decision making. We conclude that that structure of the Oversight Board fulfils some of the elements of the de jure judicial independence, however there is a room for improvement. Independence of the Oversight Board from Meta is a vital element of the institution, however we detect connections and dependencies on Meta (Meta needs to agree on changes of the Charter as well as the Bylaws, Meta was profoundly involved in the initial selection of the members, etc.). The whole structure of Oversight Board is heavily impacted by the private law institutes – trust, company, contracts – which might not be able to fully facilitate all the needs of an independent quasi-judicial body. The private structure, lacking necessary participatory mechanisms, does not permit the Oversight Board to gain necessary legitimacy. We also review the Oversight Board’s setup in light of the EU’s 2022 Digital Services Act (DSA), which represents one of the most comprehensive regulations of the social media platforms, including content moderation issues. We conclude that the Oversight Board would also not be compliant with requirements set forth in the DSA. After the adoption of the DSA, a question of compatibility of the Oversight Board with the out-of-court dispute settlement bodies opened.

Research of frogs point wear resistance in various conditions for transportation systems: main-line railway and subway

The experience of operating switches shows that load-bearing elements fail for two main reasons: defects and wear. The percentage failure of elements due to one reason or another depends on the operating conditions in which they operate. In this case, the most worn elements of switches are pointers and point frogs and their service life is determined by the amount of tonnage passed through them before reaching the standard values of wear or the appearance defects. The article is devoted to the study of wear resistance of switches operated in various transport systems, namely, mainline transport and subways. The article considers the issues of predicting the standard service life cross elements of typical angles using operational studies for subway conditions and a new theoretical methodology based on the analysis of switches withdrawn from operation after they reach the standard wear values for mainline transport. For analytical calculations, the method of modeling the interaction process and graph-analytical methods were used. As a result of the study, the analytical equations predictive curves for the formation vertical wear as a function of the passed tonnage for the switches point frogs operated on lines of mainline railway transport and the Kyiv subway were established.

Dual-functional metalenses for the polarization-controlled generation of focalized vector beams in the telecom infrared

The availability of static tiny optical devices is mandatory to reduce the complexity of optical paths that typically use dynamic optical components and/or many standard elements for the generation of complex states of light, leading to unprecedented levels of miniaturization and compactness of optical systems. In particular, the design of flat and integrated optical elements capable of multiple vector beams generation with high resolution in the visible and infrared range is very attractive in many fields, from life science to information and communication technology. In this regard, we propose dual-functional transmission dielectric metalenses that act simultaneously on the dynamic and geometric phases in order to manipulate independently right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized states of light and generate focused vector beams in a compact and versatile way. In the specific, starting from the mathematical fundamentals for the compact generation of vector beams using dual-functional optical elements, we provide the numerical algorithms for the computation of metaoptics and apply those techniques to the design and fabrication of silicon metalenses which are able to generate and focus different vector beams in the telecom infrared, depending on the linear polarization state in input. This approach provides new integrated optics for applications in the fields of high-resolution microscopy, optical manipulation, and optical communications, both in the classical and single-photon regimes.

Employment of relaxation times distribution with improved elastic net regularization for advanced impedance data analysis of a lithium-ion battery

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a familiar conventional approach that has been widely applied to analyze electrochemical systems, such as batteries and fuel cells, to determine the polarization resistances of their electrodes. An improved method that can effectively interpret EIS spectra with high resolution and provide close knowledge of the time features of the electrochemical system being considered is the distribution of relaxation times (DRT). However, estimating and attaining DRT is a challenging issue that involves solutions being obtained by employing regularization techniques. This study proposed an improved elastic net (IEN) regularization with an adaptive elastic net penalty, wherein adaptive weight matrices were incorporated into the elastic net penalty. The proposed technique was first validated on standard artificial experimental elements: RC circuit, fractal-RC (FRC) circuit, ZARC element, and Gerischer element, each with a known analytical DRT. The results showed that the proposed method exhibited better estimation accuracy in obtaining the exact known DRTs and resistances, and lower mean square errors (MSEs) when compared with the conventional elastic net (EN) regularization method. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to the EIS data of real lithium-ion batteries with different state-of-charge (SOC) and temperatures, where the obtained DRTs provided an intuitive analysis of the processes within the battery. The proposed model can accurately estimate various time characterizations and identify their processes. Besides the DRTtool results are correspondingly similar to this study's results showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach when compared. However, the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed approach were recognized and reported in this study. Moreover, the proposed approach can be further extended, improved, and employed for advanced EIS techniques and multidimensional EIS data analyses.

Standards of the right of access to court and fair trial in administrative proceedings

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to clarify the content of the standards of the right to access to court and a fair trial in administrative proceedings, as well as to analyze the role of the European Court of Human Rights in the sphere of regulation of these standards. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and proposals. Such methods of scientific knowledge were used: dialectical, analysis, synthesis, formal-legal, structural, comparative-legal. Results: in the process of research, it is proposed to consider the standards of administrative proceedings as a constituent element of international standards of human rights and freedoms, which aim to increase and ensure the effectiveness of judicial protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the process of resolving disputes, one of the parties of which is the subject of power. An analysis of the role of the European Court of Human Rights in the sphere of regulation of administrative process standards was carried out. It was concluded that the harmonization of regulations in the field of defining the standards of the right to access to court and a fair trial will contribute to the creation of a single European legal space. Originality. In the process of research, it was established that the standards of the right to access to court and a fair trial constitute the minimum level of ensuring the rights of a person in the judicial process, as well as the presence of characteristic features of their application in the consideration of administrative cases. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in law enforcement activities in the process of improving the current administrative procedural legislation of Ukraine, as well as in law enforcement activities during the judicial protection of violated individual rights in relations with public authorities.

Consensus concept of modern effective therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic orphan neuromuscular disease caused by a mutation in the DMD gene encoding the protein dystrophin. As a result of developing and progressive muscle damage and atrophy, children lose the ability to walk, develop respiratory and cardiac disorders. The core elements of good care standards are early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, daily physical therapy, regular rehabilitation, glucocorticosteroids, and control of heart and lung function. The clinical effect of new targeted pathogenetic therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, restoring synthesis of full or truncated dystrophin, depend on their appropriate combination with existing standards of care.