Standard Dynamic Source Routing Research Articles

A Proposed Solution for Route Reply Storm Problem to Improve DSR Protocol Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to the limited transmission range of the wireless sensor network interface, a node may need multiple network hops to exchange data with another node over networks and other issues cause an overhead and bad utilization on the network. As a consequently, if some nodes reply route request at the same time to the same destination, then these simultaneous replies from different nodes will cause collision at the destination which it can cause a problem named route reply storm. The dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol is a reactive source routing protocol for mobile IP network where nodes should sense and discover with nearby nodes. Each node acts as a router for sending and receiving the packets to/from other node. In this work, we present a new proposal as a solution for storm route reply problem in DSR; the objective of the new proposed solution is to present a way to reduce unnecessary packet flooding between source and destination nodes in order to enhance DSR protocol. Afterthought, this work proposed some case studies to verify our proposed solution for solving the problem route reply storm, our verifications proves our robustness and correctness of the proposed solution against two main WSN problems that may face any wireless sensor network including coverage problem and link failure problem. The simulation results achieved here for two routing protocols DSR protocol and proposed improved DSR protocol for energy efficiency parameters. Simulation results showed that the energy consumption of proposed approach is minimized by 25 % approximately as compared to previous standard DSR protocol while the network lifetime performance is increased by approximately 35 % as compared to standard DSR protocol. In summary, the proposed solution of DSR protocol can be energy efficient for wireless sensor networks resource management.

DSSAM: digitally signed secure acknowledgement method for mobile ad hoc network

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less, self-motivated, arbitrary, self-configuring, rapidly changing, multi-hop network that is self-possessing wireless bandwidth-conscious links without centrally managed router support. In such a network, wireless media is easy to snoop. It is firm to the surety to access any node, easier to insertion of bad elements or attackers for malicious activities in the network. Therefore, security issues become one of the significant considerations for such kind of networks. The deployment of an effective intrusion detection system is important in order to provide protection against various attacks. In this paper, a Digitally Signed Secure Acknowledgement Method (DSSAM) with the use of the RSA digital signature has been proposed and simulated. Three different parameters are considered, namely secure acknowledgment, node authentication, and packet authentication for study. This article observes the DSSAM performance and compares it with two existing standard methods, namely Watchdog and 2-ACK under standard Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) routing environment. In the end, it is noticed that the rate of detection of malicious behaviour is better in the case of the proposed method. However, associated overheads are high. A trade-off between performance and overhead has been considered.

Defending Against Smart Grayhole Attack Within MANETs: A Reputation-Based Ant Colony Optimization Approach for Secure Route Discovery in DSR Protocol

Moving randomly without any centralized authority, dynamic nodes constitute the Mobile Adhoc Networks on the basis of fully-fledged cooperation and native trustworthiness. Unfortunately, in real scenarios, the malicious nodes take advantage of this inherent trustworthiness to settle in and perform their suspicious activities. In the light of the growing concerns about security attacks in hostile environments, new challenges have emerged to thwart routing attacks including the smart grayhole attack, which adversely affects the availability and accuracy of the network by dropping data packets. This paper addresses this disturbing attack by monitoring the behavior of the participating nodes through a bio-inspired trust management model. The distributed trustworthiness assessment model is based on the beta reputation system combined with the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) metaheuristic. The main focus of the beta reputation system is rating the nodes according to their successful tasks and their consumed energy, while the ACO metaheuristic maintains this reputation metric during the discovery process and calculates the preference value of each traversed path to select the most secure one. The proposed model improves the traditional Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol by isolating the malicious nodes from participation in data packets transmission. The simulations conducted with the network simulator 2, show that despite the presence of numerous gray holes, the reputation-based ACO DSR (RACODSR) outperforms the standard DSR in terms of packet loss ratio by a decrease of 9.8%, packet delivery ratio by an increase of 0.22%, throughput by an increase of 0.4%, jitter by a decrease of 22.76%, the end to end delay by a decrease of 2.51% and the consumed energy by a decrease of 0.17%.

Agent-based trusted on-demand routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks

The routing performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) relies on the co-operation of the individual nodes that constitute the network. The existence of misbehaving nodes may paralyze the routing operation in MANETs. To overcome this behavior, the trustworthiness of the network nodes should be considered in the route selection process combined with the hop count. The trustworthiness is achieved by measuring the trust value for each node in the network. In this paper, a new protocol based on self monitoring (agent-based) and following the dynamic source routing (DSR) algorithm is presented. This protocol is called agent-based trusted dynamic source routing protocol for MANETs. The objective of this protocol is to manage trust information locally with minimal overhead in terms of extra messages and time delay. This objective is achieved through installing in each participated node in the network a multi-agent system (MAS). MAS consists of two types of agents: monitoring agent and routing agent. A new mathematical and more realistic objective model for measuring the trust value is introduced. This model is weighted by both number and size of routed packets to reflect the "selective forwarding" behavior of a node. The performance evaluation via simulation shows that our protocol is better than standard and trusted DSR. The simulation is done over a variety of environmental conditions such as number of malicious nodes, host density and movement rates.

Optimized battery threshold for better network connectivity

In mobile ad hoc networks, the major limiting resource for the nodes is the amount of battery power. Researchers have been consistently doing work to optimize its utilization. We know that prolonged battery use during the communication will lead to early disconnections and degrades network performance. In this paper we propose an effective battery utilization algorithm, which is applied during the active data transmission phase of the network and find out the optimal value of the battery power for better network performance. We implement this algorithm on the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol, which is considered to be an efficient reactive routing protocol. We performed simulation using ns-2 to study the effect of our algorithm by varying energy levels of the battery and compare it with standard DSR protocol. Finally analyze the results to carry out important deductions.

IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING (DSR) IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK (MANET)

Generally, the Base station (BS) is fixed in the mo bile communication system however in Mobile Ad hoc network, Base Station (BS)s is not used, thus it is named as infrastructure les s network which can manage its network independentl y. The Routing protocol plays an important role and a lot of research has been do ne in this area. This paper presents a protocol for routing mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that uses dynamic source routing. This prot ocol adapts quickly to the change in the routing pa th as the host is changing its location frequently. DSR allows the network to be f ully self-organising and self-configuring without t he need for any existing network. The protocol is composed of the two mechanisms of r oute discovery and route maintenance work together to search for the shortest path and also to maintain source route to arbitrary destination in the Mobile ad hoc network, we used optimize routing protocol in Mobile ad hoc network (MANET).This optimization is done on DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol using ANT algorithm. The performance of DSR is analyzed using Qualnet 5.2 wi th respect to QOS (Quality of Service) of throughpu t, end to end delay, Routing overhead, Average hop count. All the parameter are analyzed in three different scenario of velocity, p ause time and traffic connection. All the result are compared with the result of stan dard DSR routing protocol. The comparison shows tha t the DSR-ant has better performance than standard DSR. By using Ant algorit hm, the DSR optimization can be improved with a sma ller delay and the number of hop to transfer information between nodes.

Trust Based DSR Routing Protocol for Mitigating Cooperative Black Hole Attacks in Ad Hoc Networks

Identifying a trusted and secure route in an un-trusted environment is always a challenging problem. Lack of centralized infrastructure and dependence on other nodes for routing data, always pose security threats in ad hoc networks. So routing in ad hoc networks demands a secure end-to-end route that is free of malicious nodes for reliable packet forwarding. In this paper, we have designed a routing solution called Trust Based Dynamic Source Routing that enables the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol to find a secure end-to-end route free of black hole nodes with cooperation from the neighbors. Also our solution can be able to protect the network in the presence of colluding attackers without the need of promiscuous monitoring the neighbor nodes. Extensive simulation has been carried out to evaluate the design of our protocol. The experiment results show that our protocol is able to achieve routing security with 42 % increase in packet delivery ratio and 37 % reduction in packet loss rate when compared to standard DSR under cooperative black hole attack.

Dynamic Trust Based Method to Mitigate Greyhole Attack in Mobile Adhoc Networks

Effective mitigation against the security attacks in the mobile adhoc network is a challenging job. A new routing protocol based on the trust model is proposed and analysed in this article. Here each node calculates trust value and association status for all its neighboring nodes through monitoring its behavior in the network. Then this trust model is integrated into the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol which is the most common on demand routing protocol used in MANET. In the proposed scheme the route is not selected on the basis of first arrival of RREP and waits till it gets the RREP from all neighboring nodes and decides the path to be routed based on the nature of Association between them. Thus the Greyhole nodes will be identified and will not be given preference in the route selection. The performance the proposed protocol is evaluated by comparing the simulation results of it with the standard DSR in presence of Greyhole nodes. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed routing protocols can effectively detect Greyhole Nodes and isolate them from routing.

Trust management model for mobile ad hoc network based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy theory

Owing to the openness in network topology and the absence of centralised administration in management, mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is vulnerable to attacks from malicious nodes. In order to decrease the hazards from these malicious nodes, the authors incorporate the concept of trust into the MANET, and build a trust management model which is divided into two parts: subjective trust evaluation model and trusted routing model. In subjective trust evaluation model, the credibility of nodes can be evaluated using analytic hierarchy process theory and fuzzy logic rules prediction method. Based on the fuzzy dynamic programming theory, in trusted routing model, the authors present a novel trusted routing algorithm which can kick out the untrustworthy nodes in order to obtain a reliable passage delivery route. As an application of the proposed trusted routing algorithm, a novel reactive routing protocol on the basis of the standard dynamic source routing protocol, called fuzzy trusted dynamic source routing (FTDSR) protocol is proposed. Several experiments have been conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the protocol in malicious node identification and attack resistance. The experimental results show that FTDSR can effectively detect the malicious nodes that guarantee the packet delivery ratio and the network throughput.

Self-configured multipath routing using path lifetime for video-streaming services over Ad Hoc networks

The increasing spread of mobile nodes along with the technical advances in multi-hop MANETs (Mobile Ad hoc NETworks) makes this kind of networks an important type of access network of next generation. The demand of multimedia services from these networks is expected to significantly grow in the next years. Multimedia services, though, require the provision of Quality of Service (QoS). Nevertheless, the highly dynamic nature of MANETs, the energy constraints, the lack on centralized infrastructure and the variable link capacity, makes the QoS provision over MANETs a matter that challenges attention. These features make self-configuration and system adaptation questions of major importance when developing a QoS-aware framework. To tackle this issue, we have designed a-MMDSR (adaptive-Multipath Multimedia Dynamic Source Routing), a multipath routing protocol able to self-configure dynamically depending on the state of the network. The approach includes cross-layer techniques especially designed to improve the end-to-end performance of video-streaming services over IEEE 802.11e Ad Hoc networks. Besides, a straightforward analytical model to estimate the path error probability is presented. This model is used by the routing scheme to estimate the lifetime of the paths. In this way, proper proactive decisions can be made before the paths get broken. The model simplicity is appropriate for low capacity wireless devices. Simulation results validate the proposal and show the improvement on standard DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) and on a previous static version.

A Newly Routing Protocol for MANET

The dynamic topology of Mobile ad hoc Network {MANET) allows nodes to join and leave the network at any point of time. This dynamic property of MANET has rendered it vulnerable to passive and active attacks by malicious nodes. In this paper we propose a new trust based relationship among the nodes to combat the packet dropping attack. In our scheme we considered the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol for simulation due to its common usage and flexible nature. Simulation results are used to draw conclusions regarding to the proposed scheme and compared it with the standard DSR protocol. Conducted experiments showed that the proposed scheme outscores the traditional DSR protocol in all aspects. Furthermore, the proposed trust enhanced dynamic source routing protocol provides the solution for the possible packet dropping attack in an ad hoc network.

RDSR-V. Reliable Dynamic Source Routing for video-streaming over mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructureless networks formed by wireless mobile devices with limited battery life. In MANETs for civilian applications, the network nodes may not belong to a single authority and they may not have a common goal. These MANETs are particularly vulnerable to selfish behavior, as some nodes may prefer saving resources to forward data. There are a few generic reputation-based systems for MANETs which could be used to enforce cooperation among nodes. However, we envision that the system performance can be highly improved by using cross-layer techniques that take into account the specific characteristics of each particular service. In this article, we propose a distributed and easy-to-implement routing mechanism based on reputation for the provision of MPEG-2 video-streaming services over MANETs. The main novelty that we introduce regarding the existent literature is that our proposal is service aware, that is to say, we consider the video-streaming service characteristics to develop a cross-layer design with the routing protocol. In addition, we do not introduce extra signaling overhead to monitor reputation because we use the standard video-streaming end-to-end signaling. Finally, simulation results show that our proposal clearly outperforms both standard Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and OCEAN (a generic reputation-based mechanism).