Standard Design Process Research Articles

Advancing Circular Buildings: A Review of Building Strategies for AEC Stakeholders

The uptake of a circular economy (CE) in the building sector is challenging, primarily due to the complexity associated with the design process and the dynamic interaction among architects, engineers, and construction (AEC) stakeholders. The standard and typical design process and construction methods raise concerns about building life cycles. Buildings should not only fulfill current needs, but one also needs to consider how they will function in the future and throughout their lifetime. To address these complexities, early planning is required to guide designers in holistically applying systems thinking to deliver CE outcomes. This paper outlines a critical review of CE implementation in buildings, with a proposed trifecta of approaches that significantly contribute to the development of circular buildings (CBs). The findings outline a proposed visualized framework with a conceptual formula that integrates CE design strategies to simplify and enhance AEC stakeholders’ perception of the circularity sequence in buildings. By strategically integrating loop-based strategies with the value retention process (VRP) and design for X (DFX) strategies, along with efficient assessment tools and technologies, it becomes feasible to embrace a CE during the design phase. The outcome of this review informs AEC stakeholders to systematically and strategically integrate the critical dimensions of a CE throughout the building life cycle, striking a balance between environmental concern, economic value, and future needs.

Optimal design of selected features of exhaust system shields using different optimization methods and artificial neural networks

The article presents problems related to methods of optimal design of heat shields used in exhaust systems of internal combustion engines. The optimization method proposed in this paper goes well beyond the scope of the standard design process. The paper uses a variety of local and global optimization algorithms, those both built into numerical simulation systems and in-house and external algorithms. An optimization criterion was defined and numerically implemented, together with constraints derived from the real requirements for this type of shielding. A simplified numerical model of finite element method providing the required accuracy adapted to the optimization task was developed. In addition, the work also presents a method for creating finite element surrogate models using artificial neural networks. The process of selecting the network topology and its learning allowed the development of a metamodel characterized by very good quality, for which, despite the relatively large number of design variables, the response errors are completely acceptable from a practical point of view. Numerical results were compared and developed for the used methods and algorithms.

Defining a framework for implementing the circular economy principles into ship design

This research addresses the importance of sustainability in shipping beyond fuel selection, stressing the need for responsible material usage in vessel construction and maintenance. Transitioning to a circular economy is crucial for sustainable waste management in the industry, yet current ship design neglects circularity considerations, prioritising functionality and cost. The research evaluates frameworks such as the butterfly diagram, Cradle-to-Cradle, 10R, and ReSOLVE to integrate circularity into ship design. Combining the 10R framework with the Material Circularity Indicator method, this study offers practical insights for circularity in ship design. Challenges include integrating these methods into standard design processes, which are mitigated by fusing 10R strategies with systems engineering. A case study on wheelhouse redesign demonstrates the effects of this approach, highlighting the importance of supplier collaboration for circularity enhancement.

A Critical Review and Systematic Design Approach for Linkage-Based Gait Rehabilitation Devices

This study aims to provide a comprehensive critical review of the existing body of evidence pertaining to gait rehabilitation. It also seeks to introduce a systematic approach for the development of innovative design solutions in this domain. The field of gait rehabilitation has witnessed a surge in the development of novel robotic devices. This trend has emerged in response to limitations observed in most commercial solutions, particularly regarding their high costs. Consequently, there is a growing need to explore more cost-effective alternatives and create opportunities for greater accessibility. Within the realm of cost-effective options, linkage-based gait trainers have emerged as viable alternatives, prompting a thorough examination of this category, which is carried out in this work. Notably, there is a wide heterogeneity in research approaches and presentation methods. This divergence has prompted discourse regarding the standardization of key elements relevant to the proposals of new linkage-based devices. As a result, this study proposes a comprehensive and standardized design process and offers a brief illustration of the application of this design process through the presentation of a potential new design.

Impact analysis of compression preloaded honeycomb sandwich structures

Honeycomb cores made of phenol resin impregnated paper are widely used in sandwich structures of aircraft. Owing to the rather weak core material, this kind of sandwich is prone to a range of damages as a result of impact loading which may accidentally occur during operation. When employed in aircraft these structures have to be damage tolerant. This means barely visible damages have to be considered in the structural design process. In the standard design process for damage tolerant aircraft structures especially the effect of impacts has to be considered but is mostly investigated on unloaded sandwich components. However, aircraft structures are not completely stress free, even when the aircraft is in parking position. At least the structural weight will cause a permanent static preload. In the literature there are only few investigations dealing with the impact behaviour of preloaded honeycomb sandwich structures. In general, studies on composite structures have shown that tension preloads lead to higher structural impact resistance, while prestressing in compression reduces mechanical properties such as impact strength and stiffness of the structure. For this reason, a compression preload is considered as the more critical load case. In order to evaluate the effect of static compression preloads an experimental study on five different honeycomb sandwich configurations was conducted. The experimental investigations showed that even low preloads cause a higher structural damage area, which results in a lower residual strength of the structure. The results indicated that it is recommendable to consider structural compression preloads in the aircraft structural design process.

Multi-Objective Design Optimization for HVDC-LCC Converter Transformers: Analytical and FEA-Based Comparison

The emerging HVDC technology has been used for long-distance power transmission, increasing flexibility to the power systems, handling asynchronous interconnections, crossing long-distance submarine cables, unusual loading, and generation profiles, and improving energy market relations. The HVDC converter transformers are designed based on system parameters, that directly affect the core and windings geometries, thus the weight and operating losses. In a standard design process, the designer adjusts the active part dimensions, until the constructive and specified aspects, moreover, the technical standard restrictions, are satisfied. The paper’s main contribution is to formulate analytic equations, in a way that losses and weight can be obtained for several options of core and windings geometry. However, weight and losses are opposite objectives in the search for an optimal solution. Understanding this compromise between opposing goals is relevant to the equipment learning process. In this context, another significant contribution of the paper is to carry out a formal optimization process through the analytical formulation developed. To minimize the weight and operating losses, and subject to IEC standards and constructive restrictions, the multi-objective Genetic Algorithm has been used to search for the Pareto Frontier. Far beyond the chosen solution, the non-dominated frontier obtained for each transformer design, allows the designer to learn about the equipment and its operation, leading to a continuous improvement of the proposed methodology. The analytical formulation is validated by an alternative numerical methodology for winding harmonic losses and short-circuit impedance verification, providing meaningful confidence for the applied method.

Free-text inspiration search for systematic bio-inspiration support of engineering design

Abstract Current supportive bio-inspired design methods focus on handcrafting the inspiration engineers use to speed up bio-inspired design. However promising, such methods are not scalable as the time investment is shifted to an up-front investment. Furthermore, most proposed methods require the engineer to adopt a new design process. The current study presents FISh, a scalable search method based on the standard engineering design process. By leveraging machine translation between a representative corpus of biological and engineering texts, the engineer can start the search using engineering terminology, which, behind the scenes, is automatically converted to a biological query. This conversion is done using language models trained on patents and biological publications for the engineering and biology domains. Both models are aligned using the most used English words. The biological query is used to retrieve biological documents that describe the most relevant functionality for the engineering query. The presented method allows searching for bio-inspiration using a free-text query. Furthermore, updating the underlying datasets, models and organism aspects is automated, allowing the system to stay up to date without requiring interactive effort. Finally, the search functionality is validated by comparing the search results for the functionality of existing bio-inspired designs with their inspiring organisms.

Study of Concrete Frame Structure of Commercial Building with Floating Column

The planning process is the art and science of design with the construction that is economical, robust and durable. This project is primarily based on code Design and Analysis of Frame Buildings. The entire standard planning and design process requires thinking, knowledge, and reflection. Analysis and design of G+2 storey commercial buildings using IS criteria. Analysis and all samples were generated by and analyzed by STAAD Pro. software. All the drawing and detailing was done by AutoCAD, which was also the basis for the conversion of structure to analysis and design in STAAD Pro. Floors, beams, stairs, etc. in this project. It design adopts the IS: 456-2000. Consider the difference between the positions of members pursuant to IS; 875-1987 (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3). Therefore, the construction of buildings has been planned as per the Indian National Building Code.

Nonlinear extension of battery constrained predictive charging control with transmission of Jacobian matrix

Battery charging operation limits can be considered systematically in the optimal constrained control framework of model predictive control (MPC). Hence, MPC-based battery charge control techniques are very promising for solving health-aware optimal charging problem. However, the battery’s nonlinear state of charge (SOC) - open circuit voltage (OCV) relationship prevents the direct application of standard MPC design process. Therefore, in this paper, we present a nonlinear extension of MPC charge control structure for lithium-ion batteries based on one of the most commonly used equivalent circuit models (ECMs). In the proposed charge control structure, extended Kalman filter (EKF) is adopted for battery state estimation. Furthermore, the Jacobian matrix obtained through first-order Taylor approximation in EKF is reused in MPC formulation. This can effectively handle the nonlinear battery charging control problem, while simultaneously make full use of the linearization result of EKF. Consequently, the linear assumption of SOC–OCV relationship in the literature is unlocked by embedding EKF into MPC formulation in a systematic way. Numerical validation with real experimental data has shown that the battery’s electrical constraints are respected during the whole charging process. Furthermore, the prediction horizon of MPC has much more impact on battery limit operation time reduction than the control horizon of MPC. The ratio between weighting factors λ and γ in MPC’s cost function is important to ensure the objective of controlling the minimum charging time.

SRE_BBC: A Self-Adaptive Security Enabled Requirements Engineering Approach for SLA Smart Contracts in Blockchain-Based Cloud Systems.

Current blockchain-based cloud (BBC) systems have several security vulnerabilities regarding smart contracts (SC), and several attacks have been reported recently. The SC development lacks standard design processes that follow software lifecycle principles to model secure SC. Secondly, the security mechanisms in the SC are not constantly evolved to resist evolving adversary attacks. BBC systems lack self-adaptive security capability to make spontaneous decisions when adversarial attacks are encountered. To build a self-adaptive secure BBC system that follows standard software development lifecycle principles to model secure SC, we propose the so-called self-adaptive security RE_BBC framework. The framework would utilize the MAPE-BBC adaptation loop to make decisions internally based on the threat models, goal models, and service level agreement (SLA) SC security specifications. The framework identifies vulnerabilities and threats and takes precautionary measures using self-adaptive SC agents. We validated the proposed methodology theoretically and empirically, and statistically proved the research questions and hypothesis using the t-test and Mann–Whitney U test. Subsequently, we compare our proposed approach with the Security Quality Requirements Engineering approach (SQUARE). The feasibility results and the replicated study results indicate that the proposed approach outperformed the SQUARE approach in terms of artifacts quality, self-adaptive security evaluation quality, efficiency in response time, complexity, and usefulness of the proposed approach for the Healthcare Data Management (HDM) system. SC security developers can immensely benefit from our proposed methodology. They need not reengineer SC from scratch; depending on their security needs and plan, the contract can be adapted to execute a new plan.

The Cumulative Role of Impoundments in Streamflow Alteration

AbstractSmall impoundments are numerous throughout river corridors. Limited data on their size and outflow have made it difficult to assess how these smaller impoundments cumulatively impact streamflow. This study combined rainfall‐runoff data from the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model with a routing framework to develop a hydrologic model capable of analyzing flow alteration induced by cumulative impoundment. Using standard design processes and satellite imagery, simulations of impoundment hydraulics were assembled for both small and large impoundments. Eleven of the 170 impoundments in the Difficult Run watershed were modeled to assess their cumulative impact on downstream flow from 1984 to 2005. Multiple simulations were analyzed to determine incremental effects. We found that flow alteration increased with impoundment density. Impoundments prolonged storm hydrographs, increasing median and baseflows, and decreasing peak streamflow downstream. Impoundment size and location impacted downstream flow alteration as headwater channels ran dry and evaporation from impoundments with high surface area to storage ratios decreased extreme low flows. Large reservoirs had a greater impact on median flows, as small ponds dominated low flow alteration. Including a greater fraction of the watershed’s 170 small impoundments may further increase flow alteration. These results suggest that small impoundments play a large role in determining water availability, particularly during droughts.

A Design of Personal Learning Network on Social Networking Tools with Gamification for Professional Experience

This research aimed to design a novel teaching and learning process in the professional experience training. The Successive Approximation Model (SAM) was applied in the design steps. The attainment of the designed framework derived from numbers of theoretical reviews, as well as the analytical data collected from the expert interviews. The proposed framework included the components of a Personal Learning Network (PLN), the process of PLN, and the professional experience procedure. The components of PLN were: learning resources, learning tools, learning content, and learning activities. In addition, the process of PLN consisted of Creation, Connection, Cognition, and Contribution. The professional experience incorporated nine main activities particularly, enrolling in the course, joining three compulsory seminars, doing two major periods of internship, mentor visiting, submitting assignments, and completing the course. These three concepts were combined into the framework of integrated learning activities, which occurred in social networking tool, Course Networking (CN). It operated as the learning tool utilized the newly created addable badges as a part of gamification features. The assessment results from the eleven experts revealed that the teaching and learning practice using personal learning networks on social networking tools with gamification in the professional experience proved to have high levels of standard evaluation, innovative attributes, design process, teaching and learning procedure, and teaching and learning activities.

The effectiveness of interactive online tutorials in first-year large biology course

PurposeOnline resources can be helpful for students and can augment the content presented in learning environments. A team consisting of four biologists, a graduate student, instructional designer and media developers collaborated on the design, development and evaluation of first-year biology online tutorials in a Canadian University. The tutorials were designed to address knowledge gaps resulting in low success rates and attrition of first-year students in biology. The decrease in the number of students in STEM has alarmed educators, prompting a call for efforts to increase STEM majors in universities. Large class sizes, such as first year biology with ∼900 registrants annually, with detail-oriented, content-heavy loads, can result in low success rates and attrition.Design/methodology/approachActive learning methods, including online formative assessments, which encourage student engagement in course material, can be effective in large introductory science classes, and thus, the authors provided engagement with tutorial online resources. The authors identified the tutorial topics by analyzing previous years' tests, student feedback and pedagogical research in undergraduate biology. The top five topics identified as common misconceptions or troublesome concepts within the course were selected. Standard instructional design processes were used to produce high-quality online tutorials. Tutorials included learning materials, videos, animations, self-assessments, reflective questions and badges to facilitate deep learning of the topics. Effectiveness of the tutorials was evaluated using quantitative methods and quasi-experimental design to compare the student learning results between the control year (without tutorials) and the year when tutorials were offered. Pre- and posttests measuring conceptual understanding were administered to assess gains in student learning. Additionally, student engagement was measured using the Classroom Survey of Student Engagement (CLASSE), and data from learning management system was collected.FindingsResults of the study show that the tutorials were an effective means of providing supplementary assistance to students as well as fostering a gain in students' levels of engagement with the course. Data analysis indicates that there was a significant increased gain in learning of core concepts in biology. Specifically, using formative online assessments resulted in measurable learning gains in students who participated voluntarily, in comparison to students who chose not to engage in self-paced quiz testing.Originality/valueAs seen from the description earlier, the tutorials, and this project, provide suitable university-level complexity to address specific learning gaps in the first year course. They provide a valuable service to students in terms of representing content in an alternate format and motivating students as they engaged with videos and self-assessment most frequently. The project adds to the teaching and learning environment with respect to program design, mode of delivery and scheduling by providing self-paced tutorials that focus on specific concepts in biology. Students may review these resources whenever and as often as they feel necessary to better master the concepts. This makes the content applicable for the various preferences for approaches to learning and accommodation requirements found in students. Importantly, using formative online assessments resulted in measurable learning gains in students who participated voluntarily, in comparison to students who chose not to engage in self-paced quiz testing.

Application Research on the Integration of Civil Engineering and Computer-aided Building System Based on the Development of BIM

Building informatization and industrialization are mutually advancing in the development process. After BIM technology is widely used in the construction industry, the modeling functions of BIM include standardized components for building building models, “error and leakage collision” inspection, and simulation simulation construction. These functions are in Building industrialization has great advantages in the construction process of prefabricated buildings, especially the standardized design process in the engineering project design stage, which helps to vigorously promote the standardized construction. There is a certain correlation between the improvement of civil engineering construction quality standards and the background of intelligent development. People are more concerned about the quality of engineering projects, and social publicity has been reached for the safety and green environmental protection of buildings. It is imperative to realize technological innovation in civil engineering. The fusion technology of civil engineering technology and computer-aided building system combines building technology, civil engineering technology, control technology, etc. with computer support systems to develop a new type of intelligent building technology. The integration and application of civil engineering and computer-aided building systems are highly valued by the country, which will lead the development direction of the wood construction industry. For colleges and universities, the research and study of the integration and application of civil engineering and computer-aided building systems not only puts forward new requirements for student learning, but also provides new ideas for the direction of employment, and at the same time has a deeper understanding of the relevant research system of universities change. The article mainly explains the working principle of BIM, based on the BIM development background and the integration advantages of civil engineering and computer-supported building systems for specific applications in construction projects, with the goal of promoting the further development and popularization of this technology.

Demand Analysis of Wind Turbine System Based on MBSE

Because the wind turbine system is complex and involves a wide range of disciplines, the model-based system engineering (MBSE) method is used to effectively process demand analysis, system function analysis, and system logic architecture design synthesis and verification in a graphical manner, forming a standard Sequential design process reduces costs and improves design efficiency. Requirement analysis is the key to system design and the key to the forward design process of MBSE system architecture model. It is of great significance to the entire system and subsequent development. This article mainly describes the application of MBSE in wind turbine system demand analysis.

Three Different Compact Elliptical Slot Ultra -Wide band Antennas for Wireless Communication Applications

From this current paper, 3 separate elliptical slotted ultra- wide band (UWB) antennas are being proposed. These antennas have been designed with a standard PCB design process to be capable of integrating with radiofrequency or microwave circuitry. Two designs were presented in which the initial design comprised a half circular ring radiator and the remaining one considers a half elliptical ring radiator. The third design of the radiator is in the shape of a crescent. The impedance bandwidth of all these presented antenna designs varies from 2.5GHz and reaches to 14GHz with a S11 less than -10GHz. Here, every proposed antenna design also has a consistent radiation pattern across its frequency band of interest. The performance of the antenna is impressive for lower band frequency in UWB system, which differs in a range of 3.1GHz to 5.1GHz. Across the whole frequency band the antenna shows a 10db return loss bandwidth. The antenna is fabricated on RT-duroid substrate and fed with 50 Ω coupled tappered transmission line.

Standardizing the patient-specific medical device design process via a paper-based pro-forma

Purpose/audience: this study targets designers, clinicians and biomedical engineers who are involved in digital surgical planning and patient-specific medical device design, either in hospitals, universities or companies. A commonly accepted, standardized design process does not exist in this specialized but highly variable field, and this can make regulatory compliance via the implementation of quality standards more difficult. Methodology/approach: an article-based design pro-forma was created based on needs identified in previous work. It was structured in order to broadly standardize the design process; consolidate planning and modelling behaviours into discrete clusters; anticipate decision-making on key product requirements; facilitate focused discussion with clients (surgeons); create a pleasurable experience for the designer; and encourage detailed reporting of design decisions and therefore to lower barriers to Quality Management System (QMS) implementation and adherence. The performance of the pro-forma was verified using observation, simultaneous verbalization and semi-structured interviews. Three participants across two contexts were observed designing without and then with the pro-forma. Their behaviours and comments were recorded, their designed outcomes evaluated and their quality compliance assessed. Findings: The design workflow was shown to be segmented and contained within distinct and repeatable steps when using the pro-forma. Reported participant confidence increased and stress decreased. Contact time between participants and clients was consolidated. Designed outputs and documented records successfully complied with generalizable aspects of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 13485 standard. However, it did not, and by definition could never, wholly implement a complete certifiable QMS, which must be tailored to a specific organization. Implications for practice, society or research: as demand for patient-specific devices continues to rise, and as regulatory requirements about QMS adherence extend to cover all contexts, organizations will need to react accordingly. This pro-forma offers a clear direction for how to introduce evidence-based best practices, and a starting point for full QMS certification. Originality/value: this research marks the first attempt to standardize this highly specialized design process across users, tools and contexts.

Research on automatic generation technology of ejector pin for injection mold

When having narrow slot features in the mold core, the molded products cannot be smoothly removed from the mold core. Through ejector pin design, during the ejection process, the ejector pin can eject products to successfully leave the mold core. Under the framework of CAD software, this study developed the narrow slot feature recognition, integrated the mold design, and automated ejector pin production. Based on the geometric relationship of the surfaces, edges of the core’s narrow slot, this study summarized an algorithm to automatically recognize the narrow slot feature by programming an algorithm. Through computer programming calculation and judgment, the proposed method can automatically recognize narrow slot features to reduce the time at the recognition stage and record the diameters of the ejector pin and its coordinate position in feature parameters. At the mold design stage, through the acquisition of its parameters, it can automatically produce a suitable ejector pin. Through standardized design process, it can greatly shorten the design time to guide users to quickly complete the design, while reducing design errors to improve working efficiency by the automatic integration function.

Design and Analysis of Garlic Peeler Machine

The purpose of this research is to design and analysis of a Garlic Peeling Machine. The traditional hand peeling garlic method is very tedious and time-consuming work once a bulk quantity of garlic to be peeled, especially for restaurants. The pungent smell of garlic will make the uncomfortable for user’s hands and eyes. Hence, the goals to be achieved in this research are to design a garlic peeling machine to replace the manual working in order to reduce the time taken compared to the hand peeling method. The research scopes involved of design and generate idea concepts, simulation and analysis structure and undergo experiment. The process flow of this research begins according to the standard design process flow. A survey was conducted to collect the customer’s requirements. After idea generation, the final concept was selected using Pugh method and Weighted method. Simulation of fluid flow was carried out using computational fluid Dynamic (CFD) software.

Adaptive Finite-time Tracking Control for Class of Uncertain Nonlinearly Parameterized Systems with Input Delay

In this paper, the tracking problem for a class of uncertain nonlinearly parameterized systems with input delay based the adaptive finite-time control scheme is investigated. The Pade approximation method is employed to handle the input delay problem. In combination with the variable separation technique and standard backstepping design process, a novel adaptive finite-time control strategy with a learning parameter is developed, and a simplified control law established. It can be proved that the system output signal follows the reference signal in finite time and all signals of the system are bounded under this control strategy. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the scheme.