Stainles Steel Research Articles

FUNCTIONAL PROTECTIVE ZrN COATINGS ON IMPLANTS FOR TRAUMA SURGERY

The nano-crystalline films of zirconium nitride have been synthesized on implants for trauma surgery made of AISI 316 L stainles steel by using vacuum-arc deposition under RF-biasing mode in “Bulat” type device. Structure examinations – X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray fluoriscent analysis (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with microanalysis (EDX), nanoidentation method – were performed to study phase and chemical composition, surface morphology, microstructure and nanohardness of ZrN coatings. The corrosion resistance of coatings has been tested in 0.9 % quasiphysiological NaCl solution.

The Use of papaver somniferum L. Plant Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor

The corrosion inhibition and adsorption characteristics of the extract obtained from the plant Papaver somniferum L. (PSL) by electrochemical methods at different temperatures (25, 35 and 45°C) were investigated in 0.2 M HCl and 0.2 M HCl + x ppm PSL solutions on AISI 304 stainles steel (AISI 304 SS), ETIAL 150 aluminum alloy (ETIAL 150 Al) and copper. The best inhibition was obtained containing 0.2 M HCl + 500 ppm PSL inhibitor concentration solutions. Surface observations of metals after standing experiments were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy scattering X-ray method EDX). The inhibition effect was increased with an increase in inhibitor concentration. Extract adsorbed on the surface of metals obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The Langmuir adsorption isotherms confirm the physical adsorption mechanism and the inhibitor is a mixed type inhibitor. SEM images show cracks and pits on the surfaces in extract free solutions. AFM and SEM were showed thick dense film on metal surfaces in containing extract solutions. The occuring film closed all the active corrosion sites on metals and inhibited corrosion mechanism. Some thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for the adsorption process, that were adsorption equilibrium constant (Kads), Gibbs adsorption free energy (Gads), and activation energy of corrosion reaction (Ea), were calculated and discussed by using Tafel results. Arrhenius energies increased with an increase in inhibitor concentration. Activation energies and Gibbs free energies for the inhibition reactions were supported the physical adsorption mechanism.

Corrosion Rate and Wear Mechanisms Comparison for Aisi 410 Stainles Steel Exposed to Pure Corrosion and Abrasion-corrosion in a Simulated Marine Environment

Corrosion Rate and Wear Mechanisms Comparison for Aisi 410 Stainles Steel Exposed to Pure Corrosion and Abrasion-corrosion in a Simulated Marine Environment

PERILAKU SENSITASI PADA LOGAM STAINLESS STEEL SERI J4 AKIBAT PERLAKUAN PANAS

The failure of austenitic stainless steel during the industrial aplications is place sensitization due to heat treatment. The investigation of that failure has been investigated by researchers in particular for stainless steel 2XX and 3XX types, while there isno or little investigation for stainless steel J4 type.Furthermore, the investigation of the presence of sensitization on stainlees steel was conducted by referring to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A262-02a, which the caracterization of metal surface morphologies dan chrom content used optical microscope andscanning electron microskop, and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The results elucidate that sensitization is produced in temperature range from700 o C up to 900 o C .There isgrain boundaries attack onsurface morphologies after sensitization test in the temperature range from700 o C up to 900 o C ,whichis unlikely to happenat temperature of 600 o C. The possibility of chromium difusion to grain boundaries took place from the decrease of chromium content adjancent with grain boundaries and the increase of chromium content in grain boundaries, whichimplies the formation of intermetallic compound of carbide.

PENGARUH TEMPERATUR UAP AIR NIRA AREN TERHADAP PRODUKSI ALKOHOL SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF

Destilationi Process for making of alcohol by fraksination vapour, can yield rate of high alcohol, with palm water newly tapped as a media. Equipment of Destilation designedly and also constructed from metal substance / stainles steel is a means of the examination, where component of equipments ; basin boiled of water , basin of palm water, channel of fracsination, alcohol arrester, cooler, and the hose of alcohol recervoir. The Examination of method is execute variation of change of temperature vapour palm water in boiled tube. For the vapour temperature 81 0C make the rate of alcohol 95%, vapour temperature 85 0C make the rate of alcohol 90% and the vapour temperature 90 0C yielding rate of alcohol 87%. Alcohol of rate is excelsior at temperature of palm water vapour which lower and also volume result of catching less be accompanied with duration of combustion time.
 
 Keyword : Equipment of Destilation, fraksination, alcohol, bio-fuel, palm of water

EFFECT OF CURRENT, TIME, FEED AND CATHODE TYPE ON ELECTROPLATING PROCESS OF URANIUM SOLUTION

EFFECT OF CURRENT, TIME, FEED AND CATHODE TYPE ON ELECTROPLATING PROCESS OF URANIUM SOLUTION. Electroplating process of uranyl nitrate and effluent process has been carried out in order to collect uranium contained therein using electrode Pt / Pt and Pt / SS at various currents and times. Material used for electrode were Pt (platinum) and SS (Stainlees Steel). Feed solution of 250 mL was entered into a beaker glass equipped with Pt anode - Pt cathode or Pt anode - SS cathode, then fogged direct current from DC power supply with specific current and time so that precipitation of uranium sticking to the cathode. After the processes completed, the cathode was removed and weighed to determine weight of precipitates, while the solution was analyzed to determine the uranium concentration decreasing after and before electroplating process. The experiments showed that a relatively good time to acquire uranium deposits at the cathode was 1 hour by current 7 ampere, uranyl nitrate as feed, and Pt (platinum) as cathode. In these conditions, uranium deposits attached to the cathode amounted to 74.96% of the original weight of uranium oxide in the feed or 206.5 mg weight. The use of Pt cathode for uranyl nitrate, SS and Pt cathode for effluent process feed gave uranium specific weight at the cathode of 12.99 mg/cm2, 2.4 mg/cm2 and 5.37 mg/cm2 respectively for current 7 ampere and electroplating time 1 hour.Keywords: Electroplating, uranyl nitrate, effluent process, Pt/Pt electrode, Pt/SS electrode

DESAIN SPATULA ERGONOMIS MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN MODEL KANO

Occupational accidents often occur in the workplace kitchens, one of which was during the times of frying. During frying one of the tools that cause accidents are prone spatula, then from it in carefully designed spatula which can reduce the risk of injury is based on the experience of the spatula by the user. Kano on the method used to determine the level of user satisfaction to the user experience in the use of a product. From other research on get 4 attribute that affects the user's satisfaction spatula users are safe from the stepping oil, spatula attributes not easily conduct heat, attributes spatula material is non-flammable and attributes spatula comfortable grip. Then make a proposal spatula design for the user, that is spatula design with hand protector, use of raw materials falcata wood combined with stainlees steel and approach anthropometric calculations to determine the amount of the dimensions of the proposed design spatula. So with spatula design in the proposal it is expected spatula able to provide security and comfort when in use by the user.

Microstructure of Welded Joints of X5CrNiCuNb16-4 (17-4 PH) Martensitic Stainlees Steel After Heat Treatment

Abstract The paper presents rezults of microstructure (LM, TEM) investigation and hardness measurments of welded joints in martensitic precipitation hardened stainless steel containing copper, subjected to heat treatment. For the aging temperature up to 540 °C even for the very long times, the microstructure of the welded joints is similar to this one at lower temerature aging. After aging at 620 °C a distinct change of the microstructure was observed. Non-equilibrium solidification conditions of the weld metal, segregation and the diffusion of copper and the elements stablilizing the austenite cause the occurrence of the reverse transformation of the martensite into austenite as fast as just 1 hour at 620 °C. TEM investigations revealed the differences in dispersion of hardening copper precipitates after aging at temperature 620 °C for 1 and 4 hours.

The Shielding Gas Influence on the Laser Beam Welding of 2205 Duplex Stainles Steel

Procedures for welding duplex stainless steel conventional arc welding methods were studied by several authors and nowadays and recently they are well handled. Todays practice requires application of processes providing excellent weld joint quality, quick production and possibility of automation. Therefore the application of laser beam welding has a great potential of application. This research paper describes weldability of DSS 2205 by laser beam. The main factor examined in the process of welding duplex steel is the shielding gas and his effect on weld joint properties. Welding was performed with gaseous CO2 laser machine Ferranti Photonics AF 8 having 8 kW max. output power and wave length 10.6 µm. Microstructure of weld joint specimens was analysed in order to observe the phase composition ratio. Samples are welded with same process parameters except of shielding gas. Helium and nitrogen were applied as a shielding gas to examine their influence in comparison to weld joints welded without shielding gas. Since the nitrogen promotes the austenite formation, its application brought the best results having almost same phase composition as base material.

Microstructure and Properties of Welds of Semi-Austenitic Precipitation Hardening Stainlees Steel after Heat Treatment

This paper presents the studies of the microstructure and properties of the welded joints made of 15-7Mo precipitation hardened semi-austenitic stainless steel welded by Tungsten Inert Gas. Microstructural changes in the heat treated welded joints was assessed. It was found that the joints of 15-7Mo steel in as welded state contain martensite, austenite and δ-ferrite. Scanning electron microscope study of the joints was carried out. The sub-zero and destabilization heat treatment were found to decrease or completely eliminate the austenite in the microstructure and increase hardness of the welded joint.

Thiophene and Pyrrole Derivative Polymers Electro-Synthesized on Stainles Steel. Doping and Morphology Characterization

Thiophene and Pyrrole Derivative Polymers Electro-Synthesized on Stainles Steel. Doping and Morphology Characterization

Visual Textures Combined with Metallic, Retro-Reflective and Stainless Steel Yarns in Semi-Transparent Fabrics

Fashion and technology of weaving fabrics have a wide range of industries that feel obliged to be renovated at the present time. Pre- and post-modified features, technological performances of fabrics, and aesthetic values are of great importance to fabric/yarn business. Self-cleaning, heat-keeping or heat-decreasing fabric for sanitary purposes are one of the new research fields in science, designing and technology. Functional fabrics are manufactured with high-tech fibers, different materials and finishing processes. Aesthetic fabrics are also made for fashions with high-tech fibers and threads, such as transparent and semi-transparent fabrics. Designers explore the limits of transparent and semi-transparent fabric effects using progressive fibers and yarn. The scope of this study is designing and producing transparent garment fabrics with new-tech metallic stainlees steel and retro-reflective fibers. Fourteen samples of woven fabrics were made, and visual effects related to type, number, density and structure were studied.

EIS Characterization of Ni/Zn and Ni-Co/Zn Stainles Steel Based Electrodeposits for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

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Oxidation Behaviour of Stainles Steel Matrix with TiC and TiC+TiB<sub>2</sub> SHS Powders in a Thermal Spray Process

Thermal spray coatings provide good tribological and corrosion-resistant properties. Coatings with carbides or diborides improve resistance to oxidation. However, depending on the thermal spray conditions some carbide and diboride oxidation takes place. The aim of this study is to analyze the oxidation of TiC or TiC+TiB2 powders embedded into a stainless steel matrix. The starting powders were obtained by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS). Oxidation was studied at two temperatures, 700°C and 800°C. The results aid our understanding of the powders’ behaviour during coating and use. An open electric furnace was used, and the samples were analyzed using a SEM coupled with an EDS. Thermal treatment time ranged from 2 minutes to 9 hours. A continuous oxidized layer was observed for the TiC particles. This was not the case for TiB2. The decomposition/oxidation of TiB2 begins before the oxidation of TiC. An oxidized layer of around 4 m is formed at a temperature of 800°C after 690 s, when using a powder of 45 m mean size.

高温濃厚臭化リチウム水溶液中におけるステンレス鋼用の腐食抑制剤

The new inhibitor for stainles steel (mainly high purity ferritic stainless steel) in the high temperature concentrated aqueous solution of lithium bromide was investigated. According to the results of the electrochemical measurements, and the immersion tests using autoclaves, the mixture of three chemicals, LiOH+Na2SO3+SbCl3, is effective as an inhibitor for stainles steel to prevent hydrogen generation, pitting corrosion and macro-cell corrosion with copper.The reasons of this result are assumed that the sodium sulfite in this inhibitor remains the free-corrosion potential of stainless steel lower, and antimony in this inhibitor prevents hydrogen generation. This inhibitor also prevents stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel in the high temperature concentrated aqueous solution of lithium bromide.

Visualization of carbon in steels using energy filtering TEM

Energy filtering TEM [Reimer L (1984) Transmission Electron Microscopy, Physit of Image Formation and Microanalysis, pp. 391–393, (Springer, Berlin)] i potentially capable of visualizing the distribution of a particular element a the nanometre scale. However, visibility of the energy-loss image depend on the combination of the atomic species of interest and the matrix. In thi paper we discuss experimental conditions required for obtaining carbo: ‘mapping’ in steels. Three types of common carbides cementite, (Fe3C), (Ti, Nb)C and M23C6, in both thin foil and extraction replica specimens wer examined in a high voltage high resolution electron microscope equippe with a post-column energy filtering system. The peak to background (P/B ratio at the C–K edge is the determining factor for obtaining a carbon image Carbon mapping was relatively easy for cementite in pearlite when th electron beam specimen geometry was such that the carbide was present a through the foil thickness. In contrast, in the case of M23C6 in a stainles steel, carbon imaging was possible when the carbide was extracted but nc when it was embedded in the matrix. Based on the statistic theory of Berge and Kohl [(1993) Optik 92: 175–193], we estimated the minimum carbid thickness tmin and the maximum total foil thickness as a function of the Mi type carbide thickness for obtaining the carbon image. The total foil thicknes to should be thinner than about 44 nm when the MC carbide, whose thicknes is 5 nm, is to be imaged with the C–K edge.

ステンレス鋼板の冷間タンデムミル圧延における耐焼付き性評価

ステンレス鋼板の冷間タンデムミル圧延における耐焼付き性評価

Evaporation of K during sintering of doppler W: A.Gruger et al. (Forschungzentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.) Int. J. Refractory Metals Hard Mater., vol 16, no 1, 1998, 37–44

A comparison has been made between the aging behavior at 400°C of the ferrite phase of a commericial CF 3 duplex stainless steel and a model Fe45%Cr binary alloy. The change in the microhardness was found to be substantially higher in the duplex stainlees steel than in the iron-chromium model alloy. Atom probe results have revealed that the composition amplitude of the spinodal decomposition is significantly lower in the binary iron-chromium alloy than in the commercial duplex stainless steel. It is therefore concluded that the behavior of binary FeCr alloys does not provide an accurate basis for predicting the extent of the decomposition in the commercial duplex stainless steels.

Direct counting of soil wafers: An improved total alpha/beta screening analysis

Although potentially very useful as a screening tool, currently-applied “gross” alpha/beta analyses are often considered unreliable by the environmental monitoring community. We describe here an alternative approach based on direct counting of pressed soil “wafers” to estimate total alpha/beta activities. The system was calibrated using a series of natural soils and sediment standards with total α/β activities estimated by use of a combination of available certified values, equilibrium assumptions, and our own measurements. A set of 10 such standards that span a wide range of activities were prepared by thoroughly mixing several grams of selected NIST and IAEA natural matrix standards together with reagent grade cellulose in a 4∶1 sample-to-binder ratio and pressing in a 40-mm stainles steel die. The resulting wafers, assumed to be at infinite thickness for expected radionuclides, were counted in a gas flow proportional counter set for simultaneous α/β counting. Both the alpha and beta count rates increased in a linear, systematic manner with increasing total estimated activities. This technique should prove to be an inexpensive, simple, and waste-free approach for screening total radioactivity in soil samples.

The Fabric of Modern Times

This essay is concerned with how certain materials-associated not with the decadent materiality of ruins, languorous bodies, and exotic landscapes but instead with the clean, agitated, intensified materiality befitting a new age of electricity and steel-became identified with modern forms of embodiment. It approaches this global tale from the standpoint of a local, differentiated story: that of the symbolic investments made by a generation of Italian designers, architects, artists, writers, industrialists, and engineers in artificial textiles. Like tempered glass, reinforced concrete, aluminum, stainless teel, and plastics, artificial textiles belong to a privileged family of modern materials. Privileged because theirs is a happy, often utopistic, even miraculous materiality, not unlike a secularized version of the Christian theology of glorified bodies according to which the chains that bind matter and human bodies to the corrosive effects of time are shed through the activation of a higher potentiality that was thought to lie dormant within the material world (but was nonetheless imagined as an integral component of it): that inner agitation and