Staging Of Carcinoma Research Articles

Exploiting the miRNA-21 Biomarker in Tonsil Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: The rate of tonsil oropharyngeal cancers is increasing. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are identified as small, noncoding, endogenously expressed RNAs that target mRNAs and regulate the post-transcriptional levels of protein expression. MiRNA-21(miR-21) is significantly increased in patients with oral carcinoma and has oncogenic roles in oral carcinogenesis. Therefore, miRNAs have been recommended to be used in the early diagnosis of HNC.Methods - rt-qPCR was utilized to evaluate the expression levels of human salivary miR-21. Samples were collected from individuals diagnosed with tonsil squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) (n = 45) in both whole saliva and supernatant saliva. Then these levels were compared to those of a control cohort consisting of healthy individuals (n = 45) to determine differential expression patterns.Results- Salivary miR-21 displayed a notable elevation in all stages of tonsil squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), including cases involving small tumors. The initial analysis revealed a significant up-regulation of both whole saliva and salivary miR-21 of the supernatant in patients with TSCC compared to controls (P= 0.01, 0.02 respectively). Furthermore, miR-21 showed a higher abundance in whole saliva in contrast to its levels in supernatant saliva. These observations confirm the potential of salivary miR-21 for the detection of tonsil malignancies.Conclusions This investigation underscores the ability of salivary miR-21 for the detection and ongoing prognostic monitoring of tonsil squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), both in whole saliva and in supernatant saliva samples.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Preoperative Evaluation of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma; A Useful Investigation?

Aim: Quantify the added benefit of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) staging of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast (ILC) in addition to conventional imaging with ultrasound and mammography (US/MMG). Methods: Retrospective study ILC patients at our center to investigate effect of MRI in detecting additional disease, as well as effects on subsequent surgical management, reoperation rates and disease recurrence. Results: Preoperative MRI detected additional disease in 30.4% and altered surgical management in 39.1%. MRI better predicted histopathological lesion size but did not significantly alter reoperation or recurrence rates. Conclusion: MRI is superior in ILC detection and upstages a significant proportion of patients when used in preoperative staging. The impact on surgical outcomes warrants further investigation in larger prospective studies.

Thyroid cartilage infiltration in advanced laryngeal cancer: prognostic implications and predictive modelling.

Detection of laryngeal cartilage invasion is of great importance in staging of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The role of prognosticators in locally advanced laryngeal cancer are still widely debated. This study aimed to assess the impact of volume of thyroid cartilage infiltration, as well as other histopathologic variables, on patient survival. We retrospectively analysed 74 patients affected by pT4 LSCC and treated with total laryngectomy between 2005 and 2021 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery of the University of Brescia, Italy. We considered as potential prognosticators histological grade, perineural (PNI) and lympho-vascular invasion (LVI), thyroid cartilage infiltration, and pTN staging. Pre-operative CT or MRI were analysed to quantify the volume of cartilage infiltration using 3D Slicer software. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year disease free survivals (DFS) were 76%, 66%, and 64%, respectively. Using machine learning models, we found that the volume of thyroid cartilage infiltration had high correlation with DFS. Patients with a higher volume (>670 mm3) of infiltration had a worse prognosis compared to those with a lower volume. Our study confirms the essential role of LVI as prognosticator in advanced LSCC and, more innovatively, highlights the volume of thyroid cartilage infiltration as another promising prognostic factor.

Expression Analysis of COPB2 and Bcl-2 in Early Stages of Endometrial Carcinoma

Expression Analysis of COPB2 and Bcl-2 in Early Stages of Endometrial Carcinoma

P031 The relationship between social disadvantage and staging of oral squamous cell carcinomas presenting to an oral and maxillofacial unit in the west of Ireland

P031 The relationship between social disadvantage and staging of oral squamous cell carcinomas presenting to an oral and maxillofacial unit in the west of Ireland

#331 : Bilateral Endometriomas Masquerading Synchronous Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer (SEOC) in an Infertile Female

Background and Aims: Endometriomas are diagnosed in clinical practice by imaging (mostly ultrasound) in females presenting with infertility. CA-125 level is an adjuvant investigation which may be indicative of endometriosis. A few research questions that are yet to be answered. Is ultrasound a sufficient modality to diagnose endometrioma? Is there any cut off as far as the measurement of endometrioma is concerned to step up the imaging modality to MRI? Synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancer (SEOC) is a rare phenomenon with an incidence of 1.4 - 3.8%. Mostly in SEOC, the ovarian endometroid carcinoma arises in background of endometriosis with endometrial carcinoma of lower stage and grade in premenopausal age group. Method: A 32-year-old female with Severe Dysmenorrhea and Secondary infertility had clinical evidence of bilateral endometriomas of 4-5 cm on ultrasound. She underwent hysterolaparoscopy. On hysteroscopy, endometrium was polypoidal and vascular, looking suspicious for malignancy. Hence endometrial biopsy was taken. On laparoscopy, B/L ovaries were enlarged, multiloculated, solid-cystic with granular surface and adhered in POD, decision for staging laparotomy with frozen section was taken. Frozen section was suggestive of Borderline tumor. Eventually, fertility sparing surgical staging was done (BSO + infracolic omentectomy + peritoneal biopsies). Peritoneal cytology was negative for malignant cells. Results: Histopathological examination revealed Endometriod adenocarcinoma grade 1a/1a in both endometrial and ovarian components with no involvement of omentum and peritoneum. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated P53 to be moderately positive in endometrium and strongly positive in ovary, whereas ER, PR was positive in both tumors of endometrium and ovary and WT-1 negative in ovaries. Hence diagnosed as SEOC and not metastatic tumor. Mirena was inserted in follow up and repeat biopsy is awaited. Conclusion: Suspicion of ovarian endometroid carcinoma must born in mind in cases with large bilateral endometriomas with long-standing endometriosis.

MRI-based radiomics features for the non-invasive prediction of FIGO stage in cervical carcinoma: A multi-center study

PurposeTo develop and validate a model based on MRI radiomics modals for predicting surgical high FIGO(IB3 and ≥ IIA2) and low FIGO(IB1, IB2, and IIA1) stages in patients with cervical carcinoma (CC). MethodsA total of 296 early-stage patients with CC (preoperative FIGO stages IB-IIA) confirmed by surgery and pathology were included in this retrospective study from two institutions For each patient,we extracted radiomics features from spectral attenuated inversion-recovery T2-weighted (SPAIR-T2W) and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (CE-T1W) images.Manual segmentation was performed using the 3D Slicer software, while radiomics features were extracted, screened using the R software. A 2-stage feature extraction strategy involving univariate analysis and the Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator technique was performed. A support vector machine-based model was eventually constructed. Predictive accuracy of the training and validation datasets was assessed in terms of area under the ROC curve (AUC). ResultsA total of 1130 features were extracted from SPAIR-T2WI and CET1WI images respectively, in which 8 and 7 features significantly were associated with FIGO staging. AUCs of the SPAIR-T2W and CE-T1W models were were 0.803 and 0.790, respectively, in the internal validation group. In the external validation group, the AUCs were 0.767 and 0.749, respectively, which increased to 0.771 in the combined model. ConclusionOur study demonstrated the feasibility of radiomics features from SPAIR-T2W and CE-T1W images for the prediction of surgical FIGO stage in CC. Our proposed model thereby carries the potential as a non-invasive tool for the staging and treatment planning of this disease. Advances in knowledgeA radiomics model provide a non-invasive and objective method for the detection of FIGO staging in patients with cervical cancer before surgery, thus providing a reference for the selection of treatment options for patients.

Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of medullary thyroid microcarcinoma: a tumor with a similar prognosis to macrocarcinoma

BackgroundTumor size plays an important role in the staging and treatment of thyroid carcinoma. A tumor with a maximum diameter of 1 cm or less is referred to as microcarcinoma. It is unclear if the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of medullary thyroid microcarcinoma (≤ 1 cm; MTMC) and macrocarcinoma (> 1 cm) differ. The present study aims to clarify the clinical features and prognosis of patients with MTMC.MethodsThe patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma underwent radical operation at our hospital between December 2000 and January 2022 were retrospectively studied. A database was established for this study. Patients with MTMC and macrocarcinoma were grouped for comparison. The clinicopathological characteristics of the two groups were compared by χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test, t-test, and Mann–Whitney U test. Cumulative survival rates were presented by the Kaplan–Meier curves and compared using the log-rank test.ResultsA total of 198 patients were included. Of them, 56 and 142 with MTMC and macrocarcinoma, respectively. Few patients in the MTMC group had lateral lymph node metastasis. One hundred and seventy-eight (89.9%) patients were followed up, with a median follow-up period of 61 (35, 105) months. The disease-free survival rate was significantly higher in the MTMC group (log-rank test, p = 0.032); however, there was no significant difference in the overall survival rate between the two groups (log-rank test, p = 0.083).ConclusionsPatients with MTMC have a lower risk of lateral lymph node metastasis and better disease-free survival than those with macrocarcinoma. However, there was no significant difference in the overall survival rate of both groups. MTMC should be treated in the same manner as macrocarcinoma.

COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Diagnosis, Stage, and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States

The change in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) care continuum during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains unknown at a national level in the United States. We sought to determine the impact of the pandemic on incident HCC cases, clinical characteristics, and treatment in the United States. Using the National Cancer Database, we analyzed incident HCC cases from 2010 to 2020. The incidence rate was calculated using the population data for each year from the census bureau. Joinpoint regression analysis was applied for trend analysis, and a polynomial regression model estimated the number of projected HCC cases in 2020 according to the trend of rates from 2010 to 2019. The distribution of cancer stage and treatment modality were assessed. The pandemic led to a significant reduction in reported HCC cases, from 19,597 in 2019 to 16,188 in 2020. The projected number of HCC for 2020 was 19,011, corresponding to a 14.8% reduction in 2020. Extent of reduction in the number of incident HCC cases relative to estimated cases remains consistent in racial and ethnic subgroups. Despite underdiagnosis of HCC in 2020, proportion of patients with early tumor stage (30.5% for Tumour, Node, Metastasis stage 1) and curative treatment receipt (9.1% for surgical resection, 13% for ablation, 4.2% for liver transplant) for HCC remained stable in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a significant reduction in HCC cases in 2020 compared to pre-COVID years. While tumor stage and proportion of patients receiving curative treatment remained stable, continued follow-up is needed to assess potential changes during subsequent years.

DNA methylation alterations of ADCY5, MICAL2, and PLEKHG2 during the developmental stage of cryptogenic hepatocellular carcinoma.

The aim of this study was to clarify the significance of DNA methylation alterations of cryptogenic hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Using the Infinium assay, we performed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of 250 liver tissue samples, including noncancerous liver tissue (U-N) and corresponding cancerous tissue (U-T) from patients with cryptogenic HCC without a history of excessive alcohol use and hepatitis virus infection, and whose U-N samples showed no remarkable histological features (no microscopic evidence of simple steatosis, any form of hepatitis including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or liver cirrhosis). We identified 3272 probes that showed significant differences of DNA methylation levels between U-N and normal liver tissue samples from patients without HCC, indicating that a distinct DNA methylation profile had already been established at the precancerous U-N stage. U-Ns have a DNA methylation profile differing from that of noncancerous liver tissue of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related, viral hepatitis-related, and alcoholic liver disease-related HCCs. Such DNA methylation alterations in U-Ns were inherited by U-Ts. The U-Ns showed DNA methylation alteration of ADCY5, resulting in alteration of its mRNA expression, whereas noncancerous liver tissue of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-, viral hepatitis-, or alcoholic liver disease-related HCCs did not. DNA methylation levels of MICAL2 and PLEKHG2 in U-Ts were correlated with larger tumor diameter and portal vein involvement, respectively. U-N-specific DNA hypermethylation of ADCY5 may have significance, even from the precancerous stage in liver showing no remarkable histological features. DNA hypomethylation of MICAL2 and PLEKHG2 may determine the clinicopathological features of cryptogenic HCC.

Cryosurgery for Basal Cell Skin Cancer of the Head: 15 Years of Experience.

The clinical relevance of head and neck (H&N) tumors is related to the potential disfiguration of anatomical structures (by the tumor or surgical intervention), defining patients' individual features and emotional expression, loss or restraint of vital structures functions, and untoward socio-economic sequelae. This study is aimed to improve clinical outcomes of cryosurgery in patients with H&N basal cell skin cancer by refining the indications for cryosurgical treatment. In this study, cryosurgery was used in 234 patients with different stages of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the head, including 101 patients with T1 tumors, 86-with T2, 5-T3, and 42 patients with tumors relapsing after failure of preceding various treatment modalities. Post-cryosurgery recurrence rate in patients with stage I BCC was 2.7%, with stage II tumors-5.6% and 34.9%-in patients with recurred tumors. Re-recurrence after cryoablation of recurrent tumors correlated with the tumor baseline size. The best aesthetic and long-term clinical results were documented in patients with lesions <1 cm in size with clear boundaries. Thus, cryosurgery is the method of choice for the majority of stage I basal cell carcinomas of the head. For patients with advanced and recurrent skin cancer, cryosurgery is relevant in rare cases selected according to refined indications.

A case report of early detection of rare femoral shaft bone metastasis in a penis cancer patient

Background. Bone metastasis is very common in the advanced stage of numerous carcinomas. In penile carcinoma, lymph nodes metastasis is somehow common but it is very rare reported to be secondary from penile cancer. till the date, there are only few cases of penis carcinoma reported bone metastasis in literature worldwide.Case Presentation. Herein, We presented a 51-year-old Nepalese male with squamous cell carcinoma of penis. computed tomography (ct) scan of the patient revealed that there was carcinoma involving glans penis and precure with bilateral external &amp; internal inguinal lymphadenopathies. After then, the patient was under gone for partial penectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy and complete 6-cycle chemotherapy. After one year of treatment, patient developed thigh pain and headache and he advised to have magnetic Resonance imaging (mRi) of brain, 99mTc-MDP whole body bone scan and ct scan of pelvis and thigh. The examination report reveals that there was a sclerotic change in vertex of skull bone and moderate 99mTc-MDP uptake in right proximal shaft of femur just below the neck d/d metastasis. The histopathological examination of the true cut biopsy taken from the lesion of the femur showed metastatic keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma which is rare case of femoral shaft bone metastasis secondary from penile carcinoma. Then patient was sent for surgical reconstruction of femur. Based on the case studies review femur shaft bone metastasis from penile cancer is extremely rare.Conclusion. The best of our knowledge; this is the first early detected bone metastases to shaft of the femur in a patient with penile cancer. early diagnosis helps to radical treatment as well as palliative treatment. surgery is the preferred option of the treatments, especially for metastatic foci in the long bones.

T-cell receptor sequencing reveals hepatocellular carcinoma immune characteristics according to Barcelona Clinic liver cancer stages within liver tissue and peripheral blood.

Analysis of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in different stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) might help to elucidate its pathogenesis and progression. This study aimed to investigate TCR profiles in liver biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in different Barcelona Clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stages of HCC. Ten patients in early stage (BCLC_A), 10 patients in middle stage (BCLC_B), and 10 patients in late stage (BCLC_C) cancer were prospectively enrolled. The liver tumor tissues, adjacent tissues, and PBMCs of each patient were collected and examined by TCR β sequencing. Based on the ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) database, we aligned the V, D, J, and C gene segments and identified the frequency of CDR3 sequences and amino acids sequence. Diversity of TCR in PBMCs was higher than in both tumor tissues and adjacent tissues, regardless of BCLC stage and postoperative recurrence. TCR clonality was increased in T cells from peripheral blood in advanced HCC, compared with the early and middle stages. No statistical differences were observed between different BCLC stages, either in tumors or adjacent tissues. TCR clonality revealed no significant difference between recurrent tumor and non-recurrent tumor, therefore PBMCs was better to be representative of TCR characteristics in different stages of HCC compared to tumor tissues. Clonal expansion of T cells was associated with low risk of recurrence in HCC patients.

Role of Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma; A Case Study

Introduction: The most common cancer of kidney is- renal cell carcinoma. Early diagnosis can make a hope from the recovery of the disease. The incidence of renal cell carcinoma is commonly found in elderly aged patients. Sometimes it occurs in one kidney whereas, sometimes it effects both kidneys. Smoking, overweight, taking excessive painkillers can increase the chance of renal cell carcinoma. Case Presentation: A 57 years old Bangladeshi diabetic male patient, was diagnosed as right sided renal cell carcinoma (stage pT3cN0G2) along with the chief complaint of recurrent gross hematuria came to outdoor in April 2020. After confirmed diagnosis surgery had done followed by medications. From 10/03/2022, patient started 1 cycle of oral therapy with tablet Sunitinib. After that, immunotherapy and targeted therapy were advised to start with injection Pembrolizumab 200mg every three weeks followed by tablet Axitinib 5mg for every two weeks. Patient received 17 cycles of Pembrolizumab followed by Axitinib and got the last cycle at 24/02/2024. Conclusion: With the minimal side effects, it is evident that, Pembrolizumab has shown a positive response to the patient. It has added the new standard care of treatment of renal cell carcinoma at intermediate-high or high risk of recurrence following nephrectomy or following nephrectomy and resection of metastatic lesions.

Empagliflozin suppresses hedgehog pathway, alleviates ER stress, and ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in rats

Worldwide mortality from hepatic fibrosis remains high, due to hepatocellular carcinoma and end stage liver failure. The progressive nature of hepatic fibrosis from inflammation to cicatrized tissues warrants subtle intervention with pharmacological agents that hold potential. Empagliflozin (Empa), a novel hypoglycemic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has lately been proposed to have additional antifibrotic activities. In the current study, we examined the antifibrotic effect of the Empa through modulating the activity of hepatic stellate cells by hedgehog (Hh) pathway. We also assessed the markers of inflammatory response and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Male Albino rats were treated with either CCl4 (0.4 mg/kg twice/week) and/or Empa (10 mg/kg/day) for eight weeks. In this study, CCl4 rats had active Hh signaling as indicated by overexpression of Patched 1, Smoothened and Glioblastoma-2. CCl4 induced ER stress as CHOP expression was upregulated and ERAD was downregulated. CCl4-induced inflammatory response was demonstrated through increased levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and mRNA levels of IL-17 while undetectable expression of IL-10. Conversely, Empa elicited immunosuppression, suppressed the expression of Hh markers, and reversed markers of ER stress. In conclusion, Empa suppressed CCl4-induced Hh signaling and proinflammatory response, meanwhile embraced ER stress in the hepatic tissues, altogether provided hepatoprotection.

Other-Cause Mortality, According to Partial vs. Radical Nephrectomy: Age and Stage Analyses

IntroductionWe tested the association between other-cause mortality and partial vs. radical nephrectomy in patients with T1a, T1b, and T2 renal cell carcinoma, across all patient ages. Material and MethodsWithin the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2010-2020), patients with localized renal cell carcinoma stages (T1a-T1b-T2, N0, M0), who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy were identified. Only patients with tumor size 2 to 10 cm were included. Cumulative incidence plots and multivariable competing risks regression models were used. ResultsOf 68,195 patients, 28,845 (42%) underwent partial nephrectomy vs. 39,350 (58%) radical nephrectomy. In T1a patients, 5-year other-cause mortality rates were 6% for partial nephrectomy vs. 11% for radical nephrectomy (Δ=5%). In T1a patients, partial nephrectomy independently predicted lower other-cause mortality, across all ages (HR: 0.73, P < .001). In age category subgroup analyses addressing T1a patients, in all age categories, partial nephrectomy invariably predicted lower other-cause mortality than radical nephrectomy: ≤59 years (HR: 0.67, P < .001); 60 to 69 years (HR: 0.70, P < .001); and ≥70 years (HR: 0.79, P < .001). Finally, in T1b patients, as well as in T2 patients, no other-cause mortality advantage was recorded for partial vs. radical nephrectomy: T1b (8 vs. 10%, Δ=2%); T2 (8 vs. 9%, Δ=1%). ConclusionsRelative to radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy is associated with lower other-cause mortality in stage T1a renal cell carcinoma patients across all age categories, including the oldest patients. Conversely, no clinically meaningful other-cause mortality benefit was associated with partial nephrectomy in stages T1b or T2, regardless of age, including youngest patients.

Comparing the clinical efficacy and safety of second-line targeted therapy and immunotherapy in patients with mid- to advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma - A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of second-line immunotherapy and targeted treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). From January 2000 to January 2023, ProQuest, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using immunotherapy or targeted therapy as second-line therapy for mid-to-advanced stages of HCC. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events (AEs) are all examples of measures of success. This analysis included twenty Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) from phases II and III. Collective data revealed better OS with immunotherapy (HR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.93 vs. 0.85; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.92), while the targeted therapy played a more effective role in PFS (0.67; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.81). Also, the second-line immunotherapy had a lower odds ratio of AEs of grades 3-5 than the targeted therapy did (OR = 1.75; 95% CI = 0.89, 3.46). Overall, it appears that targeted medication and immunotherapy as a second-line treatment strategy have generally improved substantially, as well as progression-free survival for patients with mid-to-advanced HCC. Although it is difficult to judge their efficiency, the occurrences of AEs were greater in targeted therapy compared to immunotherapy.

Recent advances in three-dimensional ultrasound virtual cystoscopy in modeling and local staging for urothelial carcinoma with histopathological correlation: a cohort prospective study

Background: Bladder urothelial carcinoma is an alarming urologic malignancy. Complex factors like modelling and local staging can affect treatment strategy. However, local staging, particularly the muscle invasion status, significantly influences decisions regarding treatment strategies. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the novel advances of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) imaging to assess local staging in comparison with conventional cystoscopy. Methods: Forty-three patients with painless haematuria and conventional cystoscopy findings of bladder mass underwent 3D US virtual cystoscopy. All specimens from conventional cystoscopy were processed histologically. Results: Out of 43 participants, 18 (41.9%) patients proved to have invasive urothelial carcinoma by histopathology. The 3D US had a sensitivity of 97.5% and a specificity of 100%; however conventional cystoscopy was accurate in only 53.5% of the studied cases. Furthermore, in the case of malignant ulcers, mural extension into both the submucosal and the muscle layers was more readily appreciated in multiplanar images. Conclusion: 3D US updates are promising for use in bladder tumour modelling and local staging; however, they can be of value in evaluating mural and extramural tumour extent and have proven accuracy.

Comparing P53 expression and genome-wide transcriptome profiling to Comet assay in lymphocytes from melanoma patients and healthy controls.

This study compared the expression of TP53 in lymphocytes from malignant melanoma (MM) patients with positive sentinel nodes to healthy controls (HCs) following exposure to various doses of UVA radiation. The Lymphocyte Genome Sensitivity (LGS) assay indicated significant differences in DNA damage in lymphocytes between MM patients and HCs. qPCR data demonstrated an overall 3.4-fold increase in TP53 expression in lymphocytes from MM patients compared to healthy controls, following treatment with 0.5 mW/cm2 UVA radiation. Western blotting confirmed that p53 expression was increased in MM lymphocytes following UVA exposure compared to healthy individuals. Genome transcriptome profiling data displayed differences in gene expression between UVA-treated lymphocytes from MM patients and HCs. Peripheral lymphocytes from MM patients are more susceptible to the genotoxic effects of UVA compared to healthy individuals. Our previous studies showed that UVA exposure of various intensities caused significant differences in the levels of DNA damage between lymphocytes from cancer patients compared to HCs through the LGS assay. The present study's results provide further credibility to the LGS assay as a screening test for cancer detection. Peripheral lymphocytes could be a promising blood biopsy biomarker for staging of carcinomas and prevention of carcinoma progression at early stages.

Association of ABCG2 Polymorphisms on Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Susceptibility Risk.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the association of ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2) gene polymorphisms with individual susceptibility to Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) as well as clinicopathological variables in TNBC patients. Two common polymorphisms in Asian population, ABCG2 34 G>A and 421 C>A was selected in this study. Blood samples were collected from 75 TNBC patients and 83 controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and the SNP genotyping was performed by using PCR-RFLP technique. The genotypes were characterized and grouped into homozygous wildtype, heterozygote and homozygous variant based on the band size. The result was subjected to statistical analysis. The A allele and AA genotype of ABCG2 421 C>A had OR of 3.011 (p=0.003, 95% CI: 1.417-6.398) and 9.042 (p=0.011, 95% CI: 1.640-49.837), to develop advanced staging carcinoma respectively. The AA genotype of ABCG2 421 C>A polymorphism was also associated with metaplastic and medullary carcinoma with an OR of 6.429 (p=0.018, 95% CI: 1.373-30.109). A significant association was also found in haplotype 34G/421A of ABCG2 with advanced cancer staging as well as metaplastic and medullary carcinoma with OR of 2.347 (p=0.032, 95% CI: 1.010-5.560) and 2.546 (p=0.008, 95% CI: 1.005-6.447), respectively. Conclusion: The present study suggests that ABCG2 421 C>A polymorphism was associated with metaplastic and medullary histology and advanced cancer staging in TNBC patients.