Stages Of Trials Research Articles

Development of Electronic Student Work-Sheets (E-LKPD) by Digital Drawing Mode at Private Vocational Schools

This research emerged from several obstacles in the field, namely students' difficulties in understanding digital technical design material with Ibis Paint. The aims of this research are : 1) to develop an E-LKPD for digital fashion drawing at Private Vocational School, 2) to determine the feasibility of a digital fashion drawing E-LKPD. This research used the RD method with a 4-D development model (define, design, development, and disseminate). The validation and trial stages were carried out to assess the feasibility of E-LKPD. Material experts and media experts play a role in validation to obtain input regarding the appropriateness in terms of material and media. The feasibility test was carried out through a questionnaire to class XI students at Setia Budi Binjai Private Vocational School, second semester. Data analysis uses a five-scale score (Likert scale) for the predetermined assessment categories. The results of this research are: 1) validation of E-LKPD drawing mode according to material experts "Very Good" with an average percentage score of 94% and according to media experts "Very Good" with an average percentage score of 87.4%. 2) The feasibility of E-LKPD drawing mode is included in the "Very Good" category. The average score percentage results in the small group trial were 80% with "Good" criteria, the medium group was 87.5% with "Very Good" criteria, and the large group was 92.8% with "Very Good" criteria.

Development of A Book On Cultivating Manners For Pancasila And Citizenship Education Subjects For Class IV Elementary School Students

This study aimed to create a book that can assist kids in cultivating proper etiquette. The research employed the Research and Development (R&D) method, utilising the ADDIE model, which consisted of five stages: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The data was collected through interviews and questionnaires. In addition, the data was analysed using two distinct stages: the expert evaluation stage and the product trial stage. The study’s findings, derived from expert testing, demonstrated the feasibility of the courtesy book yielded percentation comprised 95% of media experts, 88% of material experts, and 92% of linguists. The user conducted trials with students and achieved outstanding results in the One to One Evaluation (96%), Small Group (94%), and Field Test (94%), respectively. These findings demonstrated that the book product designed to inculcate courteousness in fourth-grade primary school students is appropriate for implementation.

Application of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid in the structural modification of natural products: a review.

18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is an oleane-type pentacyclic triterpene saponin obtained from glycyrrhizic acid by removing 2 glucuronic acid groups. GA and its analogues are active substances of glycyrrhiza aicd, with similar structure and important pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-tumor and anti-fibrosis. Although GA combined compounds are in the clinical trial stages, its application potential is severely restricted by its low bioavailability, water solubility and membrane permeability. In this article, synthetic methods and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of GA derivatives from 2018 to present are reviewed based on pharmacological activity. It is hoped that this review can provide reference for the future development of potential GA preclinical candidate compounds, and furnish ideas for the development of pentacyclic triterpenoid lead compounds.

Innovation and Financial Disclosure

ABSTRACTWe examine how financial disclosure policy affects a firm manager's strategy to innovate within a two‐period bandit problem featuring two production methods: an old method with a known probability of success, and a new method with an unknown probability. Exploring the new method in the first period provides the manager with decision‐useful information for the second period, thus creating a real option that is unavailable under exploiting the old known production method. Voluntary disclosure of the firm's financial performance provides the manager with another option to potentially conceal initial failure from the market. The interaction of these two options determines the manager's incentive to explore. In equilibrium, a myopic manager who cares about the interim market price may over‐ or under‐explore compared to the optimal exploration strategy that maximizes firm value. Our analysis shows that firms operating in an environment with voluntary disclosure early in the trial stage and mandated requirement later are most motivated to explore, while firms subject to early mandated disclosure and late voluntary disclosure are least likely to do so. We also provide empirical predictions about the link between the disclosure environment and the intensity and efficiency of corporate innovation.

Novel antiviral approaches for Marburg: a promising therapeutics in the pipeline.

Marburg virus disease (MVD) presents a significant global health threat, lacking effective antivirals and with current supportive care offering limited therapeutic options. This mini review explores the emerging landscape of novel antiviral strategies against MVD, focusing on promising therapeutics currently in the development pipeline. We delve into direct-acting antiviral approaches, including small molecule inhibitors targeting viral entry, replication, and assembly, alongside nucleic acid antisense and RNA interference strategies. Host-targeting antivirals are also considered, encompassing immune modulators like interferons and cytokine/chemokine modulators, broad-spectrum antivirals, and convalescent plasma and antibody-based therapies. The paper then examines preclinical and clinical development for the novel therapeutics, highlighting in vitro and in vivo models for antiviral evaluation, safety and efficacy assessments, and the critical stages of clinical trials. Recognizing the challenges of drug resistance and viral escape, the mini review underscores the potential of combination therapy strategies and emphasizes the need for rapid diagnostic tools to optimize treatment initiation. Finally, we discuss the importance of public health preparedness and equitable access to these promising therapeutics in achieving effective MVD control and global health security. This mini review presents a comprehensive overview of the burgeoning field of MVD antivirals, highlighting the potential of these novel approaches to reshape the future of MVD treatment and prevention.

Pengembangan Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik (LKPD) Berorientasi Problem Solving untuk Melatihkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Peserta Didik pada Materi Asam Basa

The purpose of this research was to describe the viability of using problem solving worksheets to teach students how to think critically about acid-base material. In assessing the viability of the student worksheets that have been developed, there are three factors that are taken into consideration, namely validity, practicality, and efficacy. In this study, 22 students from class XI MIPA 13 SMAN 1 Sidoarjo participated in a limited trial stage of the Research and Development (R&D) technique from Borg and Gall. The findings of this research indicate that validity, which comprises construct and content validity, each received a mode value of four using appropriate standards. Based on student reaction surveys, practicality reached 92.80% with extremely practical standards, and relevant student activities in the first and second meetings respectively obtained a percentage of 95 55% and 96.12%. The N-gain test yielded medium and high criteria for efficacy. The research's findings indicate that problem solving focused student worksheets are a workable way to support students in strengthening their capacity for critical thought when studying acid-base content.

About some directions of increasing the efficiency of operational search support for the identification and investigation of crimes

Subject of research: capabilities of operational investigative support for the detection and investigation of crimes. Purpose of research: to identify modern factors that determine the need for operational investigative support for the detection and investigation of crimes; determine the content of operational investigative support for the detection and investigation of crimes; to formulate some areas for increasing the efficiency of operational investigative support for the detection and investigation of crimes. Methods of research: the work used general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, logical, systemic), as well as special scientific methods (sociological, statistical). Main results of research: based on the analysis, the author made the following conclusions: on the advisability of supplementing the legally defined list of tasks of operational investigative activities; on the practical validity of developing an interdepartmental normative legal act regulating operational investigative support of criminal proceedings; about the need to use the capabilities of operational investigative support not only at the pre-trial stages of the criminal process, but also at the trial stage.

Small interfering RNA: potential in real-world clinical practice

This review describes the basics of protein biosynthesis and RNA interference processes, discusses the useful and unique properties of siRNA therapy, its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with other gene silencing methods, provides a brief overview of technical advances and modifications of siRNA therapy, and characterizes siRNA-registered drugs and agents at different stages of clinical trials.

Effectiveness of Forensic Computer Modeling for Predicting Wartime Crimes

This article emphasises the importance of computer models in forensics and their potential for predicting criminal activity and preventing offences in the context of military confrontation. The purpose of this paper is to determine the possibility of using computer models to analyse and predict criminal activity during military confrontation. The research employed the following methods: historical method of studying law, logical approach, qualitative method, method of analysis, and method of legal modelling. The study found that forensic modelling is mainly used at the pre-trial investigation or trial stage. The analysis of modern armed conflicts gives grounds to conclude about the high efficiency of computer modelling in preventing wartime crimes. The academic novelty is the obtained results of using computer modelling to prevent potential offences as opposed to its widespread use at the stage of pre-trial investigation. The research prospects include the possibility of the potential study of forensic computer modelling algorithms for accurate prediction of types of offences during the war.

The Development of Chemistry Electronic Module Based on Guided Discovery Learning on Teaching Chemical Bonding

The COVID-19 pandemic had many impacts on education. The teaching and learning process was done through distance learning and was carried out online through several online platforms and media. This study aimed to produce an independent learning media for students in the form of an online module based on the Guided Discovery Learning model in the class on chemical bonding of class X in senior high school. This study used the methods outlined in Research and Development by Borg and Gall (2003) and followed the descriptive quantitative method. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire. The module was validated by three experts for content and language and also validated by three experts for media and graphics. The module was also trialled by 20 students in grade 10 science, 35 college students in the chemistry education program and 8 chemistry teachers. The ratings that were given by experts, students, and teachers from the validation and trial stages can be categorized as good and up to very good, so it can be concluded that the module is feasible to be used as a learning media on in the class on chemical bonding of class 10 in senior high school.
 Keywords: online module, guided discovery learning model, chemical bonding

The Development of Electronic Modules (E-Module) For Learning Chemical Safety and Security in High School Laboratories

The use of e-learning was very helpful in the distance learning process that was implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the applications of e-Learning media that can be used is the electronic module (e-Module). The purpose of this study is to develop electronic modules (e-Module) on chemical safety and security in high school laboratories. This study uses a descriptive quantitative method with research and development outlined by Borg and Gall. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire. The e-Module was validated by experts in media and graphics, and experts in content and language. The e-Module was also tested by chemistry teachers, students in 10th grade, and college students in the chemistry education program. The result from the assessment given by experts, teachers, and students from the validation and trial stage can be interpreted as well up to very good. It can be concluded that the e-Module is feasible to be used as a learning media of Chemistry on Chemical Safety and Security in High-School Laboratories for high-school students.
 Keywords: electronic module, chemical safety, security

Neurostimulation for treatment of post-stroke impairments.

Neurostimulation, the use of electrical stimulation to modulate the activity of the nervous system, is now commonly used for the treatment of chronic pain, movement disorders and epilepsy. Many neurostimulation techniques have now shown promise for the treatment of physical impairments in people with stroke. In 2021, vagus nerve stimulation was approved by the FDA as an adjunct to intensive rehabilitation therapy for the treatment of chronic upper extremity deficits after ischaemic stroke. In 2024, pharyngeal electrical stimulation was conditionally approved by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence for neurogenic dysphagia in people with stroke who have a tracheostomy. Many other approaches have also been tested in pivotal device trials and a number of approaches are in early-phase study. Typically, neurostimulation techniques aim to increase neuroplasticity in response to training and rehabilitation, although the putative mechanisms of action differ and are not fully understood. Neurostimulation techniques offer a number of practical advantages for use after stroke, such as precise dosing and timing, but can be invasive and costly to implement. This Review focuses on neurostimulation techniques that are now in clinical use or that have reached the stage of pivotal trials and show considerable promise for the treatment of post-stroke impairments.

Peningkatan Pelayanan Perizinan Online Melalui Inovasi Aplikasi Surabaya Single Window (SSW) Alpha

In order to maximise public services as a support system for government administration, ongoing innovation is needed to raise the standard of public services. This study uses a qualitative methodology that involves creating a complex description, looking up words, compiling in-depth reports from respondents' perspectives, and studying real-world scenarios linked to enhancing online licencing services in the city of Surabaya via the SSW Alfa application programme. Research methods with qualitative descriptive and study focus include relative advance, Compatibility, Complexity, Trialability and Observability. Data analysis is based on the interactive data model from Miles and Huberman which consists of three activity flows that occur simultaneously, namely: data condensation, data presentation, and verification withdrawal. The results of the study show that SSW Alpha is based on: 1) Relative Advantage, the community is given the advantage of having easy access to permits; 2) Compatibility, there is a discrepancy in the flow of licensing and authority signing with previous innovations, therefore old innovations are no longer used; 3) Complexity, still complicated and trouble occurs and there are still incomplete files; 4) Triability, through the trial stages before the application is launched to the public; 5) Observability, making it easy for the public to observe and monitor the permit filing process and the convenience of officials to easily obtain licensing data.

Special Session Best of 2023: Care of the elderly

Abstract In the field of Alzheimer’s disease disease-modifying therapy, there has been a shift in diagnosis from the later dementia stages towards the earlier stages, with the potential for pre-symptomatic diagnosis. The development of truly ‘disease-modifying’ therapies that target the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease has reached late stages of human clinical trials. The primary targets include beta-amyloid, whose presence and accumulation in the brain is thought to contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease, and tau protein which, when hyperphosphorylated, results in the self-assembly of tangles of paired helical filaments also believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing Aβ formation, blocking its aggregation into plaques, lowering its soluble levels in the brain, and disassembling existing amyloid plaques are among the main strategies employed to slow the progression of AD. First anti-amyloid antibody treatments have proven effective in late-stage clinical trials and are now being approved for clinical use in some countries, initiating a new are of treatment. In terms of blood-based early diagnosis, the development of in vivo biomarkers has shifted the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease from the later dementia stages of disease towards the earlier stages and has introduced the potential for pre-symptomatic diagnosis. Recent study shows promising results for blood tests that could be used to identify Alzheimer’s changes in the brain before the onset of any symptoms, which could result in preventative treatments being used before any memory loss. This presentation will highlight the most exciting development of the past year in the Alzheimer’s disease therapy and diagnosis arena.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Recent advances on vaccines against malaria: A review

This review aims to summarize the currently viable vaccine strategies including the approved vaccines and the those in trials for next-generation malaria vaccines. Data on malaria vaccine development was collected through a comprehensive review. The literature search was performed using databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, NIH, and Web of Science. Various novel approaches of vaccination are being developed, including those based on radiation-attenuated strategies, monoclonal antibodies, targeted immunogenic peptides, RNA and DNA vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, protein-based vaccination protocols, and whole organism-based vaccination strategies. Trials on RTS, S have entered phase III testing, and those based on blood-stage vaccines and vaccines to interrupt malarial transmission have advanced to higher stages of trials. Mathematical modeling, combined drug and vaccine strategies, mass drug administration, polyvalent vaccine formulations, and targeted vaccination campaigns is playing an important role in malarial prevention. Furthermore, assessing coverage, accessibility, acceptability, deployment, compilation, and adherence to specific vaccination strategies in endemic regions is essential for vaccination drives against malaria.

Current treatment and novel insights regarding ROS1-targeted therapy in malignant tumors.

The proto-oncogene ROS1 encodes an intrinsic type I membrane protein of the tyrosine kinase/insulin receptor family. ROS1 facilitates the progression of various malignancies via self-mutations or rearrangements. Studies on ROS1-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been conducted, and some have been approved by the FDA for clinical use. However, the adverse effects and mechanisms of resistance associated with ROS1 inhibitors remain unknown. In addition, next-generation ROS1 inhibitors, which have the advantage of treating central nervous system metastases and alleviating endogenous drug resistance, are still in the clinical trial stage. In this study, we searched relevant articles reporting the mechanism and clinical application of ROS1 in recent years; systematically reviewed the biological mechanisms, diagnostic methods, and research progress on ROS1 inhibitors; and provided perspectives for the future of ROS1-targeted therapy. ROS1 is most expressed in malignant tumours. Only a few ROS1 kinase inhibitors are currently approved for use in NSCLC, the efficacy of other TKIs for NSCLC and other malignancies has not been ascertained. There is no effective standard treatment for adverse events or resistance to ROS1-targeted therapy. Next-generation TKIs appear capable of overcoming resistance and delaying central nervous system metastasis, but with a greater incidence of adverse effects. Further research on next-generation TKIs regarding the localization of ROS1 and its fusion partners, binding sites for targeted drugs, and coadministration with other drugs is required. The correlation between TKIs and chemotherapy or immunotherapy in clinical practice requires further study.

Efficacy and regulatory strategies of gut microbiota in immunotherapy: a narrative review.

With advances in gut microbiome research, it has been recognized that the gut microbiome has an important and far-reaching impact on many human diseases, including cancer. Therefore, more and more researchers are focusing on the treatment of gut flora in tumors. In this article, we present a review of the mechanisms of gut microbes in tumor immunotherapy and related studies to provide reference for further research and insights into the clinical application of gut microbes. Between April 25, 2023, and November 25, 2023, we searched for articles published only in English between 1984 and 2023 using the databases PubMed, American Medical Association and Elsevier ScienceDirect using the keywords "gut microbiology" and "tumor" or "immunotherapy". The gastrointestinal tract contains the largest number of microorganisms in the human body. Microorganisms are involved in regulating many physiological activities of the body. Studies have shown that gut microbes and their derivatives are involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of inflammations and tumors, and changes in their abundance and proportion affect the degree of cancer progression and sensitivity to immunotherapy. Gut microbiota-based drug research is ongoing, and some anti-tumor studies have entered the clinical trial stage. The abundance and proportion of intestinal microorganisms influence the susceptibility of tumors to tumor immunotherapy. This article reviewed the effects and mechanisms of gut microbes on tumor immunotherapy to further explore the medical value of gut microbes in tumor immunotherapy.

DIGITIZATION OF LEGAL AID SERVICES AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE TO THE DETAINEES IN INDIA

This paper presents a micro-study of the scheme of legal aid services and the impact of its digitization on the administration of criminal justice in India based on the case study of the District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) of Surguja at Ambikapur in Chhattisgarh State (India). This DLSA has been found to suffer from proper empanelment, allotment and monitoring of criminal defense counsels to the detainees. The empanelled defense counsels have been reluctant to pursue the case of detainees at the bail and trial stages. Resultantly, fair criminal trial according to the due process of law has been compromised, the fundamental guarantee to free defense counsel has been threatened and public trust in the criminal justice system has been deteriorated. Heeding the reports and judicial directions, the Union Ministry of Law and Justice has introduced the digitization of legal aid services of all authorities and committees established under the NALSA Act, 1987. The website portals and mobile applications have been brought upon to facilitate the beneficiaries to apply for free legal aid and know about actions taken therein. Nonetheless, these endeavours have been found inadequate in the mission of administration of criminal justice particularly for the detainees.

Innovation in English Language Learning Assessment in Class VII of SMP Negeri 1 Dolok Merawan: Development of a HOTS-Based Evaluation Tool with the Help of Wordwall

An evaluation instrument or evaluation tool is a tool that meets academic requirements. The evaluation instrument still uses paper evaluation tools and does not use online learning evaluation. The aim of this research is to develop a wordwall-assisted HOTS-based English language learning evaluation tool. This type of research applies the Research and Development (R&D) research method. The subjects in this research were class VII students of SMP Negeri 1 Dolok Merawan who used the HOTS-based learning evaluation tool with the help of Wordwall, for a total of 32 students. The object of research is English-language reading material in the form of wordwall assistance. This research has been validated through stages by material experts, media experts, instructional design experts, language experts, and evaluation experts. This research has trial stages, namely initial field trials, main field trials, and operational field trials. This research also tested the effectiveness of the wordwall-assisted HOTS-based English learning evaluation tool. The research results show that students who use the HOTS-based English language learning evaluation tool assisted by Wordwall are "more effective" than those who use conventional learning methods. This is shown by the calculation results obtained: tcount = 2.28 and ttable = 2.00, where 2.28 > 2.00 for a significance level of 0.05. The effectiveness value of the wordwall-assisted HOTS-based English language learning evaluation tool is higher, namely 80.28%, than student learning outcomes using conventional methods with a value of 75.25%.

The Production of An Interactive E-Module in the Course of Concepts and Aplications Building Information Modelling Civil Engineering Department

This research was motivated by the problems that exist during initial observations, namely the absence of learning media in the form of modules on the learning process of Concepts and Applications Building Information Modeling (BIM) course. Based on these problem, this study was aim to create a valid and practical learning media in the form of an Revit Structure interactive electronic module (e-module) for the Concepts and Applications of Building Information Modelling (BIM) course. This study uses the Research and Development (R&D) method which adapts the DDD-E model. The instrument used is a learning media assessment questionnaire for media experts, material experts, and students. Based on product evaluation of Revit Structure interactive electronic module-based learning media on the course of Concept and Application BIM by media experts from all aspects obtaining an assessment of 93,1% with very valid criteria, while assessment by material experts from all aspects obtained an assessment of 85.8% with very valid criteria. The assessment with the small trial stage with 8 students as respondents obtained an average score of 89.4% which was categorized as very practical and the large-scale testing stage with 18 students as respondents obtained an average value of 91,2% which was categorized as very practical. Based on the results of the assessment, the resulting media was declared feasible and practical to use for interactive electronic module-based learning media on the Concept and Aplication of Building Information Modelling course.