Stages Of Soybean Development Research Articles

Quantitative and qualitative damage caused by Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on soybean crop at different growth stages

The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys, an invasive species native to East Asia, is now present and abundant on soybean throughout Europe where it has become a major pest damaging the crop. Because a better understanding of the impact of H. halys is crucial to implement effective and sustainable pest management, the present study aimed to assess the stages at which soybean is most susceptible to H. halys attacks, and the qualitative and quantitative alterations caused by its feeding on soybean seeds. Therefore, soybean plants were exposed to stink bug adults for 2 weeks at different development stages and were examined at harvest for damage. Stay-green syndrome occurred most severely as a result of H. halys attacks at soybean development stages R4-R5. In the same period, the bug feeding activity significantly reduced the number of seeds per pod, thus indicating a higher damage rate at the R4-R5 stage when soybean surveillance should be intensified in order to properly target pest management strategies. The lower number of seeds per pod corresponded to an increase in the seed weight due to plant compensation mechanisms, leading to grain yields that did not differ in relation to the time of attack or the rate of damaged seeds. However, while not causing overall a loss of weight production, H. halys attacks were shown to cause qualitative damage to soybean seeds, especially by altering protein content and mobilizing several primary metabolites from storage macromolecules, which will have to be considered depending on the intended use of the production.

Genome-Wide Identification of the Whirly Gene Family and Its Potential Function in Low Phosphate Stress in Soybean (Glycine max).

The Whirly (WHY) gene family, functioning as transcription factors, plays an essential role in the regulation of plant metabolic responses, which has been demonstrated across multiple species. However, the WHY gene family and its functions in soybean remains unclear. In this paper, we conducted genome-wide screening and identification to characterize the WHY gene family. Seven WHY members were identified and randomly distributed across six chromosomes. The phylogenetic evolutionary tree of WHY genes in soybean and other species was divided into five clades. An in-depth analysis revealed that segmental duplications significantly contributed to the expansion of GmWHYs, and the GmWHY gene members may have experienced evolutionary pressure for purifying selection in soybeans. The analysis of promoter Cis-elements in GmWHYs suggested their potential significance in addressing diverse stress conditions. The expression patterns of GmWHYs exhibited tissue-specific variations throughout the different stages of soybean development. Additionally, six GmWHY genes exhibited different responses to low phosphate stress. These findings will provide a theoretical basis and valuable reference for the future exploration of WHY gene function.

Egg parasitoid assemblages and their effectiveness against the Lepidoptera soybean defoliators in Argentina's subtropical production region

AbstractSoybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae), is one of the most important crops worldwide, but caterpillars of various species (Lepidoptera) may greatly reduce its annual yield. Nowadays, the main method of controlling these pest species is based on the use of broad‐spectrum insecticides, which are harmful to human health and increase environmental contamination. Therefore, other sustainable methods of control, such as biological control, are in increasing demand. The present study aimed to identify the egg parasitoid species that attack lepidopterans defoliating soybeans in South America's subtropical regions, as well as evaluate their effectiveness at various stages of soybean development. The research was conducted in a commercial soybean field (80 ha) located in Tucumán, Argentina, which was surrounded by wild vegetation as a way to promote biological control. Every week, throughout three consecutive soybean seasons, 20 soybean plants were randomly selected and brought to the laboratory in search of lepidopteran eggs. Over the course of the three crop seasons, the soybean plants were attacked by Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Erebidae), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée), and Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (both Noctuidae). Six egg parasitoid species were identified, but only three of them were frequently found during the current study. Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was the most predominant species attacking all lepidopteran pests across all soybean phenological stages. Encarsia porteri (Mercet) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) preferred to attack R. nu eggs, whereas Telenomus cyamophylax Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitized only A. gemmatalis and R. nu eggs. Despite the use of insecticides in the soybean field, the parasitism rates recorded were high. This suggests that using conservation tactics such as native vegetation patches and surrounding alternative crops may result in higher rates of natural control.

Simulacija oštećenja od grada na regeneraciju i prinos soje (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

The most common mechanical damage to soybean in the agroecological conditions of Serbia occurs after the appearance of hail, floods or due to damage from wild animals and insects. In recent years, extreme temperatures accompanied by drought have been increasingly recorded during the summer months, as well as the appearance of hail, which has become frequent during the growing season of spring crops. The aim of this work was to determine the consequences and the extent of yield reduction if hail occurs in the generative stages of soybean development. The occurrence of hail in the R1 (beginning bloom) and R3 (beginning pod) stages of development in the form of plant damage was simulated. This paper will present the results of how three soybean varieties reacted after simulated hail damage in two stages of generative development and what the effects were on yield, height, number of fertile nodes, as well as percentage of plant regeneration. The trial was set up in 2020 as a two-factorial experiment in three replications. Three soybean varieties were sown in late April. In order to simulate hail damage, the plants were cut to a height of 15 cm to ensure at least two nodes and enable the regeneration of the plants. The stage of development of soybean, i.e. the moment of hail damage, had a direct impact on the yield, the number of regenerated plants, as well as the number of fertile nodes.

Inter-phylum negative interactions affect soil bacterial community dynamics and functions during soybean development under long-term nitrogen fertilization

Understanding interspecies interactions is essential to predict the response of microbial communities to exogenous perturbation. Herein, rhizospheric and bulk soils were collected from five developmental stages of soybean, which grew in soils receiving 16-year nitrogen inputs. Bacterial communities and functional profiles were examined using high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR, respectively. The objective of this study was to identify the key bacterial interactions that influenced community dynamics and functions. We found that the stages of soybean development outcompeted nitrogen fertilization management in shaping bacterial community structure, while fertilization treatments significantly shaped the abundance distribution of nitrogen functional genes. Temporal variations in bacterial abundances increased in bulk soils, especially at the stage of soybean branching, which helps to infer underlying negative interspecies interactions. Members of Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria actively engaged in inter-phylum negative interactions in bulk soils and soybean rhizosphere, respectively. Furthermore, the negative interactions between nitrogen-fixing functional groups and the reduction of nifH gene abundance were coupled during soybean development, which may help to explain the linkages between population dynamics and functions. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of inter-phylum negative interactions in shaping the correlation patterns of bacterial communities and in determining soil functional potential.

Elucidation of factors contributing to onset of Cercospora leaf blight during later reproductive development of soybean

AbstractIn Louisiana, Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) of soybean is primarily caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, which can be detected in asymptomatic leaves as early as V3 (third trifoliate) growth stage, while symptoms appear around R5 (beginning seed). The fungus produces cercosporin, an important virulence factor, the in vitro production of which is significantly reduced in the absence of simple sugars. Our objective was to investigate the role of foliar simple sugars and endophytic bacteria in CLB symptom onset. C. cf. flagellaris was cultured in filter‐sterilized, untreated extracts made from asymptomatic R2 and R5 leaves; in extracts treated with chloroform to isolate hydrophilic molecules, including simple sugars; or with antibiotics to assess the role of endophytic bacteria. Endophytic bacteria were also isolated from leaves and leaf extracts and their interaction with C. cf. flagellaris was investigated. The fungus produced more cercosporin in total R5 and simple sugar‐amended R2 leaf extracts, than in R2 leaf extracts. Furthermore, it produced more cercosporin in chloroform‐treated R5 leaf extracts, which contained significantly higher levels of simple sugars, especially fructose, than the R2. To our knowledge, this is the first reported connection between foliar sugar content and cercosporin production. Additionally, morphologically diverse bacteria were isolated from different stages of soybean development. Also, bacterial endophytes in R5 leaf extracts and Paenibacillus polymyxa, isolated from R2 leaves, significantly reduced the growth of C. cf. flagellaris. These findings implicated soybean leaf fructose in CLB development and highlighted the potential of using foliar bacterial endophytes for CLB management.

Sewage sludge as organic matrix in the manufacture of organomineral fertilizers: Physical forms, environmental risks, and nutrients recycling

The use of organomineral fertilizers (OMFs) has grown worldwide, mainly in tropical conditions, combining economics and environmental management. Our study used a sewage sludge (SS) rich in Zn as the organic matrix in the manufacture of OMFs, with the following objectives: i) to select the best OMF physical form; ii) to evaluate environmental risks associated with their application; iii) to recycle SS nutrients for soybean (Glycine max) production; iv) to verify their benefits to soil microbial activity and other soil functions. For each soil individually, a clay and a sandy clay loam, six treatments were tested: control (CT, without fertilization); mineral fertilization (MF); MF plus Zn and B (MFZn + B); and three distinct physical forms for the OMFs [powder (Pw), granule (G), and pellet (Pt)], all calculated to provide 100 kg of P2O5 and performed in four blocks. Amending SS-OMFs did not represent an environmental risk in terms of spreading pathogens and hazardous trace elements. In comparison with MFs, SS-OMFs enhanced nutrients accumulation, pod numbers, and nodulation, as well as soil microbial activity, but did not affect shoot and root dry masses and enzymatic activities at early stages of soybean development (60 d after planting). They were also capable to supply Zn and B to plants and their distinct physical forms did not affect microbiological indicators of soil quality or nutrients accumulation in plant tissues. Overall, SS-OMFs seems to be a promising alternative for sustainable use of SSs in soybeans avoiding their disposal in landfills, but field studies are still needed to ratify the findings under more realistic conditions.

‘BMX Ativa’ soybean responses after application of biofertilizer associated or not with glyphosate

Even with the development of glyphosate-resistant soybean, there are cases in which harmful effects of intoxication occur, especially when the herbicide is applied in mixture with other products. The objective of this work was to verify the efficiency of biofertilizer as a glyphosate stress reducer in the soybean “BMX Ativa”. The experiment was installed in a randomized block design, in a 3 × 5 + 1 factorial scheme, with four replications. In factor A, soybean development stages (V4, V8 and V4 + V8) were allocated, and in factor B the application of 0.1 L ha-1 of biofertilizer, 1,080 and 2,160 g ha-1 of a.e. of glyphosate, applied in isolated mode and/or mix in tank, plus one control without application as an additional treatment. The evaluated variables were phytointoxication, number of grains per plant, number of pods per plant, thousand grains mass and soybean grain yield. The application of double the dose of glyphosate (2,160 g ha-1) alone or in mixture with the biofertilizer in stages V4, V8 and V4 + V8 caused visual injuries to soybean ‘BMX Ativa’ until 28 days after application, but without affect the productive characteristics of the crop. The biofertilizer did not affect soybean plants and neither mitigate the negative effect of the highest dose of glyphosate.

Modes of application with Cobalt and Molybdenum fertilizations in different stages of soybean development and yield of soybean

The elements cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) are micronutrients of great importance for legumes, since they play a fundamental role in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen assimilated by bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the yield components of soybean as a function of different doses and time of application of cobalt and molybdenum via leaf. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Vera - Mato Grosso. The treatments consisted of the combination of five doses of the micronutrient (0, 50, 100, 150 and 300 mL ha-1) with two phenologicals stages of application periods (V5, fifth node and fourth trifoliate flower and R2, full flowering)). The characteristics evaluated: dry mass of the nodules, number of nodules, number of pods per plant, grains per pod, mass of 100 grains and productivity. It is concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the application of cobalt and molybdenum via leaf in V5 and R2 does not alter soybean nodulation. The application in the reproductive period (R2) provides a greater number of pods per plant and number of grains per pod, but does not affect productivity

Stink bug control at different stages of soybean development

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the effects of combinations of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids on the control of stink bugs at different stages of soybean crop development. The experiment was set up in a factorial randomized block design (4×6: 4 treatments and 6 stages) with 4 repetitions. The following treatments were tested during the V6/V7, R2, R4, R5.1, R5.5 and R 6 phenological stages: 1 – control (no application), 2 – thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin, 3 – acetamiprid + α-cypermethrin, and 4 – dinotefuran + α-cypermethrin. Infestation, number of damaged seeds, number of pods, number of pods per plant, and yield (kg/ha) were evaluated. Stink bug infestations were smaller when applications commenced during the vegetative stages (V6-V8). Pod numbers and yields were highest in the dinotefuran + α-cypermethrin treatment with applications from V6/V8 to R4. The active ingredients dinotefuran + α-cypermethrin reduced stink bug populations and increased yields and could therefore be considered in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for soybean crops.

An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated soybean transformation method using green fluorescent protein as a selectable marker

ABSTRACTGenetic transformation plays a vital role in gene functional study and molecular breeding of soybean. Conventional soybean transformation methods using chemical selectable markers, such as antibiotic or herbicide resistance genes, rely on the identification of positive transgenic lines at advanced developmental stages, making selection procedure labor intensive and time consuming. Utilization of a visual maker to track the transgene would avoid the uncertainty and blindness in the transformation process. In this research, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the selectable marker to detect transgenics at early stages of soybean development. Positive transformants were detected recurrently during each stage of the process based on visualization of the green fluorescence signal, which help us to discard the non-transgenic ones in each stage to reduce the unnecessary experimental cost and lab space. In addition, the positive transgenic seeds can be identified before planting for early detection of transgene and obtain homozygous lines in advance. The method established in this study is also a useful reference for other plant species.

Biochemical examination of non-transgenic and transgenic soybean plants under drought stress conditions

Drought is one of the major environmental stresses limiting crop production worldwide because both the duration and the severity of the stress are critical. Plants display a variety of physiological and biochemical stress responses towards prevailing drought stress thus making it a complex phenomenon. To address the modulation of stress responses, we used Glycine max cv. MG/BR 46 Conquista (non-transgenic) and cv. BRS Valiosa (transgenic) to analyze the effects of  progressive drought stress during two stages of soybean development (V2 and V4) on physiological and biochemical parameters. Three minimum soil water potentials (Ψs) were established: -0.03 MPa (well-watered), -0.07 MPa (a moderate stress), and -0.5 MPa (a severe stress). Gas-exchange measurements, lipid peroxidation, H2O2 and proline content, and antioxidant enzyme activities were analyzed in the leaves of both cultivars in the different water management levels. The results show a decrease in plant growth and gas-exchange parameters in both genotypes during progressive drought stress; the effects were more pronounced in MG/BR 46 Conquista. Proline content was less affected in BRS Valiosa. Malondialdehyde and H2O2 content increased during the drought stress but less in transgenic plants. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities increased in BRS Valiosa at the V4 stage, whereas MG/B R 46 Conquista did not overcome stress conditions at this period. The overall results suggest that BRS Valiosa (transgenic) soybean cultivar exhibited later stress responses, which could enhance its survival during long periods of water deficit.

2,4-D Hormesis Effect on Soybean

ABSTRACT: The hormesis effect of 2,4-D, applied at two stages of soybean development, on the physiological components of crop yield, was investigated. Soybean seeds of the cultivar ‘AG 3680 IPRO’ were sown in pots containing 7 L of a substrate and kept in a greenhouse. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Eighteen treatments were tested, arranged in a split-plot scheme. The plots consisted of two stages of herbicide application (V4 and V6), and the split-plots were arranged by nine 2,4-D doses (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 50 g ha-1). At the time of harvest, 100 days after sowing, significant interactions between crop development stages and 2,4-D doses were observed for the number of nodes in the main stem (NNMS) and the number of pods per plant (NPP). Both NNMS and NPP were not affected by 2,4-D during V6, but they increased with doses up to 20.2 g ha-1 and 22.5 g ha-1, respectively, during V4 and declined at higher doses according to a quadratic model, thus characterizing hermetic effect. Regardless of the application stage, the number of grains per plant and weight of a thousand grains were reduced as doses increased. However, the grain number and grain mass per plant reached maximum values for doses of 20.3 g ha-1 and 12.9 g ha-1, respectively. It was concluded that 2,4-D causes hormesis effects on the soybean crop ‘AG 3680 IPRO’ pot-grown in greenhouse conditions, regardless of the application stages herein tested.

Halauxifen-Methyl+Diclosulam: New Option to Control Conyza spp. Prior Soybean Sowing

ABSTRACT: Control of Conyza spp. prior to soybean sowing has faced difficulties because of the resistance cases in Brazil, hence new herbicides as halauxifen-methyl + diclosulam are important to manage this specie. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of the herbicide halauxifen-methyl + diclosulam applied at pre-planting of soybean. The experiments were set up in three locations in Paraná State, Brazil, in the 2015/2016 season. The herbicide halauxifen-methyl + diclosulam was associated with glyphosate and compared to other commercial herbicide to Conyza spp. control. The application occurred 15 days before soybean sowing, in plants of Conyza spp. with an average height of 20-35 cm in the three areas. None of the treatments promoted Conyza spp. control above 90%, when soybean was at the V1 stage; however, the findings showed that halauxifen-methyl + diclosulam promoted better control in comparison to the other treatments. The control reached >90% at V3 soybean development stage, in which treatments containing glyphosate + halauxifen-methyl + diclosulam were more effective than the other treatments. In addition, treatments with glyphosate + halauxifen-methyl + diclosulam decreased dry matter content of Conyza spp. between 87 and 93%, depending on the location, when compared to the control. The burndown treatment to Conyza spp. with glyphosate + halauxifen-methyl + diclosulam did not decrease soybean yield, and it was always higher than the untreated check.

Pre-harvest Desiccation: Productivity and Physical and Physiological Inferences on Soybean Seeds During Storage

The objective of this research is to define which soybean phenological stage is adequate to promote pre-harvest desiccation and to measure the effects of this procedure on the physical and physiological attributes of soybean seeds throughout storage. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda Santa Bárbara da Boa Vista located in the municipality of Cabeceiras, Goiás, Brazil. The experimental design was the randomized blocks arranged in a factorial scheme being five phenological stages of soybean development where desiccant was applied (R5.5, R6.0, R7.1, R7.3 and R8.3) × five post-harvest storage times (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 days), arranged in four replicates. The measured characters were: Productivity, Mass of one thousand seeds, Retention of sieves 5.5 mm, 6.0 mm and 6.5 mm, Germination, Accelerated aging and Field emergence. The application of the Paraquat molecule in soybean plants in the phenological stages R5.5 and R6.0 compromises the physical attributes, mass of a thousand seeds and productivity. The germination and vigor of the soybean seeds are adversely affected due to the early desiccation of the plants, and these effects are potentiated throughout the seed storage.

Growth and development of soybean roots according to planting management systems and irrigation in lowland areas

ABSTRACT: The presence of a compacted soil layer near the ground surface in paddy fields may limit the growth and development of soybean roots. The objective of this study was to evaluate different planting management systems and irrigation on growth and development of soybean root systems in lowland area. The experiment was carried out in 2013/14 and 2014/15 crop seasons in randomized complete block design with factorial treatment (3x2), with four replications. The treatments consisted of different planting management systems: sowing with double disc (A1); sowing with shank (A2) and deep tillage + sowing with double disc (A3), and irrigation: irrigated (D1) and non irrigated (D2). Planting management systems and irrigation influenced the growth of soybean roots. When double disc was used, roots have lower growth and increase in diameter. Use of shanks and deep tillage provide increased growth and development of soybean roots and greater depth distribution. An additional 55mm of irrigation during the V4 soybean development stage provides increased surface area and root volume in when the soil moisture reaches values below 60% of field capacity.

Комплексна оцінка нодуляційної здатності бульбочкових бактерій та особливості формування симбіотичних систем сої за інокуляції насіння мікробними композиціями

The features of the soybean symbiotic systems formation and carry out the complex es- timate of the rhizobium nodulation ability at the seed inoculation of the microbial composi- tions on the bases of nodule bacteria, azotobacter and phytolectins (soybean seeds lectin, wheat germ agglutinin) were studied in the green-house experiments with a soil cultures. It was shown, that complex inoculants accelerate the process of becoming infected of plants by rhizobia in the early stages of soybean development; contribute to the expansion of the spectrum of genetically determined ability of nodule bacteria in the formation of a certain number of nodules on the host plant during the growing season as well as the formation of more root nodules with more of their weight during the second half of the growing season of soybean and significant increase mass of the one nodule and also slow the root nodules aging process at the end of the growing season compared with a rhizobial monoinoculant. It was proposed to use a complex of criteria in the estimating of the rhizobia nodulation ability in the microbial compositions: "nodulation activity", "nodulation range", "the num- ber of nodules on the plant", "mass of nodules per plant", "mass of one nodule", which are indicative for different stages of the symbiosis formation.

Soybean oversowing with Urochloa brizantha and Panicum maximum and the straw formation in a no-tillage system

The objective of this study was to evaluate the soybean oversowing with braquiarão (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) and colonião (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) and the capacity of these forage crops to produce dry mass during the fall-winter-spring period. Two experiments, one for each forage species, were conducted in field conditions in the 2011/2012 season and were repeated in 2012/2013. The experimental set-up was arranged in a randomized block design with four repetitions in a 2 x 5 factorial. The soybean oversowing was studied in the development stages R6 and R8 (2011/2012) or R5 and R8 (2012/2013) with braquiarão or colonião grass in five seed amounts (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 points of cultural value – PCV = seeds amount x culture value). In both seasons, the braquiarão oversowing at soybean stages R5 and R6 resulted in higher dry mass production, when compared to stage R8. Additionally, the amount of 600 seeds PCV was sufficient to obtain an excellent percentage of soil cover (>95%), in addition to the satisfactory number of plants per m2 and the dry mass production. On the other hand, independent of the soybean development stage in the oversowing moment, colonião was not promising for use in this sowing type because its low stand and irregular soil covering, even at the higher seed amounts.

Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum and F. meridionale on soybean pod blight and trichothecene accumulation

Soybean (Glycine max) is the most important crop in Argentina. At present Fusarium graminearum is recognized as a primary pathogen of soybean in several countries in the Americas, mainly causing seed and root rot and pre‐ and post‐emergence damping off. However, no information about infections at later growth stages of soybean development and pathogenicity of F. graminearum species complex is available. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare the pathogenicity of F. graminearum and F. meridionale isolates towards soybean under field conditions and to evaluate the degree of pathogenicity and trichothecene production of these two phylogenetic species that express different chemotypes. Six isolates of F. graminearum and F. meridionale were evaluated during 2012/13 and 2013/14 soybean growing seasons for pod blight severity, percentage of seed infected in pods and kernel weight reduction. The results showed a higher aggressiveness of both F. graminearum and F. meridionale species during the 2013/14 season. However, the differences in pathogenicity observed between the seasons were not reflected in a distinct trichothecene concentration in soybean seeds at maturity. Fusarium meridionale isolates showed similar pathogenicity to F. graminearum isolates but they were not able to produce this toxin in planta during the two field trials.

Soybean Aphid Management in South Dakota with Foliar Applied Insecticdes, 2014: Table 1

The Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, can be a serious problem of soybean, Glycine max L., production in South Dakota. The economic threshold is 250 soybean aphids on 80% of plants sampled. When the threshold is reached it may warrant an insecticide treatment to prevent potential yield loss through early R5 soybean development stage. During the 2014 growing season, we conducted a field study near Brookings, South Dakota using foliar applied insecticides for control …