Stages Of Culture Research Articles

Real-time missing seedling counting in paddy fields based on lightweight network and tracking-by-detection algorithm

The rate of missing rice seedlings is key information in the early stages of rice cultivation, which affects farmers' decision-making process, such as replanting. Due to the low efficiency and poor accuracy of traditional manual seedling counting methods, an automated method for accurately detecting missing rice seedlings is needed. Therefore, this study proposed a real-time missing rice seedling counting method based on object detection and tracking-by-detection algorithm, including improved YOLOv5s and ByteTrack. The study focused on two aspects: improving the detection accuracy of tiny and overlapping seedlings and constructing lightweight models. The detection accuracy was improved by adjusting the structure of the detection head and introducing Transformer encoders. Meanwhile, the methods of channel pruning and compact network construction were used for developing lightweight models. The experimental results showed that the improved YOLOv5s network had a mAP@0.5:0.95 of 72.3% and an FPS of 71.6f/s, significantly higher than the original YOLOv5s model (the mAP@0.5:0.95 was 71.8% and the FPS was 56.1f/s). The accuracy of the missing seedlings counting method was 93.2%, and the counting time was five times less than the manual counting time. Therefore, the proposed method is considered both practical and efficient in detecting and counting missing seedlings, providing a new solution for real-time counting of missing rice seedlings in paddy fields.

Pathogen resistance in soils associated withbacteriome network reconstruction through reductive soil disinfestation.

Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) is an effective bioremediation technique to restructure the soil microbial community and eliminate soilborne phytopathogens. Yet we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the keystone taxa involved and their roles in ecosystem functioning in degraded soils treated by RSD. In this study, the bacteriome network structure in RSD-treated soil and the subsequent cultivation process were explored. As a result, bacterial communities in RSD-treated soil developed more complex topologies and stable co-occurrence patterns. The richness and diversity of keystone taxa were higher in the RSD group (module hub: 0.57%; connector: 23.98%) than in the Control group (module hub: 0.16%; connector: 19.34%). The restoration of keystone taxa in RSD-treated soil was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with soil pH, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Moreover, a strong negative correlation (r = -0.712; P < 0.01) was found between keystone taxa richness and Fusarium abundance. Our results suggest that keystone taxa involved in the RSD network structure are capable of maintaining a flexible generalist mode of metabolism, namely with respect to nitrogen fixation, methylotrophy, and methanotrophy. Furthermore, distinct network modules composed by numerous anti-pathogen agents were formed in RSD-treated soil; i.e., the genera Hydrogenispora, Azotobacter, Sphingomonas, and Clostridium_8 under the soil treatment stage, and the genera Anaerolinea and Pseudarthrobacter under the plant cultivation stage. The study provides novel insights into the association between fungistasis and keystone or sensitive taxa in RSD-treated soil, with significant implications for comprehending the mechanisms of RSD. KEY POINTS: • RSD enhanced bacteriome network stability and restored keystone taxa. • Keystone taxa richness was negatively correlated with Fusarium abundance. • Distinct sensitive OTUs and modules were formed in RSD soil.

Experimental Substantiation of Feasibility of Using Enzymatic Fibrin Hydrolyzate-Based Medium to Obtain Components of Chemical Cholera Vaccine

The aim of the study was to experimentally substantiate the possibility of using a nutrient medium based on enzymatic fibrin hydrolyzate in order to obtain specific components of chemical cholera vaccine: cholerogen-anatoxin and O-antigen. Materials and methods. We used production strains of Vibrio cholerae 569B and V. cholerae M-41. Submerged low-volume cultivation was carried out in a laboratory fermenter for 8 hours, with automatic maintenance of cultivation parameters and feeding with glucose on the nutrient medium based on enzymatic fibrin hydrolyzate, containing (1.0±0.1) g/l of amine nitrogen, pH being (8.0±0.1). Cholerogen-anatoxin and O-antigens were obtained from detoxified formalin-treated centrifugates of culture liquids. The specific activity of V. cholerae antigens at the stages of cultivation and isolation was determined applying immunochemical methods. The preparation of the finished dosage form of the cholera vaccine and the coating of the tablets with an enteric coating was carried out in accordance with the regulatory documentation. Results and discussion. It has been shown that cultivation on the medium based on enzymatic fibrin hydrolyzate provides a stable growth of the biomass of V. cholerae production strains with a high level of specific activity of antigens. Comparative analysis of the main properties of the finished dosage form of laboratory batches with a commercial batch of chemical cholera vaccine has demonstrated compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation. The results obtained has led us to conclusion that it is feasible to use the nutrient medium based on enzymatic fibrin hydrolyzate for cultivating production strains and obtaining specific components of the cholera vaccine.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differential Gene Expression Pattern Associated with Heat Tolerance in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) represents a highly significant agricultural commodity worldwide. Heat stress (HS) poses a severe threat to pepper productivity and quality. However, our understanding of the molecular alterations triggered by HS remains insufficient. This study focused on characterizing P19055 and P17087 as heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive pepper lines, respectively. Through RNA sequencing, we quantified transcript abundance in pepper fruit to investigate the impact of HS on gene expression. A total of 41,793 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was identified, encompassing 33,703 known genes and 8090 novel genes. Additionally, we obtained 89,821 expressed transcripts, including 52,726 known transcripts and 37,095 new transcripts. By comparing gene expression levels between P17087 and P19055 fruit, we pinpointed 2324 genes exhibiting differential expression across three time points (0.5 h, 2 h, 6 h). Leveraging the weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) approach, we constructed a co-expression network of DEGs in P19055 and P17087 based on transcriptomic data acquired at these time points. Notably, nineteen modules displayed significant correlations with the time points following HS during the fruiting stage in both genotypes. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were primarily associated with metabolic and cellular processes in response to stress, particularly photosynthesis at the 2 h and 6 h time points. Moreover, we identified and categorized 26 families of transcription factors, including ERF (19), WRKY (12), MYB (15), NAC (7), bHLH (7), MIKC (7), GRAS (6), and 40 others, which may potentially regulate the expression of key genes in response to HS. Our findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing HS during the fruiting stage of pepper cultivation.

Multi-stage nuclear transcriptomic insights of morphogenesis and biparental role changes in Lentinula edodes.

Based on six offspring with different mitochondrial (M) and parental nuclear (N) genotypes, the multi-stage morphological characteristics and nuclear transcriptomes of Lentinula edodes were compared to investigate morphogenesis mechanisms during cultivation, the key reason for cultivar resistance to genotype changes, and regulation related to biparental role changes. Six offspring had specific transcriptomic data and morphological characteristics that were mainly regulated by the two parental nuclei, followed by the cytoplasm, at different growth stages. Importing a wild N genotype easily leads to failure or instability of fruiting; however, importing wild M genotypes may improve cultivars. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter genes encoding specific metabolites in spawns may play crucial roles in fruiting body formation. Pellets from submerged cultivation and spawns from sawdust substrate cultivation showed different carbon metabolic pathways, especially in secondary metabolism, degradation of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and plasma membrane transport (mainly MFS). When the stage of small young pileus (SYP) was formed on the surface of the bag, the spawns inside were mainly involved in nutrient accumulation. Just broken pileus (JBP) showed a different expression of plasma membrane transporter genes related to intracellular material transport compared to SYP and showed different ribosomal proteins and cytochrome P450 functioning in protein biosynthesis and metabolism than near spreading pileus (NSP). Biparental roles mainly regulate offspring metabolism, growth, and morphogenesis by differentially expressing specific genes during different vegetative growth stages. Additionally, some genes encoding glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins, F-box, and folliculin-interacting protein repeat-containing proteins may be related to multi-stage morphogenesis. KEY POINTS: • Replacement of nuclear genotype is not suitable for cultivar breeding of L. edodes. • Some genes show a biparental role-divergent expression at mycelial growth stage. • Transcriptomic changes of some sawdust substrate cultivation stages have been elucidated.

Phenotypic quantification of root spatial distribution along circumferential direction for field paddy-wheat.

Plant roots are essential for water and nutrient absorption, anchoring, mechanical support, metabolite storage and interaction with the surrounding soil environment. A comprehensive understanding of root traits provides an opportunity to build ideal roots architectural system that provides improved stability and yield advantage in adverse target environments caused by soil quality degradation, climate change, etc. However, we hypothesize that quantitative indicators characterizing root system are still need to be supplemented. Features describing root growth and distribution, until now, belong mostly to 2D indicators or reflect changes in the root system with a depth of soil layers but are rarely considered in a spatial region along the circumferential direction. We proposed five new indicators to quantify the dynamics of the root system architecture (RSA) along its eight-part circumferential orientations with visualization technology which consists of in-situ field root samplings, RSA digitization, and reconstruction according to previous research based on field experiments that conducted on paddy-wheat cultivation land with three fertilization rates. The experimental results showed that the growth space of paddy-wheat root is mainly restricted to a cylinder with a diameter of 180 mm and height of 200 mm at the seedlings stage. There were slow fluctuating trends in growth by the mean values of five new indicators within a single volume of soil. The fluctuation of five new indicators was indicated in each sampling time, which decreased gradually with time. Furthermore, treatment of N70 and N130 could similarly impact root spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, we concluded that the five new indicators could quantify the spatial dynamics of the root system of paddy-wheat at the seedling stage of cultivation. It is of great significance to the comprehensive quantification of crop roots in targeted breeding programs and the methods innovation of field crop root research.

한재 이목 『다부』의 다도수양적 특성 고찰

Dabu (Rhapsody to Tea) is a representative of Korea's oldest tea, written by Hanjae Yi Mok (1471-1498), and has been evaluated as the first and oldest existing tea ceremony scripture in the history of Korean tea culture.&#x0D; Dabu explains the moral process of tea culture and can be referred as ‘the theory of training in tea ceremony’ or ‘a guideline for moral culture in tea ceremony’. It is systematically presents the mechanism of cultivation of tea and the stages of cultivation. And also which explains the mystery of the tea ceremony that leads to ‘Osimjicha (tea of my mind)’. The medium of tea and the stage of cultivation processes are likened to the stage of mental cultivation, which can be said to be the attitude of a moral scholar who wants to reach peace with the people through the study of mind called ‘Sugi (self cultivating)’. The author Hanjae believes that the idea of ‘Dasimilyeo (tea and the mind are the same)’ is the theoretical foundation of cultivation that fosters the initiative of the mind, which can be a necessary philosophical and spiritual value in modern society.

Біологічні особливості організму молоді осетрових (Acipenseridae Bonaparte, 1831) риб за дії синтетичного та органічного імуностимуляторів

Purpose. To analyze the productive-biological and biochemical parameters of sturgeon larvae and fry under conditions of introduction of synthetic (Levamisole) and organic (Chitosan) immunostimulants into their diet. To evaluate the effect of supplements on the stability of homeostatic processes based on the analysis of enzyme activity. Methodology. The study was carried out on juvenile hybrid besters (♀ Huso huso х ♂ Acipenser ruthenus) and sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) (BSS). Larvae and fry were fed with Artemia nauplii, which were the transfer of immunostimulants after a six-hour enrichment in the respective solution. Pre-larvae, larvae and fry of sturgeon were reared in a RAS at the Lviv Research Station of the Institute of Fisheries of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. During cultivation, the main productive parameters were studied, which included: weight, body length, growth rates, mortality, output from each stage of cultivation. The activity of α-amylase was determined by the Karavey’s method. Alanine aminotransferase activity was determined by the Reitman–Frenkel’s method. Alkaline phosphatase activity was determined by reaction with phenylphosphate. Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity was determined by reaction with L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroaniline. All data were statistically processed using Statistica 6.0 and MS Excel. Findings. Addition of Levamisole to the diet during the first week of exogenous feeding had a positive effect on the growth processes of sturgeon larvae. The average weight of experimental fish in the experimental group No. 1 increased during the week by 3.96 times, which was 9% higher than the control values. In the experimental group No. 2, which consumed Chitosan, no significant difference was found compared to the average weight of the control group. Average daily growth was 24.9% in the experimental group No. 1 and 20.7% in the group No. 2, and 22% in the group No. 3, which served as a control. After 21 days of the experiment, the average body weight of juvenile sturgeons in the group No. 1, which consumed Levamisole, increased to 0.794 g, which exceeded the control values by 50.5%. The average weight of juveniles in the experimental group No. 2 was 0.661 g, which was 25.28% higher than the control group. The average growth rates were 9.3% in the group No. 1, 12.1% in the group No. 2, and 11.3% in the group No. 3. The short-term positive effect of immunostimulants on the activity of digestive enzymes of sturgeons in the juvenile period was shown. The activity of α-amylase in the body of fish for 21 days under the action of both Levamisole and Chitosan was higher than in the control by 88.2 and 91.4%, respectively. The analysis of the effect of immunostimulants on the activity of transferases (AlAT, LF, GGTP) of the tissues of internal organs confirmed the strengthening of the nonspecific resistance of the body in the short period of their action due to the activation of the transport processes of dephosphorylation and transamination. In addition, the activity of none of the enzymes indicated the impairment of homeostasis. Originality. The advisability of using synthetic and organic immunostimulants in raising sturgeons has been demonstrated. The effect of these supplements on the productive and biochemical parameters of juvenile sturgeons was evaluated. Practical value. The obtained results will be useful for improving the technology of early rearing of sturgeon larvae and fry. The application of the acquired knowledge will allow reducing mortality during critical periods of their cultivation and will allow strengthening the non-specific immunity of these valuable fish species. Key words: sturgeons, enrichment, non-specific resistance, immunostimulants.

Transforming Inner Alchemical Vision into Painting: Huang Gongwang’s Clearing after Sudden Snow

This paper argues that the Yuan dynasty Daoist Huang Gongwang’s 黃公望 (1269–1354) painting Clearing after Sudden Snow resonates with the principles of inner alchemy (neidan, 內丹), particularly the stage known as the resurgence of yang force. Within this painting, four prominent visual elements—the sun, the spirit room, the cliff, and the snowy mountains—come together to imbue the painting with a rich tapestry of inner alchemical connotations. They collectively portray the sequential stages of cultivation, refinement, and transformation in the context of inner alchemy. The painting not only captures the moment of transition where the snow-covered terrain is gradually transforming into a fresh and awakened state, but it also embodies a visual metaphor for the inner alchemical transformative journey. Furthermore, each individual who engages with the painting may undergo their own personal transformation through the act of contemplation and reflection.

A novel two-stage culture strategy to enhance the C-phycocyanin productivity and purity of Arthrospira platensis

The inconsistent light intensity requirements for C-phycocyanin accumulation and algal growth have greatly hampered the productivity and quality of this high-value pigment protein. This study aimed to improve both the production efficiency and extract quality of C-phycocyanin in the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis HN5, by adjusting light intensity and nitrogen supply at different cultivation stages. We established an optimized two-stage culture strategy consisting of a 4-d phase for algal growth under 320 μmol m−2 s−1 and a subsequent 2-d period using 160 μmol m−2 s−1 illumination and NaNO3 supplement to promote C-phycocyanin accumulation. By adopting this strategy, up to 18.86% content and 59.72 mg L−1 d−1 productivity of C-phycocyanin were obtained. Our results indicate that the increased C-phycocyanin content improved the quality of C-phycocyanin extract, and reactive grade C-phycocyanin (A620/A280 = 3.16) was recovered through a one-step ammonium sulfate precipitation. The established two-stage culture strategy, as illustrated herein, could be a highly promising strategy for improving the content and productivity of C-phycocyanin and effectively enhancing the quality of C-phycocyanin products, which could be particularly conducive to the large-scale development of this algal pigment in the food industry sector.

Functional microbiome of Ananas spp. as growth-promoting agent in pineapple BRS Imperial

The pineapple cv. BRS Imperial developed by Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura has excellent agronomical and sensorial attributes with great market acceptance. However, the cultivation of plants is time-consuming with low performance and slow growth, limiting adoption especially by large-scale pineapple growers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the growth potential of bacteria from the associated microbiome of Ananas spp. in order to validate its application in different stages of cultivation (semi-field, in vitro and greenhouse), for the production of seedlings on a large scale. Eighteen treatments consisting each of a different bacteria from the biological collection of microorganisms associated with the Ananas genus, were tested under semi-field conditions. Three treatments (BAC25, BAC222 and BAC406) were selected to validate the microbiolization process of pineapple seedlings from the cv. BRS Imperial in vitro (rooting stage) and in vivo (acclimatization in the greenhouse) together with a mixed treatment (composed by the combination of the three bacteria) and a control treatment (untreated plants). The in vitro cultivation was carried out in commercial substrate autoclaved with MS nutrient medium where bacterial suspensions were added according to the treatments mentioned above. Each treatment consisted of 120 replicates, totaling 600 experimental units. The evaluations were carried out at weekly intervals for a period of 42 days, when destructive analyses were performed. The remaining plants were transferred to the greenhouse and evaluated from this stage until complete acclimatization. For the in vivo validation, the bacterial suspensions were applied to the substrates contained in plastic cups, with pineapple seedlings of the cv. 'BRS Imperial', totaling 200 plants per treatment. The evaluations consisted of measuring growth variables and destructive analysis. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and the means grouped by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The BAC25, BAC222 and BAC406 treatments promoted plant growth and biomass increment in semi-field conditions. BAC406 was the most promising in promoting growth of pineapple seedlings in vitro, while BAC222 was the best treatment for the in vivo cultivation. The results obtained demonstrate that the bacteria tested have great potential for use in the different stages of cultivation of micropropagated seedlings, improving growth, health and vigor of plants.

EORNet: An improved rotating box detection model for counting juvenile fish under occlusion and overlap

The juvenile fish cultivation stage is a very critical stage in the aquaculture process, and real-time monitoring and statistics of the number of juvenile fish is very important for the management of the aquaculture process. However, there are small targets, occlusion, and overlapping phenomena in cultivation stage, which seriously hinder the accurate detection and counting of juvenile fish. Conventional horizontal box detection has the phenomenon of feature reuse between targets in the face of severe occlusion or overlap. Therefore, this study tried to use the rotating box detection model to explore its ability to solve occlusion and overlap problems. First of all, this study constructed a data set of two kinds of juvenile fish in the incubation stage (including Brocarded Carp and Carp). Secondly, on the basis of Oriented RepPoints, the ECA attention mechanism is introduced to strengthen the feature map output at the end of the backbone feature extraction network, and an improved rotation box detection model EORNet is obtained. Finally, based on EORNet, the actual modeling effects (counting) of rotation box and horizontal box are compared to further explore the advantages of rotation box in mitigating occlusion and overlap problems. The results showed that the Recall and Precision of the rotation box detection model in the detection task reached 0.978 and 0.905 respectively, and the R2 of the counting model in the counting task reached 0.937. The rotating frame detection method has been proved to be superior to the horizontal frame detection method in mitigating occlusion and overlap problems, and the rotating box detection is more conducive to capturing the key feature information of the target object, and then achieving accurate prediction. In addition to counting, the rotating box detection method is also expected to be used to accurately estimate the length, width and weight of aquaculture objects in the process of aquaculture.

Dietary protein requirement for somatic growth and gonad production in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius at different life stages

The rise in the demand for sea urchin aquaculture requires the optimization of dietary protein levels to maximize somatic growth and gonad production throughout the aquaculture process. This study aimed to investigate the dietary protein requirement for somatic growth and gonad production of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius at different life stages considering protein leaching from diets during seawater immersion. Feeding trials were performed on three sizes of S. intermedius: S, small urchins prior to gonad differentiation; M, medium urchins following gonad differentiation; and L, large urchins close to the biological minimum size. Two feeding trials using diets with different gluten (protein source) levels (experiment I; 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40%: experiment II; 0, 2, 4, 7, and 10%) were conducted for each size group. The diet ingredients were selected to minimize protein leaching, and the protein content of each diet was determined from the average content after immersion in seawater for 24 and 72 h. No significant differences were observed in the specific growth rate (SGR) of body weight in experiment I in all size groups. The SGRs of the body weight of urchins fed 4 and 7% gluten diets were significantly higher than those fed diets containing 0% gluten in experiments SII and MII, and a similar tendency was observed for SGRs for the body weight and test diameter of large urchins. Gonad indices of sea urchins increased with an increase in dietary protein content in experiments MII and LII, and the gonad indices of urchins fed 15 and 20% gluten diets were significantly higher than those fed 5% gluten diet in experiments MI and LI. Broken-line regression analyses on urchins in experiment II estimated the protein requirement for somatic growth to be 2% regardless of the urchin size, which is well below the range of feed protein contents (9–50%) used in previous studies. The analyses on urchins in experiment I estimated the protein requirement for gonad production of medium and large urchins to be 13% and 15%, respectively, which was lower than that previously reported (>20%). These results indicate that previous studies overestimated the protein requirement owing to protein leaching during the immersion of feed in seawater. Our findings indicate that protein content in sea urchin feed diets can be considerably reduced irrespective of their cultivation stage from seed to market size.

Simulation and Economic Analysis of the Biotechnological Potential of Biomass Production from a Microalgal Consortium

The biomass of microalgae and the compounds that can be obtained from their processing are of great interest for various economic sectors. Chlorophyll from green microalgae has biotechnological applications of great potential in different industrial areas such as food, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture. In this paper, the experimental, technical and economic performance of biomass production from a microalgal consortium (Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella sp., Schroderia sp., Spirulina sp., Pediastrum sp., and Chlamydomonas sp.) was investigated in three cultivation systems (phototrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic) in combination with the extraction of chlorophyll (a and b) on a large scale using simulation; 1 ha was established as the area for cultivation. In the laboratory-scale experimental stage, biomass and chlorophyll concentrations were determined for 12 days. In the simulation stage, two retention times in the photobioreactor were considered, which generated six case studies for the culture stage. Subsequently, a simulation proposal for the chlorophyll extraction process was evaluated. The highest microalgae biomass concentration was 2.06 g/L in heterotrophic culture, followed by mixotrophic (1.98 g/L). Phototrophic and mixotrophic cultures showed the highest chlorophyll concentrations of 20.5 µg/mL and 13.5 µg/mL, respectively. The simulation shows that higher biomass and chlorophyll production is attained when using the mixotrophic culture with 72 h of retention that we considered to evaluate chlorophyll production (a and b). The operating cost of the entire process is very high; the cultivation stage has the highest operating cost (78%), mainly due to the high energy consumption of the photobioreactors.

Constraints and Suggestions Regarding Training Need Assessment of Apple Growers in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh

The goal of the current study was to determine the obstacles and recommendations for the 2022–2023(December-February) apple growers' training needs assessment in the Mandi region of Himachal Pradesh. 120 randomly chosen respondents who completed a pre-tested schedule provided the data. Descriptive research design was selected for the present study. The proper statistical tools were used to tabulate, analyses, and interpret the acquired data. According to the study, the majority of respondents (50.83%) were middle-aged, and (34.17) farmers held a medium amount of land. Farmers perceived major constraints as unprecedented weather conditions, such as heavy rainfall, snowfall, hailstorms, etc., particularly at the critical stage of apple cultivation, as a very serious problem by a number of respondents, with the majority of respondents having medium level economic motivation and risk orientation.

Disruptive technologies for smart farming in developing countries: Tomato leaf disease recognition systems based on machine learning

AbstractFood security is a major concern in every developing country. Farmers face many problems while cultivating plants and they must take precautions at every stage of cultivation. Plants get diseases for various reasons like bacteria, insects, and fungus. Some diseases can be detected by examining the symptoms on the leaves. Early detection of diseases is a major concern and may require a thorough examination of the plants by an agricultural professional. This process is expensive and time taking. Machine learning (ML) algorithms help in image recognition and can be used to detect diseases on time without the need of an agricultural professional. In this project, the diseases in tomato leaves will be detected using image processing. The data from the images are extracted using different vectorization methods and classification algorithms like logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), and k‐nearest neighbors (KNN). Vectors of size 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 are used for training with normalizer scaling and no scaling. Out of the different approaches that were explored, SVM with the radial basis function (RBF) kernel gives the highest accuracy of 85% with no scaling and 64 × 64 image dimension.

IMMUNOPHENOTYPE OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS DERIVED FROM EPICARDIAL AND PERIVASCULAR ADIPOSE TISSUE IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Aim: to evaluate the immunophenotype of adipose tissue stem cells isolated from epicardial and perivascular fat depots in patients with coronary heart disease and acquired heart defects. Results: In cell culture obtained from epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) (2nd passage) in patients with both coronary heart disease and acquired heart defects, a high (over 90%) expression of membrane proteins characteristic of stem cells. In addition to the main population, with both in the EAT culture and in the PVAT, there were 2 minor ones: 1 – CD90-, CD105+, CD34-/+, CD73+, CD45- is presumably endothelial population, 2 – CD90+, CD105-, CD34-, CD73-, CD45- is the smallest population. Conclusion: In the early stages of cultivation, cells of the stromal vascular fraction isolated from epicardial and perivascular adipose tissue express surface markers characteristic of adipose tissue stem cells.

Technopark Kelor as a Non-productive Community Empowerment Facility in Jonggol, Bogor Regency

The Moringa plant is dubbed a superfood by the WHO International agency, because it has many nutrients contained in it such as vitamins C, A and potassium. Moringa plants are suitable for planting in Indonesia's tropical climate. As well as not much maintenance to be done, just by keeping the soil moist. The Jonggol people are generally farmers or non-productive people, for that purpose the service is aimed at empowering non-productive communities in Jonggol Village, in order to obtain promising additional income through the empowerment of Moringa plants. The implementation method goes through 3 stages, namely the nursery stage, the cultivation stage and the technopark development stage. The results obtained from a total of 250 Moringa seeds and nurseries, 200 Moringa seeds managed to grow shoots, and 180 Moringa shoots that managed to grow into Moringa trees ready for planting which will then be distributed to the people of Jonggol Village. It is hoped that through this service activity the Jonggol people can get optimal benefits from cultivating Moringa plants, thus increasing the economy, as well as improving the quality of life of the village community.

The impact of ESG performance on debt financing costs: Evidence from Chinese family business

In China, family business is an important part of private economy. This paper studies the impact of China's family business's ESG performance on debt financing costs. We find that: ESG performance of family business can obtain the support of creditors and reduce the cost of debt financing; The performance of family enterprises in social dimension and corporate governance dimension can reduce the debt financing cost of enterprises; ESG performance can significantly reduce the debt financing cost of family business when the family business is in the owner management stage, the children's cultivation and development stage, and the power transfer stage.

Extracellular enzymes secreted in the mycelial block of Lentinula edodes during hyphal growth

Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) is one of the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms and is primarily cultivated using sawdust medium. While there have been improvements in the cultivation technology, the mechanism of mycelial block cultivation, such as mycelial growth and enzymatic sawdust degradation, has not been clarified. In this study, the mycelium was elongated longitudinally in the bottle sawdust culture for 27 days, and the cultivated sawdust medium was divided into three sections (top, middle, and bottom parts). To determine spatial heterogeneity in the enzyme secretion, the enzymatic activities of each part were analyzed. Lignocellulose degradation enzymes, such as endoglucanase, xylanase, and manganese peroxidase were highly secreted in the top part of the medium. On the other hand, amylase, pectinase, fungal cell wall degradation enzyme (β-1,3-glucanase, β-1,6-glucanase, and chitinase), and laccase activities were higher in the bottom part. The results indicate that the principal sawdust degradation occurs after mycelial colonization. Proteins with the laccase activity were purified from the bottom part of the medium, and three laccases, Lcc5, Lcc6 and Lcc13, were identified. In particular, the expression of Lcc13 gene was higher in the bottom part compared with the level in the top part, suggesting Lcc13 is mainly produced from the tip region and have important roles for mycelial spread and nutrient uptake during early stage of cultivation.