Stages Of Sports Training Research Articles

Relationship of special and functional preparedness of freestyle wrestlers at different stages of sports training

Relationship of special and functional preparedness of freestyle wrestlers at different stages of sports training

Двустворчатый аортальный клапан и спорт

Objective: to evaluate the clinical manifestations of the pathology of the aortic valve in athletes of the initial stage of sports training and to analyze the literature data on the admission of persons with bicuspid aortic valve to training and competition. Materials and methods: 5000 athletes of the initial stage of sports training at the age of 10-12 years were examined. Examination of athletes included electrocardiography at rest and exercise, echocardiography and Holter monitoring. Anatomical features of the aortic valves were revealed in 7 (0.14%) athletes: 6 (0.12%) athletes with bicuspid aortic valve, 1 athlete (0.02%) with quadrileaflet aortic valve. The literature review included analysis of publications on the subject from two electronic library databases: Elibrary and PubMed. Results: conducted studies did not confirm the assumption of dilatation of the ascending aorta under the influence of intense physical exertion in athletes with the pathology of the aortic valve. The analysis of publications showed contradictory opinions of the researchers. Conclusions: the clinical cases, literature data, as well as the official recommendations of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiologists (2015) on admission of patients with aortic diseases to sports and competitions showed that in the absence of significant hemodynamic disturbances, dilatation of left ventricle and aorta root with normal ECG parameters and tolerance to physical activity, patients with bicuspid aortic valve could be allowed to exercise without restriction. However, these athletes must be under strict dynamic control of the heart.

Retrospective analysis and modern tendencies of swimmers’ movement technique development at different stages of many years sports training

Based on retrospective analysis of scientific-methodical literature the article deals with the analysis of trends of swimmers movement technique development at different stages of many year sports training. The authors describe the movement technique in swimming with basic concepts of biomechanical and fluid mechanics. Kinematical characteristics including spatial-temporal, temporal and spatial parame-ters of the athletes movements are investigated. This article considers the dynamics of change of such indicators of technical readiness as rhythm and the stroke rate at different stages of swimmers sport training. Based on data analysis of specialized literature the authors concluded that on the initial stages of sports training swimmers results increase due to the change in the length of step and at the stage of higher sports skill by changing of stroke rate. The authors study the age dynamics of step length and tempo at the initial training, initial and advanced specialization formation which takes place in three stages: 1) mastering the technique of swimming at optimal amplitude; 2) gradual stretching, the elonga-tion step; 3) search for optimum correlation between stride length and tempo. On the basis of study of step length growth of young athletes aged 9 15 years, the authors conclude that rhythm-based tech-nology course in swimming is generated starting from the initial stage of long-term preparation.

The Structure of Morpho-Functional Conditions Determining the Level of Sports Performance of Young Badminton Players.

The aim of the study was to determine the structure of morpho-functional models that determine the level of sports performance in three consecutive stages of training of young badminton players. In the course of the study, 3 groups of young badminton players were examined: 40 preadolescents aged 11–13, 32 adolescents aged 14–16, and 24 adolescents aged 17–19. The scope of the study involved basic anthropometric measurements, computer tests analysing motor coordination abilities, motor skills encompassing speed, muscular power and strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Results of the study indicate that the structure of morpho-functional models varies at different stages of sports training. Sets of variables determining sports performance create characteristic complexes of variables that do not constitute permanent models. The dominance of somatic features and coordination abilities in the early stages of badminton training changes for the benefit of speed and strength abilities.

Dynamics of comprehensive physical fitness in artistic gymnasts aged 7-10 years

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the somatic development and comprehensive physical fitness of artistic gymnasts aged 7-10 years. Materials and methods: Gymnasts (n = 307), split up into four age groups performed eight Eurofit tests. The results were evaluated in points according to the development standards prepared in scale T for the Polish girls population. Results : The gymnasts obtained the highest growth rate in balance test - FLB (13 points), arm and shoulder muscular endurance test - BAH (7 points) and speed of the upper limb movement test - PLT (4 points) out of eight physical fitness tests. Conclusions. High and very high level of performance in the six Eurofit tests and increased total number of points in the subsequent age groups of artistic gymnasts proved high effectiveness of training in shaping the key components of a comprehensive physical fitness in artistic gymnastics - balance, strength, endurance, speed and flexibility. Relatively little progress in isometric hand strength (HGR) and standing broad jump (SBJ) suggests a significant influence of genetic factors on the level of these abilities. The results provide an objective information useful in optimizing control system of training effects in comprehensive physical fitness and optimization of artistic gymnasts training at the comprehensive stage of sports training.