Stages Of Ontogenesis Research Articles

Intra-Decadal (2012-2021) Dynamics of Spatial Ichthyoplankton Distribution in Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea) Affected by Hydrometeorological Factors.

High mortality of fish in the early stages of ontogenesis requires the detection of factors affecting it and is an extremely important problem. For this reason, we tried to consider the influence of some hydrometeorological factors on the intra-decadal dynamics and spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton abundance in Sevastopol Bay. To this end, we analyzed ichthyoplankton samples collected in 2012−2021 in Sevastopol Bay, and the four districts were identified. The ichthyoplankton distribution by areas was associated with the peculiarities of the pollution distribution. The maximum numbers in eggs (34.7 ± 7.5 ind. m−2) and larvae (10.0 ± 2.4 ind. m−2) were recorded in July−August. For the first time, a positive effect of temperature and repeatability of north and northeast winds on the ichthyoplankton number during the summer spawning in all identified areas of Sevastopol Bay using principal component analysis (PCA) was reported. In the southern region, positive influence of temperature and northerly winds on the ichthyoplankton abundance was confirmed by ANOVA (p = 0.02), and Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between these parameters on inter-annual scale (r > 0.5). In the eastern area, the discharge of rivers is an additional factor affecting the abundance of ichthyoplankton, while in the western and central areas, these factors were the wind characteristics caused by the orography peculiarities. The pollution spread in Sevastopol Bay is also largely due to the wind regime. The importance of comprehensive monitoring studies using intra-decadal data on ichthyoplankton is emphasized.

ДИНАМИКА ВО ВРЕМЕНИ ПРОЦЕССОВ РОСТА И РАЗВИТИЯ БЕЛОРУССКИХ ДЕТЕЙ ПЕРВЫХ ТРЕХ ЛЕТ ЖИЗНИ (1993–2013 ГОДЫ)

In the city of Baranovichi (Brest Region), from 2008 to 2016, the author of the present article conducted a longitudinal study on the physical development of children from birth to three years, born in 1993–1994, 2003–2004 and 2013. The purpose of the study is to identify the nature of changes over a 20-year period (from 1993 to 2013) of the main indicators of the physical development of children in the early stages of postnatal ontogenesis. The object of the study consists of 599 children of both sexes (303 boys and 296 girls). The indicators of body length and weight (from birth to 3 years), as well as the head and chest circumference (up to 1 year) were assessed. Anthropometric data were taken from the medical records of the children’s city polyclinic No.1 in Baranovichi (Brest Region, Belarus). With a gradual improvement in the economic status of the country from 1993 to 2013, an increase in body length was observed in children of both sexes (p<0,01) with a relatively stable body weight. The head and chest circumferences became smaller, and in some age periods (from 3 to 9 months) the changes reached a statistically significant level (p<0,001–0,05). Children born in 2003–2004 differ from the others in lower indicators of physical development, especially of the head and chest circumference. It can be assumed that the economic, social and environmental troubles of the country in the 1990s. negatively affected the formation of the organism of children not only at the most ecosensitive early stage of ontogenesis, but also in adolescence, and a decade later, in the next generation, this was accompanied by a significant reduction in girth body dimensions due to the gracilization of the skeleton.

Topographic characteristics of the lymph nodes of the anterior mediastinum by postnatal ontogenesis stages in humans

Introduction and Aim: In the diagnosis of diseases of the thoracic cavity, it’s important to assess the state of the mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs). In this study, we evaluated the detailed topographic characteristics of the anterior mediastinal LNs by postnatal ontogenesis stages in humans. Materials and methods: Topographic characteristics of the anterior mediastinal LNs were studied on 134 cadavers of different ages; causes of death were not associated with any diseases and/or damage to the thoracic cavity and/or lymphoproliferative disorders. Results: Anterior mediastinal LNs are a constant group of LNs. Out of all anterior mediastinal LNs the more frequently found groups are preaortic and prevascular LNs, rarer ones are LNs of the horizontal chain. LNs of the horizontal chain located on the brachiocephalic trunk were found more frequently in children compared to teens and adults. Conclusion: In the group of preaortic LNs constant LNs are those adjoined to the ligamentum arteriosum and ascending aortic arch; in a group of prevascular LNs adjoined to vena cava superior; in the group LNs of the horizontal chain located on the left brachiocephalic vein.

Effectiveness of Different Groups of Preparations for Pre-Sowing Treatment of Winter Wheat Seeds

The first stage of modernizing cultivation of the main grain crops lies in the exogenous use of natural growth regulators and nanofertilisers for pre-sowing seed treatment. Special attention is paid to the quality of winter wheat seed material, given the high probability of seed germination in stressful climatic conditions and the need to form winter-hardy crops. Therewith, this study is relevant because modern requirements for agronomic biofortification of plant products make provision for the introduction of environmentally safe, effective, and cost-effective measures in the cultivation of agricultural crops. The use of preparations based on fulvic acids and growth regulators is an effective way to regulate the morphogenesis and productivity of winter wheat. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with such preparations as Fulvohumin (chelated fertiliser), 1-naphthyl-acetic acid (auxin) and succinic acid (biogenic growth stimulator, adaptogen) on germination and biometric parameters of seedlings. The study involved the use of laboratory and statistical methods. It was found that pre-sowing soaking in 1% Fulvohumin solution increased the energy of seed germination, seedlings contained a large proportion of dry matter, compared to seed treatment with 0.025% succinic acid solution or 1-naphthyl-acetic acid. In terms of germination energy and raw root mass of 7-day shoots, a combination of Fulvohumin and 1-naphthyl-acetic acid was effective. The largest total length and crude weight of 7-day seedlings were after joint seed treatment with Fulvohumin and succinic acid. According to the totality of seedling formation data, complex pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with Fulvohumin is recommended together with succinic acid and 1-naphthyl-acetic acid. Treatment exclusively with 1-naphthyl-acetic acid was ineffective. These studies are promising for programming field seed germination and mathematical modelling of winter crop growth at the initial stages of ontogenesis in the field

Amino acid composition of proteins of meristem cells of maize roots under the combined action of lead, cadmium and nickel ions

Heavy metals are one of the main causes of plant damage. The main route of entry of metals into plants is their absorption by the root system from the soil. The accumulation of heavy metals in plants disrupts the flow of biochemical processes. Amino acid metabolism is one of the important factors that ensure biochemical adaptation of organisms to environmental changes. Therefore, the aim of the work was to study the content of protein amino acids in the generative tissues of the maize root under the combined action of lead, cadmium and nickel ions at the early stages of ontogenesis. To assess the impact of heavy metals, two-day-old corn seedlings were transplanted to solutions with heavy metal ions of various concentrations, both individually and in a mixture. The content of protein amino acids in the meristem was characterized by significant variation associated with both quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of water-soluble proteins during germination. The level of accumulation of amino acids in the meristem cells of maize roots depended on the concentration of the xenobiotic and the germination period, and the general regularity of the influence of nickel ions was a decrease in the content of arginine, leucine, alanine and an increase in the content of histidine, cysteine, serine, proline, and valine. During the period of germination, the qualitative amino acid composition of plants did not change, while the quantitative content of individual amino acids varied greatly. Various increases in the content of dicarboxylic amino acids (glutamate and aspartate) testify to the intensification of metabolic processes under the influence of the studied substances. However, it cannot be excluded that the increase in the content of glutamic and aspartic acids is associated with a decrease in the speed of their utilization. In addition, heavy metals caused an increase in the content of amino acids of the ornithine cycle (arginine) and the end product of the cycle (proline) to varying degrees. Proline is an amino acid that has a stress-protective effect due to the binding of proline aggregates to surface hydrophobic residues of proteins, which prevents their denaturation. Perhaps a similar protective effect of proline occurs in the case, which is being considered.

Evolution of a cognitive architecture on the basis of a functional core

Industry 4.0 assumes the use of intelligent components integrated into a single system and capable of interacting with each other without human intervention. Autonomous cognitive agents are the technological basis for building such systems. One of the main problems of modern cognitive architectures is an excessively schematic approach to modeling the processes of cognitive activity. It does not allow the creation of a universal architecture that would be capable of reproducing higher nervous functions without using a predetermined set of perception patterns. This paper proposes an evolutionary approach to creating a cognitive architecture. The basis of this approach is the use of some functional core, which consistently generates the intellectual functions of an autonomous agent. We are considering a cognitive architecture that includes components, the interaction of which ensures the evolution of the agent. The discussion of the development of intelligence is carried out using the conceptual apparatus of semiotics. This allows us to consider the task of developing cognitive functions as a problem of establishing a connection between the Merkwelt and the Werkwelt through the creation of the Innenwelt. The problem of early postnatal ontogenesis is investigated on the basis of the theory of constructivism: we discuss the requirements for the functional core and its composition, as well as the mechanism that initiates the process of cognition. We have developed a numerical method for modeling cognitive activities present at an early stage of ontogenesis. The method was used for the creation of the Cognitive Sensory System.

In Planta, In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Chiral N6-Benzyladenine Derivatives: Discovery of Receptor-Specific S-Enantiomers with Cytokinin or Anticytokinin Activities.

Cytokinins, classical phytohormones, affect all stages of plant ontogenesis, but their application in agriculture is limited because of the lack of appropriate ligands, including those specific for individual cytokinin receptors. In this work, a series of chiral N6-benzyladenine derivatives were studied as potential cytokinins or anticytokinins. All compounds contained a methyl group at the α-carbon atom of the benzyl moiety, making them R- or S-enantiomers. Four pairs of chiral nucleobases and corresponding ribonucleosides containing various substituents at the C2 position of adenine heterocycle were synthesized. A nucleophilic substitution reaction by secondary optically active amines was used. A strong influence of the chirality of studied compounds on their interaction with individual cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana was uncovered in in vivo and in vitro assays. The AHK2 and CRE1/AHK4 receptors were shown to have low affinity for the studied S-nucleobases while the AHK3 receptor exhibited significant affinity for most of them. Thereby, three synthetic AHK3-specific cytokinins were discovered: N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-MBA), 2-fluoro,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-FMBA) and 2-chloro,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-CMBA). Interaction patterns between individual receptors and specific enantiomers were rationalized by structure analysis and molecular docking. Two other S-enantiomers (N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenosine, 2-amino,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenosine) were found to exhibit receptor-specific and chirality-dependent anticytokinin properties.

Effect of Prenatal Hypoxia on the Liver of Rats

The state of the liver of one-month-old, three-month-old and six-month-old rats exposed to hypoxia during the embryonic period of intrauterine development was studied. It has been shown that prenatal hypoxia has a significant damaging effect on the liver, and the negative aspects of this factor can be traced in the later stages of ontogenesis. Histological study showed that in the liver of one-month-old experimental rats, hepatocyte hypertrophy, an increase in the size of their nuclei, and an increase in the number of binuclear hepatocytes were observed. In a comparative analysis of the data in the control and experimental groups of rats at the age of three months, no significant morphometric changes were observed. However, histological examination of the liver of three-month-old rats revealed small foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the parenchyma. Hemodynamic disturbances in the vessels of the liver were also determined. No significant changes in morphometric parameters were observed in the liver of the control and experimental groups of 6-month-old rats. However, melanomacrophage centers were found in the liver parenchyma, which indicates the presence of an inflammatory process. Despite the completion of the recovery processes in 6-month-old rats, the observed inflammatory processes and hemodynamic disturbances showed that prenatal hypoxia causes liver pathologies at later stages of ontogenesis. So, we can conclude that, under the influence of prenatal hypoxia, there are significant changes in the liver parenchyma, which affects the subsequent state of the body.

BIOMORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMIC STATUS OF <i>ADENOCAULON ADHAERESCENS</i> MAXIM. (ASTERACEAE), AN INVASIVE SPECIES IN THE MOSCOW REGION

The results of the study of the only species, which "escaped" from the Main Botanical Garden (MBG RAS, Moscow) and invaded the anthropogenically disturbed territories of the Moscow Region, Adenocaulon adhaerescens Maxim, were summarized. The history of intentional introduction of the species and stages of formation of spontaneous invasive population were described. The characteristic of the plant communities and habitats of the species was given. Data on the population size, seed productivity in the native and the secondary ranges and on vegetative propagation of plants were given. The morphological characters at different stages of plant ontogenesis were described. A comparative analysis of morphometric characters of seeds, leaves, and inflorescences in the native and secondary ranges of the species has been performed. Molecular genetic analysis of A. adhaerescens samples from the natural and secondary ranges and closely related species of the genus Adenocaulon was performed. The analysis has confirmed the validity of A. adhaerescens recognition as a separate species. Diagnostic characters of A. adhaerescens were described. The results of management invasive population in MBG RAS were presented and recommendations on control measures of A. adhaerescens dispersal were given.

Estimation of drought resistance of rice samples on an osmotic sucrose solution

Drought is a significant abiotic stress factor for agricultural crops, including rice, as freshwater shortage is increasing in the world. The current paper has presented the results of laboratory trials to study the effect of solutions with high osmotic pressure on the ability of seeds to germinate and on the growth of rice sprouts. The purpose of the study was to estimate rice varieties and samples for drought resistance at the initial stages of ontogenesis using osmotic agents. The objects of the study were 67 rice varieties and samples from the VIR, the FRC of Rice and the ARC “Donskoy”. Seeds were germinated in a thermostat on filter paper in Petri dishes in 8, 12, and 16 atm sucrose solutions. As a result of the study, there was found that the best option was rice seeds’ germination in a sucrose solution of 8 atmospheres, in which the samples varied significantly in germination, length of sprouts and roots, both in the trial and in the control. Seed germination on the control was 96.6 %, and in the trial, it significantly decreased to 60.9 %, varying from 20 to 100 %. There were 50.8 % of samples with germination from 60–80 %. At the same time, 4.5 % of the samples were isolated with a germination rate of more than 80 % in the trial. In the trial, a sprout length among the samples varied from 0.2 to 1.4 cm. There were identified 13.5 % of the samples, which had a sprout length more than 1 cm. According to the ratio of a sprout length in the trial to the control, the samples were distributed asymmetri­cally, there were more samples with a low ratio, however, there were identified 4.5% of samples with a maximum O/K ratio (35–40 %). In the trial, aroot length ranged from 0.1 to 4 cm. The frequency distribution was asymmetric, there were 61.2 % samples with a very short root, up to 1 cm. The O/K ratio according to a root was right-sided asymmetric, 74.6 % of the samples had a low ratio from 0 to 15%. There were identified 3 % of samples with the ratio of more than 50 %. They were No. 39 (ZULK 1) and No. 50 (ZULK 12). These samples are used in the breeding process to develop drought-tolerant rice varieties.

Lelliottia nimipressuralis (Carter 1945) Brady et al. 2013 as the causative agent of bacterial wetwood disease of common silver fir (Abies alba mill.)

Abstract In recent decades, in many regions of the planet, there has been a widespread deterioration in the health condition and dieback of dark coniferous forests, caused by the combined action of various stress factors of biotic and abiotic origin. Forests with the participation of species of the genus Abies Mill. are particularly prone to degradation and dieback. The aim of the research is to study the symptoms of bacterial wetwood disease of Abies alba in the Ivano-Frankivsk region (state enterprise ‘Kutske forestry’) and to determine the anatomical, morphological and cultural properties of the pathogen. Some of the common symptoms of the disease include cracks and ulcers on the trunks with exfoliated rhytidome and exudate secretion, massive development of epicormic shoots, saturated xylem and phloem, wet rot with a characteristic odour of fermentation and pathological nucleus. Based on the syntaxonomic analysis of fir forests, an attempt has been made to identify the objective causes that lead to excessive development of phytopathogens and dieback of Abies alba. Our research established that the primary cause of dieback of Abies alba Mill. forests is a systemic, vascular–parenchymal disease known as bacterial wetwood of fir, which affects all plant tissues at all stages of ontogenesis. We isolated and experimentally confirmed that the causative agent of the disease is a phytopathogenic bacterium Lelliottia nimipressuralis (Carter 1945) Brady et al. 2013, which also causes bacterial wetwood in many species of forest woody plants, and also studied its common morphological, physiological and biochemical properties.

Features of the emotional sphere, cognitive functions and the course of psychosomatic disorders in children and adolescents who have suffered spinal trauma and comorbidities.

The article describes the features of the emotional sphere, cognitive functions and the course of psychosomatic disorders in children and adolescents who have suffered spinal trauma and comorbidities; the role of depression in the genesis of psychosomatic (psychovegetative) disorders of different localization is specified; the typology of depressive disorders was carried out with the establishment of their nosological affiliation, severity and clinical features on the basis of clinical and psychopathological research. The article includes a comparative age-complex dynamic clinical and psychopathological study of a number of psychosomatic disorders as well as features of the emotional sphere and cognitive functions in a representative group of subjects – children and adolescents who have suffered spinal trauma. A new clinical-ontogenetic concept based on a systems approach has been developed. The initial manifestations and stages of AKP dynamics in the digestive system, skin, motor, endocrine systems and in the form of algic (cephalgia, myalgia, cardialgia) manifestations at different ages are described. Criteria for the transition of non-pathological (vegetative-vascular) forms of somatic support of emotions into pathological (psycho-vegetative) forms – psychosomatic disorders – were established. Based on the dynamic clinical and psychopathological study of children and adolescents with functional disorders in various organs and systems, risk factors have been identified that allow to predict the course of AKP. A typology of depressive disorders was developed, a classification of somatic disorders caused by them was proposed, specificity, age features and clinical variants of AKP, their connection with pathological (constitutional and cerebrally organically altered) soil were described. The practical significance of the results is to expand the understanding of physicians – child psychiatrists and pediatricians – about the importance of depressive disorders in the development of a common, almost insufficiently studied group of AKP, manifested mainly by somatic (autonomic-visceral) disorders. Criteria for early diagnosis of emotional disorders in the structure of AKP, their differentiation at different stages of ontogenesis were determined. The principles of complex differentiated treatment were formulated, which includes, along with symptomatic, the use of psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic means, as well as prevention of AKP at an early age.

The expression profile of a multi-stress inducible transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is one of the major non-selective cation channel proteins, which plays a crucial role in sensing biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pathogen infection, temperature, mechanical pressure and osmotic pressure changes by regulating Ca2+ homeostasis. In the present study, a TRPV4 homologue was identified in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, designated as CgTRPV4. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgTRPV4 was of 2298 bp encoding a putative polypeptide of 765 amino acid residues with three typical ankyrin domains and six conserved transmembrane domains of TRPV4 subfamily proteins, as well as multiple N-glycosylation sites, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites, protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, and prokaryotic membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgTRPV4 shared 20.5%-26.2% similarity with TRPV4s from other species. During the early ontogenesis stages of oyster, the mRNA transcripts of CgTRPV4 were detectable in all the stages with the highest expression level in fertilized eggs and the lowest in D-hinged larvae. In adult oyster, the CgTRPV4 mRNA could be detected in all the examined tissues, including gill, hepatopancreas, adductor muscle, labial palp, mantle and haemocyte, with the highest expression level in gill (45.08-fold of that in hepatopancreas, p < 0.05). In immunocytochemical assay, the CgTRPV4 positive signals were distributed in both endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic membrane of oyster haemocytes. The mRNA expression of CgTRPV4 in gill was significantly up-regulated after high temperature stress at 30°C (p < 0.05) and after Vibrio splendidus stimulation (p < 0.05). These results indicated that CgTRPV4 was a classical member of TRPV4 family in oyster, which was induced by either biotic or abiotic stimulations and involved in mediating the stress response of oysters.

Peculiarities of Ocular and Systemic Pathology in the Elderly

The pathology of the elderly is the direct result of the aging process, aggravated by the physical and mental involution that occurs with advancing age. Age-related eye changes are present, such as: presbyopia, decreased tears, peripheral visual field reduction, vitreous liquefaction (with posterior vitreous detachment and retinal detachment), decreased vision due to cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular lesions, Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), optic atrophy. At the same time, there are multiple systemic diseases in the elderly, at the cardiovascular, respiratory, locomotor, neurological, auditory level. The diseases of the elderly can be multiple, with a long, chronic evolution, with periods of exacerbation, frequent complications, prolonged convalescence. Aging is a continuous, dynamic process that must be followed because in its evolution new connections and balances are created that must be identified and treated properly, old age being a distinct stage of ontogenesis that should not be seen as a state of disease. In an elderly patient, the normal aging should be differentiated from pathology.

Magnitude and Associated Factor of Acute Appendicitis among Adult Patient Admitted At Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Surgical Ward

The pathology of the elderly is the direct result of the aging process, aggravated by the physical and mental involution that occurs with advancing age. Age-related eye changes are present, such as: presbyopia, decreased tears, peripheral visual field reduction, vitreous liquefaction (with posterior vitreous detachment and retinal detachment), decreased vision due to cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular lesions, Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), optic atrophy. At the same time, there are multiple systemic diseases in the elderly, at the cardiovascular, respiratory, locomotor, neurological, auditory level. The diseases of the elderly can be multiple, with a long, chronic evolution, with periods of exacerbation, frequent complications, prolonged convalescence. Aging is a continuous, dynamic process that must be followed because in its evolution new connections and balances are created that must be identified and treated properly, old age being a distinct stage of ontogenesis that should not be seen as a state of disease. In an elderly patient, the normal aging should be differentiated from pathology.

Pyrenophora teres: Population structure, virulence and aggressiveness in Southern Russia

The barley net blotch agent Pyrenophora teres (Died) Drechs. is one of the dominant fungal pathogens in agricultural crops worldwide. Here we aim to study the aggressiveness and virulence of P. teres populations collected at different ontogenesis stages (BBCH 30 and BBCH 47) from winter barley cultivars of various resistance types: moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and highly susceptible. We observed a direct proportional relationship between cultivar resistance and the aggressiveness of P. teres populations collected in both growth phases of the host plant. The isolates collected at an early stage of host plant development have a large difference in aggressiveness criteria: colony growth rate, sporulation intensity, latency period, plant damage degree, and the number of identified races. At the BBCH 30 growth stage, the growth rate of fungus colonies selected from a resistant cultivar is 1.2 times higher than that of a susceptible cultivar. The growth rate of colonies selected from resistant and susceptible cultivars in the earlier BBCH 30 stage is 1.04 times higher than the growth rate of colonies selected from the later phase. The sporulation intensity of fungal populations selected from a resistant cultivar is higher than that of populations selected from a susceptible cultivar (for BBCH 30–5.4 times, for BBCH 47–4.0 times); and it is 1.3 times higher in an earlier phase of plant development. Correlation between colony growth rate and spore formation rate in the BBCH 30 is r = 0.4. A high correlation level (r = 0.9) and notable difference between the variants were revealed when studying the duration of the latent period. The average value of plant damage by the P. teres from resistant cultivar is 4 times higher than from the susceptible cultivar in the BBCH 30 stage; and 12 times – in the BBCH 47 stage. There is a moderate negative correlation between the plant damage degree and the number of races identified from the fungal population, r = −0.59 for the BBCH 30, r = −0.8 for the BBCH 47. The number of races identified from P. teres populations collected in the late phase of plant growth was one third less. Our study helped to acquire new knowledge about intrapopulation processes under the influence of various factors – plant growth stage and cultivar genotype. The results obtained are the basis for the development of adaptive-integrated techniques for managing populations of the hemibiotrophic pathogen, barley net blotch.

Plant Development of Early-Maturing Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Inoculation with Bacillus sp. V2026.

The effect of a plant growth-promoting bacterium (PGPB) Bacillus sp. V2026, a producer of indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), on the ontogenesis and productivity of four genotypes of early-maturing spring wheat was studied under controlled conditions. The inoculation of wheat plants with Bacillus sp. V2026 increased the levels of endogenous IAA and GA in wheat of all genotypes and the level of trans-Zeatin in Sonora 64 and Leningradskaya rannyaya cvs but decreased it in AFI177 and AFI91 ultra-early lines. Interactions between the factors “genotype” and “inoculation” were significant for IAA, GA, and trans-Zeatin concentrations in wheat shoots and roots. The inoculation increased the levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids and reduced lipid peroxidation in leaves of all genotypes. The inoculation resulted in a significant increase in grain yield (by 33–62%), a reduction in the time for passing the stages of ontogenesis (by 2–3 days), and an increase in the content of macro- and microelements and protein in the grain. Early-maturing wheat genotypes showed a different response to inoculation with the bacterium Bacillus sp. V2026. Cv. Leningradskaya rannyaya was most responsive to inoculation with Bacillus sp. V2026.

Генетическая засухоустойчивость современных сортов овса посевного как ответ глобальному изменению климата

Abstract. Purpose. To assess the drought resistance of modern varieties of oats at the initial stage of ontogenesis by laboratory method. Methods. The following varieties of oats have been studied: Foma, Otrada, Talisman, Marshal, Ekspress, Assol’, Tigrovy and Petrovich. Relative drought resistance was determined by simulating drought by increasing the osmotic pressure with different concentrations of sucrose: 1.4; 4.4; 7.4; 10.5 and 16.6 %. This corresponded to osmotic pressures of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 atm. Distilled water was used as a control. The response of varieties to drought was determined by seed germination and depression of growth processes. Results. It was found that the varieties Talisman and Petrovich are characterized by very low resistance to drought – at an osmotic pressure of 3 atm, their germination was 29 and 52%, respectively. With a further increase in pressure, only single germinations with a very high degree of depression (more than 80%) were noted. Oat variety Ekspress was characterized by maximum resistance to drought. Its seeds germinated when the osmotic pressure increased to 12 atm (sucrose concentration reached 10.5 %). To a small extent, the Foma variety was inferior to it, which germinated worse than Ekspress, but had an average degree of depression of growth processes at an osmotic pressure of 3 to 12 atm. The rest of the studied oat varieties were moderately drought-resistant both in terms of germination and depression. Scientific novelty. The conducted analysis of variance showed that the relative drought resistance by 72 % depends on the concentration of sucrose, which indicates the inefficiency of the assessment by one concentration. The share of influence of a variety on genetically determined drought resistance is 10.3 %. This confirms the hypothesis that drought resistance is determined not only by genetic inheritance. It is recommended to use varieties Foma and Ekspress as parental forms in breeding for drought resistance.

The influence of abiotic and anthropogenic factors on the formation of spring rapeseed yield in the North-West of the Russian Federation

Data on the influence of abiotic and anthropogenic factors on the formation of crop yields are important for developing the system for production process managing. The studies were carried out in 2012-2019 on the basis of agroecological stationary experiment aimed at investigating the effectiveness of long-term use of mineral fertilizers (N0P0K0, N65P50K50, N100P75K75) and an integrated plant protection system. Weather conditions turned out to be the most significant among all factors affecting the yield of spring rapeseed Oredezh 4 in the North-West region of the Russian Federation. Rapeseed plants show increased sensitivity to moisture and heat supply conditions in the first half of the growing season. At the same time, during the most of the growing season of the crop and especially at the initial stages of ontogenesis the rainfall has a positive effect (r = 0.43…0.67, р ≤ 0.05), and temperature has a negative effect on rapeseed yield (r = -0.44…-0.50, р≤0.05). The integrated plant protection system was more important in the formation of the spring rapeseed crop (19.8 %) than the application of mineral fertilizers (2.2 %). According to the results of all the necessary protective measures, the averaged value of the preserved spring rapeseed yield over the years of the research was 1.04 t/ha (90 %), in the years of mass reproduction of the cabbage moth it reached 0.96 t/ha (213 %), in the years of strong development of Alternaria – 1.46 t/ha (248 %). In the absence of protective measures, the application of fertilizers, as well as the cultivation of spring rapeseed in general, becomes impractical. The combined use of mineral fertilizers and plant protection products in spring rapeseed sowings ensured the formation of a seed yield of 1.97-2.13 t/ha, which exceeded the control (N0Р0К0, without means of protection) by 1.06-1.22 t/ha (117-134 %).

Quality assessment of young of the hybrids “Lensky sturgeon × Russian sturgeon” and “bester” grown in a circulated water supply unit

The actual direction of modern aquaculture is the optimization of fish breeding processes by monitoring and managing environmental parameters and feeding regimes, reducing the influence of seasonality on technological processes in order to increase the yield of marketable products per unit area. The most optimal option for such industrial aquaculture is the use of recirculating water supply systems, which have proven themselves especially well in the cultivation of sturgeon fish. In commercial aquaculture, aimed at year-round production of high-value delicacy products in the form of meat and caviar, hybrid forms of sturgeon are becoming more common. The article describes the experience of growing juvenile hybrids Lensky sturgeon × Russian sturgeon and Bester in the pools installed in the recirculating water installation of Caspian Bekiresy Limited (Atyrau, Kazakhstan) is described. The article presents the results of monitoring the hydrochemical parameters of water, as well as the characteristics of the types of feed used in the cultivation of sturgeon hybrids at different stages of ontogenesis. The indicators of the initial and final weight, as well as the values of the absolute, average daily and relative growth of the yearlings of sturgeon hybrids were determined. A comparative assessment of the survival of sturgeon hybrid fry when grown in a recirculating water installation pools using water from an artesian well was carried out. The experience of growing sturgeon interspecific hybrids, based on the obtained fish-biological indicators, allows us to recommend them as a full-fledged replacement for parental species, the cultivation of which under artificial conditions has a low efficiency. Moreover, bester, which had high rates of growth and survival, is a more promising object for large-scale commercial cultivation in conditions of recirculating water supply installations.