Developmental Milestones Research Articles

Efektifitas Baby Massage Terhadap Kenaikan Berat Badan Dan Kualitas Tidur Bayi Di Asyfalesha Mom n’ Baby Care

Infancy is a golden period for a child's growth and development so it needs special attention. One of the factors that influences a baby's growth and development is sleep and rest. The need for sleep is not only seen from the quantity aspect but also the quality. With good quality sleep, the baby's growth and development can be achieved optimally. One way that can be used to fulfill these needs is baby massage. Baby massage is a gentle stroking or massaging therapy for babies, this is stimulation through tactile stimulation, gentle massage approaching soft and gentle massage on the surface of the baby's skin gently, on the tissues and organs of the body. Baby massage is useful for increasing the baby's concentration and making the baby sleep soundly, to increase the baby's growth and weight, increase the body's endurance, build bonds of love between parents and children and improve blood circulation and breathing. A baby's weight is influenced by heredity, nutrition, environment, gender and social status. Body weight is an anthropometric indicator for assessing growth in babies or children. Balanced nutrition and basic health care in the form of immunizations. Regular massage for babies can increase the baby's weight and the length of time the baby sleeps. This happens when the baby is massaged and the baby feels relaxed so it is easy for the baby to sleep. The initial survey was conducted through direct interviews with AsyfAlesha Mom n' Baby Care, which opened a baby massage practice. Therefore, researchers are interested in examining the effectiveness of baby massage on weight gain and baby sleep quality at AsyfAlesha Mom n' Baby Care, whether its implementation is effective in supporting weight gain and baby sleep quality to prevent stunting in babies.

Tingkat Pemahaman Peserta Didik Kelas VI Sd Terhadap Bahaya Merokok

The smoking habit among students and teenagers is currently increasingly common. Students at the age of 10 years are already smoking, even though this age is the final stage of child development. This article discusses the level of students' understanding of the dangers of smoking with the aim of finding out the level of understanding of grade VI elementary school students about the dangers of smoking. This research was conducted at 10 schools consisting of 5 state elementary schools and 5 private elementary schools with A accreditation and having parallel classes. The research used a qualitative descriptive method in the form of a survey with data collection via questionnaires from 992 students at 10 schools. The data collection process was carried out during the research using the Miles and Hubermen model which includes four activities, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing and verification. After data collection and data reduction, the data is then presented using a scoring technique which is divided into three levels, namely low, medium and high. The conclusion obtained is that students' understanding of the dangers of smoking is at a moderate level of understanding. Students' understanding can be proven by answers that are often answered correctly in multiple choice and essay questions. Students have the ability to describe their understanding of the dangers of smoking.

Pandemina: Psychological Effects of Becoming First Time Mothers In The Middle of the Pandemic

This research investigated the psychological effects of selected first-time mothers in Cebu province during COVID-19. It further described the participant’s experiences as a first-time mother during a pandemic, the apprehensions and challenges of a first-time mom, and the effects on the psychological well-being of such challenges and uncertainties. This study utilized the qualitative research method. This study's sixteen (16) participants were selected through convenient and purposive random sampling. The researcher's semi-structured interview guide was used in data gathering through in-depth interviews. The thematic analysis of Braun and Clarke was used to analyze the qualitative data. Codes, categories, and common themes were identified from the transcript of in-depth interviews. Eight (8) emergent themes were established from the participants' responses that were classified under three (3) overarching themes that provided answers to the sub-problems. The emergent themes were extracted from the significant statements of the key participants. For the descriptions of the participants on their experiences as first-time moms during the pandemic, the overarching theme, The Experiences of the Participants during the Pandemic, has two (2) emergent themes that were categorized as: On Experiences on COVID-19 health protocols and Heightened Maternal Protective Instinct. For the challenges and apprehensions of the participants as first-time mothers during COVID-19, the overarching theme is Challenges and Apprehensions. The participants have two (2) emergent themes classified as Transition to Motherhood and Financial Factors Affecting Emotions. For the effects of such challenges and apprehensions on the psychological well-being of first-time mothers during COVID, the overarching theme Effects of Such Challenges and Apprehensions on the Psychological well-being of the Participants has four (4) emergent themes were identified: Psychological Effects during Motherhood; Increased Maternal Value; Relationship with Society; and Heightened Maternal Motivation from Witnessing Developmental Milestones. The findings and recommendations derived from the study were used to improve understanding of the lived experiences of first-time mothers during COVID and future research designed to delve into coping strategies for such experiences to the overall well-being.

Philosophy of Body: Movement and Thought

Human thinking is modeled on the body in much the same way as hominid thinking was (Sheets-Johnstone, 1990, 4, 25). The hominid experience of moving was the cornerstone of the experience of the precinct of I can. The experience of I can subsequently formed the basis for corporeal and topological concepts. These, in turn, generated analogical insights. One sees, accordingly, not only an intermingling of the bodily experience and discernment, but also everywhere indications of analogical thinking at the root of hominid tool-building. Self-movement is the mainspring of one’s experience of oneself as an agent endowed with free-will-related activities. It is the creative fount of one’s ideas of space and time. The phenomenon of moving oneself structures how one knows the world. Moving oneself is a manner of coming to knowledge. The Lives of species-specific bodies are built on thinking in movement. Studies provide ample evidence to show a fundamental correlation between motor and cognitive development. This developmental correlation is also found in both the prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum. Both cognitive and motor developments reveal a prolonged developmental timetable. Both the prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum attain maturity much later. Studies by Adele Diamond and others show that the cerebellum is not only involved in motor operations but also in cognitive functions. Conversely, the prefrontal cortex, with (the help of) its connection with the cortical and subcortical areas that are critical for movement control, is involved in both motor and cognitive functions. Thus both motor and cognitive behaviours seem to belong together; and the body appears crucially involved in the activities of the mind (Diamond, 2000, 44, 49; Bushnell & Boudreau, 1993, 1008, 1015-1017; Burns et al., 2004, 19-29)

Iron deficiency and its impact to children’s cognitive and development

Children are born to learn, and they develop and learn very quickly in their early years. Brain development milestones in children aged 0-5 years and Iron plays an important role in many neurodevelopmental processes, and animal studies have shown that adequate iron requirements in pregnancy and childhood are critical for a child's brain and neurodevelopment.

A NEW CONCEPT OF BUILDING SANCTIONS OF THE NORMS OF CRIMINAL LEGISLATION, IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

The legislative consolidation of criminality and the punishability of an act is the main element of the crime prevention system. The world is changing, changes are taking place in all sectors of public life – politics, economics, including in the field of crime. This dictates the need for continuous improvement of the norms of criminal legislation. The proposed changes relate to the construction of the article sanction. Two models are proposed: the first is to transfer all types of punishment to the relevant articles providing for types of punishment (from the norms of the Special Part to the General Part of the Criminal Code) and the second is to fix a separate norm in each chapter of the special part with an indication of the type and amount of punishment. For the application of additional punishments, regardless of the choice of the above proposed models, to provide in each chapter of the Special Part an article indicating the norms according to which the courts are obliged or may impose additional punishments. Such an approach will allow the courts to impose uniform and fair punishments, helps to minimize corruption manifestations on the part of all participants in the criminal process, will strengthen people's faith in justice, which will have a positive impact on the activities of the justice authorities. Given the dynamics of the introduction of digital technologies at the present stage of human development, proposed in the article new models of the design of the sanction will simplify and more effectively introduce the process of digitalization of criminal legislation. That is, they will simplify the process of qualification of criminal offenses, the choice of the required type and amount of punishment, etc. Especially when using computer programs with «artificial intelligence» planned for implementation or implemented in certain foreign countries.

Using Machine Learning to Classify Information Related to Child Rearing of Infants from Twitter

It is difficult to obtain necessary information accurately from Social Networking Service (SNS) while raising children, and it is thought that there is a certain demand for the development of a system that presents appropriate information to users according to the child's developmental stage. There are still few examples of research on knowledge extraction that focuses on childcare. This research aims to develop a system that extracts and presents useful knowledge for people who are actually raising children, using texts about childcare posted on Twitter. In many systems, numbers in text data are just strings like words and are normalized to zero or simply ignored. In this paper, we created a set of tweet texts and a set of profiles created according to the developmental stages of infants from "0-year-old child" to "6-year-old child". For each set, we used ML algorithms such as NB (Naive Bayes), LR (Logistic Regression), ANN (Approximate Nearest Neighbor algorithms search), XGboost, RF (random forest), decision trees, and SVM (Support Vector Machine) to compare with BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), a neural language model, to construct a classification model that predicts numbers from "0" to "6" from sentences. The accuracy rate predicted by the BERT classifier was slightly higher than that of the NB, LR, and ANN, XGboost, and RF, decision trees and SVM classifiers, indicating that the BERT classification method was better.

Early development and adaptive functioning in children with Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

This study had two aims. Aim one investigated achievement of 10 developmental milestones in children with Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). Aim one data were derived from retrospective responses by caregivers of individuals with BBS who are enrolled in the Clinical Registry Investigating Bardet-Biedl syndrome (CRIBBS). CRIBBS is a natural history registry acquiring serial observations. Aim two investigated early adaptive skills using the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-II 0-5) completed by caregivers of children with BBS aged from 0 to 5. There were 652 individuals with milestone information (with some variability based on availability of information for specific milestones), and 101 individuals (including 95 among the 652) with ABAS-II information. Results revealed wide-ranging delays in adaptive skills, particularly in the domain of Self-Care. Expressive language appears to be the most frequently delayed developmental milestone. We found a difference by BBS genotype wherein individuals with BBS1 had higher adaptive/developmental scores than individuals with BBS10. Age also carried a significant association with adaptive skills diverging farther from a normative trajectory as children with BBS progress through early childhood.

Religious Doubts and the Problem with Religious Pressures for Christian Students

Educational literature has underscored the importance of higher education attending to students’ religious development. For Christian students, environment plays a role. Recent Christian religious development literature focusing on environmental predictors of growth found that higher religious pressures, assumed to be a controller according to Self-Determination Theory, predicted religious growth for students. The current study examines this finding by considering the influence of religious pressures along with normative experiences of religious doubt on spiritual/religious development variables of relatedness and self-mastery. A web-based survey procured responses from a large sample of students from both Christian and public/secular institutions. Controlling for sex and institution, multiple linear regression modeling was used to develop a model hypothesizing that when religious doubts are high, greater pressure would result in lower levels of religious development. The model was supported for spiritual/religious self-mastery but not for relatedness. Students’ quotes were presented to illustrate the findings that emerged from the data analysis. Results clarify the deleterious role of religious pressures for Christians at certain developmental and situational milestones who are also simultaneously experiencing religious doubt and/or questioning their beliefs about God. Given past findings about the uncomfortable and unsatisfying, albeit necessary, role of engaging in some religious doubt and exploration, religious pressures can sabotage effective adaptation. The results underscore the importance of higher education administrators allowing space and support for religious questioning and doubt. Moreover, administrators in Christian universities should help facilitate the honest expression of their students’ doubts and questions and the minimization of environmental religious pressures.

HUBUNGAN PIJAT BAYI DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK KASAR PADA BAYI USIA 3-6 BULAN DI NARESWARA MOM AND BABY CARE KUDUS 2022

Baby massage can stimulate the development of baby's gross motor skills, which is part of motor activity that involves large or gross muscle skills. The ability to use large muscles for babies is a basic movement ability. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between infant massage and gross motor development in infants aged 3-6 months at Nareswara Mom and Baby Care Kudus. This study uses a quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach. The research sample consisted of 50 infants aged 3-6 months at Nareswara Mom and Baby Care, Kudus, with the sampling technique using total sampling. Analysis of research data using univariate and bivariate analysis using chi square. The results of the univariate analysis showed that there were 33 babies (66%) aged 3-6 months who were in the routine category, while there were 17 babies (34%) who were in the non-routine category. Furthermore, gross motor development was normal in 24 infants (48%), gross motor development in question was in 17 infants (34%), and gross motor development was deviant in 9 infants (18%). The results of the bivariate analysis showed that 22 respondents (44%) had normal gross motor development for infants aged 3-6 months who had regular massages, 9 respondents had doubts (18%), and 2 respondents had deviations (4%). Furthermore, infants aged 3-6 months in the non-routine category with normal gross motor development were 2 respondents (4%), doubtful 8 respondents (16%), and deviant 7 respondents (14%). Then the results of the chi square test show the sig. Asyim (P-Value) of 0.000 is less than 0.05 (0.000 <0.05). Statistically, there is a relationship between infant massage and gross motor development for infants aged 3-6 months at Nareswara Mom and Baby Care, Kudus. Thus it is hoped that mothers who have babies routinely provide baby massage stimulation in order to improve the baby's gross motor development.

Non-uniform temporal scaling of developmental processes in the mammalian cortex

The time that it takes the brain to develop is highly variable across animals. Although staging systems equate major developmental milestones between mammalian species, it remains unclear how distinct processes of cortical development scale within these timeframes. Here, we compare the timing of cortical development in two mammals of similar size but different developmental pace: eutherian mice and marsupial fat-tailed dunnarts. Our results reveal that the temporal relationship between cell birth and laminar specification aligns to equivalent stages between these species, but that migration and axon extension do not scale uniformly according to the developmental stages, and are relatively more advanced in dunnarts. We identify a lack of basal intermediate progenitor cells in dunnarts that likely contributes in part to this timing difference. These findings demonstrate temporal limitations and differential plasticity of cortical developmental processes between similarly sized Therians and provide insight into subtle temporal changes that may have contributed to the early diversification of the mammalian brain.

Preventive effects of resveratrol against early-life impairments in the animal model of autism induced by valproic acid

BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social interaction deficits and repetitive/stereotyped behaviors. Its prevalence is increasing, affecting one in 36 children in the United States. The valproic acid (VPA) induced animal model of ASD is a reliable method for investigating cellular, molecular, and behavioral aspects related to the disorder. Trans-Resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects studied in various diseases, has recently demonstrated the ability to prevent cellular, molecular, sensory, and social deficits in the VPA model. In this study, we examined the effects of prenatal exposure to VPA and the potential preventive effects of RSV on the offspring. MethodWe monitored gestational weight from embryonic day 6.5 until 18.5 and assessed the onset of developmental milestones and morphometric parameters in litters. The generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to analyze longitudinal data. ResultsExposure to VPA during rat pregnancy resulted in abnormal weight gain fold-changes on embryonic days 13.5 and 18.5, followed by fewer animals per litter. Additionally, we discovered a positive correlation between weight variation during E15.5-E18.5 and the number of rat pups in the VPA group. ConclusionVPA exposure led to slight length deficiencies and delays in the onset of developmental milestones. Interestingly, the prenatal RSV treatment not only prevented most of these delays but also led to the early onset of certain milestones and improved morphometric characteristics in the offspring. In summary, our findings suggest that RSV may have potential as a therapeutic intervention to protect against the negative effects of prenatal VPA exposure, highlighting its importance in future studies of prenatal neurodevelopmental disorders.

The development of Early Childhood intellectual Capacities in the Child Development Centers of the Local Administrative Organizations, Chaiyaphum

Background and Aim: The early stage of childhood is a crucial period that significantly impacts a child's learning and growth trajectory. Research has shown a strong connection between cognitive ability, developmental milestones during this phase, and future outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, it is imperative for preschool learning programs to prioritize age-appropriate and holistic development. To enhance the intellectual capabilities of preschoolers, an integrated learning activity program was implemented and analyzed for its effectiveness in improving young learners' intellectual and other developmental factors. Material and Methods: This study used pre- and post-test experimental designs. Through a multi-stage random sampling procedure, 113 preschoolers were chosen from five sub-district centers in Nai Faai, Nai Sineun, Ban Lao, Tha Hinong, and Huen. Developmental Assessment Scales, developed by the researcher, were used to compare cognitive abilities and development levels of children aged 24, 36, and 48 months before and after the 8-week Integrated learning program. The reliability of the scales was 0.85, 0.80, and 0.83, respectively. The t-test was employed for comparison analysis. Results: The results indicated that the motor skills, language, problem-solving, and personal-social awareness of preschoolers aged 24, 36, and 48 months significantly improved at the .01 level after participating in the integrated learning activities. Conclusions: Integrated learning activities could effectively support and enhance intellectual capacities and age-appropriate development.

Neurologic orphan diseases: Emerging innovations and role for genetic treatments.

Orphan diseases are rare diseases that affect less than 200000 individuals within the United States. Most orphan diseases are of neurologic and genetic origin. With the current advances in technology, more funding has been devoted to developing therapeutic agents for patients with these conditions. In our review, we highlight emerging options for patients with neurologic orphan diseases, specifically including diseases resulting in muscular deterioration, epilepsy, seizures, neurodegenerative movement disorders, inhibited cognitive development, neuron deterioration, and tumors. After extensive literature review, gene therapy offers a promising route for the treatment of neurologic orphan diseases. The use of clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/Cas9 has demonstrated positive results in experiments investigating its role in several diseases. Additionally, the use of adeno-associated viral vectors has shown improvement in survival, motor function, and developmental milestones, while also demonstrating reversal of sensory ataxia and cardiomyopathy in Friedreich ataxia patients. Antisense oligonucleotides have also been used in some neurologic orphan diseases with positive outcomes. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors are currently being investigated and have reduced abnormal cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Emerging innovations and the role of genetic treatments open a new window of opportunity for the treatment of neurologic orphan diseases.

Key developmental milestones helped to identify children with special educational needs and disabilities at an early stage.

Responding to developmental delay promptly is important, as it helps children to reach their full potential. This study investigated how developmental milestones predicted primary school children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) at an early stage. We obtained data about 36 milestones between 12 and 45 months using the Dutch Development Instrument. Development, primary school classification and background characteristics were collected from the Dutch Preventive Child Healthcare system in Utrecht from 2008 to 2016. We investigated SEND classifications and the primary schools that the children attended at 4-12 years of age. The findings include area under the curve (AUC) data. Data on 30 579 children in mainstream schools and 1055 children with SEND were available. Different milestones predicted SEND classifications. Fourteen milestones and parental education predicted attendance at special needs schools with smaller classes (AUC 0.913). Nine milestones, sex, migration background and parental education predicted attendance at schools for severe communication problems (AUC 0.963). Ten milestones and parental education predicted attendance at schools for severe learning difficulties (AUC 0.995). Milestones did not accurately predict attendance at schools for severe behavioural or psychiatric problems. Milestones at 12-45 months predicted most SEND classifications at primary school age, except severe behavioural or psychiatric problems.

Legal Foundations of Digitalization of Citizens’ Control over the Activities of Public Authorities

The paper discusses the use of digital technologies in the relationships between the state and an individual. One of the directions of such relationships is the control of the population over the work of government bodies providing services. Control capabilities are significantly increased with the use of digital technologies. Their introduction into the practice of public authorities and use to expand communication with the public increase the objectivity of assessing the quality of services provided by governmental authorities. The relevance of the topic is determined by two main factors. Firstly, digitalization is an invariable stage of human development, including public authorities. Secondly, digitalization expands the possibilities of monitoring the activities of public authorities, minimizes the risks of corruption-causing factors, and increases the transparency of public administration. The study of the issue of digitalization was carried out both from the point of view of approaches to the formation of the concept, and from the point of view of the practical implementation of the phenomenon in the context of the relationship between the state and the population. The method of system analysis made it possible to identify the main theoretical provisions on digitalization in general. The formal legal method made it possible to adapt various approaches of researchers to the concept of digitalization in a broad sense and to the issues of digitalization of public authorities. Consideration of the regulatory framework for the consolidation of digital technologies gives grounds to come to the conclusion about the wide coverage of public relations by digital communication, which allows the use of various forms and methods of public control over the work of public authorities. The main obstacle in the development of communication in the digital sphere is the insufficient preparation of aging groups of the population for the use of modern information resources.

The Development of Cognitive Load Theory: Replication Crises and Incorporation of Other Theories Can Lead to Theory Expansion

Cognitive load theory has been in development since the 1980s. Much of the impetus for that development has come from firstly, replication failures using randomised controlled trials and secondly, from the incorporation of other theories into cognitive load theory. Both have led to theory expansion. The immediate cause of the so-called “replication crisis” in psychology and other disciplines is a failure to replicate previous empirical findings. Using cognitive load theory as an example, I argue that the appearance of contradictory evidence does not necessarily derive from a failure to properly collect data. Rather, it can be caused by initially insufficiently detailed theories, with increasing detail often revealing the reason for a failure to replicate. For cognitive load theory, each failure to replicate, rather than being a negative, contributed to the further development of the theory. In addition, the theory has developed over many years by closely incorporating other theories associated with human cognitive architecture and evolutionary psychology. In this paper, I discuss some of the developmental milestones associated with cognitive load theory and how they were informed by replication failures and theory integration.

The plot of initiation in the novel “The Song of Achilles” by M. Miller

The article studies the poetics of M. Miller’s novel in the context of the initiation plot representation. The search for the hero is considered as one of the main problems of modern American literature. We use the cultural-historical and comparative methods and the method of narrative analysis in our research. The relevance of the study is the synthesis of approaches to the analysis of the novel “The Song of Achilles” by M. Miller. The study hypothesizes that, the technique of remythologization enables the writer to represent the universality of the human development stages and the crisis trials that adolescents face. The novel is considered both in the context of rethinking of the mythological narrative and in the aspect of representing the archaic model of initiation. The mythological plot basis, which implies plot determinism, makes it possible to emphasize the axiological, emotive discourse and protagonists’ inner changes. The parallel initiation of Patroclus and Achilles explicates the dichotomy of the godlike and the human elements in the inner nature of the characters. Patroclus, being close to the hero, shares his fate. He literally and metaphorically becomes Achilles in the finale of the novel, entering the battle in his armor and under his name. Achilles, on the contrary, shows human features due to the fact that he matures next to Patroclus. The article concludes that the theme of formation and internal evolution of the person in the context of the initiation rite and mythological narratives plays a plot-forming role in modern American literature.

Etiology, pathophysiology and treatment of ankyloglossia in babies and its effect on breastfeeding

The lingual frenulum inhibits tongue mobility in ankyloglossia, sometimes referred to as tongue-tie. It affects 4–16% of babies, with boys being more likely to be affected. Anterior and posterior tongue ties are the two primary forms. When a newborn opens their mouth, anterior tongue ties are easy to spot because they look like a heart; posterior tongue ties are trickier to spot. Ankyloglossia can make it difficult to nurse, speak clearly, maintain good oral hygiene, or engage in other oral activities. Tongue-tie can influence a baby's oral development as well as the way he or she feeds, talks, and swallows. It is crucial to diagnose ankyloglossia through a thorough examination. Treatment options include lactation consultation, improving latch during breastfeeding, and a procedure called frenotomy, which involves releasing the frenulum. Research is ongoing to establish evidence-based recommendations and standardized diagnostic criteria for ankyloglossia. This review will focus on etiology, pathophysiology and treatment of ankyloglossia in babies and its effect on breastfeeding.

The MothersBabies Study, an Australian Prospective Cohort Study Analyzing the Microbiome in the Preconception and Perinatal Period to Determine Risk of Adverse Pregnancy, Postpartum, and Child-Related Health Outcomes: Study Protocol.

The microbiome has emerged as a key determinant of human health and reproduction, with recent evidence suggesting a dysbiotic microbiome is implicated in adverse perinatal health outcomes. The existing research has been limited by the sample collection and timing, cohort design, sample design, and lack of data on the preconception microbiome. This prospective, longitudinal cohort study will recruit 2000 Australian women, in order to fully explore the role of the microbiome in the development of adverse perinatal outcomes. Participants are enrolled for a maximum of 7 years, from 1 year preconception, through to 5 years postpartum. Assessment occurs every three months until pregnancy occurs, then during Trimester 1 (5 + 0-12 + 6 weeks gestation), Trimester 2 (20 + 0-24 + 6 weeks gestation), Trimester 3 (32 + 0-36 + 6 weeks gestation), and postpartum at 1 week, 2 months, 6 months, and then annually from 1 to 5 years. At each assessment, maternal participants self-collect oral, skin, vaginal, urine, and stool samples. Oral, skin, urine, and stool samples will be collected from children. Blood samples will be obtained from maternal participants who can access a study collection center. The measurements taken will include anthropometric, blood pressure, heart rate, and serum hormonal and metabolic parameters. Validated self-report questionnaires will be administered to assess diet, physical activity, mental health, and child developmental milestones. Medications, medical, surgical, obstetric history, the impact of COVID-19, living environments, and pregnancy and child health outcomes will be recorded. Multiomic bioinformatic and statistical analyses will assess the association between participants who developed high-risk and low-risk pregnancies, adverse postnatal conditions, and/or childhood disease, and their microbiome for the different sample types.