Stage Cluster Sampling Research Articles

Depressive Symptom and Associated Factors Among School Adolescents of Urban, Semi-Urban and Rural Areas in Bangladesh: A Scenario Prior to COVID-19.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptom and the factors associated with this condition among urban, semi-urban and rural adolescents in the Dhaka district of Bangladesh.Methods: A cross sectional study using two stage cluster sampling procedure was performed. A self-administered questionnaire was conveyed to 2,355 adolescents from nine secondary schools of Dhaka district of Bangladesh. Of the respondents, 2,313 completed the nine item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Besides, sociodemographic information, self-reported body image as well as modification of Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ) and WHO Global PA Questionnaire (GPAQ) were used to determine the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with depressive symptom among adolescents.Results: A total of 30.1% adolescents were found to be suffering from moderate to severely severe depressive symptom. Females (60.8%) were found suffering significantly more than males (39.2%). Sociodemographic factors, for example, residential setting and family size were found significantly associated with depressive symptom among adolescents. Adjusted estimate of logistic regression shows that physical inactivity (AOR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.14–1.84), >2 h/day screen time (AOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.39–2.03), sleep dissatisfaction (AOR: 3.23; 95% CI: 2.64–3.96), and underweight body image perception (AOR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.70–3.13) were significantly associated with depressive symptom among adolescents.Conclusions: Among urban, semi-urban and rural school adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh, depressive symptom is quite prevalent. To lessen the spread of depressive symptom among Bangladeshi adolescents, urgent steps should therefore be taken.

Evaluation of Improvement in Knowledge and Attitude of Primary School Teacher’s Towards Various Aspects of Paediatric Dentistry after Education Intervention

Background: Dental Health Education in teachers has prominently invested the knowledge aboutvarious aspects of paediatric dentistry. Oral health theories and implementations can be augmentedand reinforced by teachers who can work allied with dental professionals thereby bringing noteworthyimprovement in oral health status of children. Therefore it is analytical to ascertain knowledge andpositive attitude towards various aspects of paediatric dentistry of primary school teachers who area primary care giver and mentor to children. Material and Methods: The interventional study wasoutlined by two stage cluster sample. A total of four thirty seven primary school teachers took partin the research where the data was first collected by a close ended questionnaire. Re- evaluation wasconducted after the education intervention and the results were statistically examined. Results: Pretests revealed that only 52% primary school teachers had sufficient knowledge and positive attitudetowards various aspects of paediatric dentistry. After the education intervention, post tests revealed75.5% primary school teacher’s good knowledge and positive attitude towards various aspects ofpaediatric dentistry which was appreciated. It was found statistically significance after post interventionwith p<0.05. Conclusion: The study observes that the there is a notable innocence and knowledge gapconcerning the knowledge about oral health and various aspects of paediatric dentistry that a primaryschool teacher holds and this has accentuated more the requirement of education intervention amongprimary school teachers to bring out better oral health status in children.

Using Judgment Post Stratification in Two Stage Cluster Sampling

Using Judgment Post Stratification in Two Stage Cluster Sampling

Knowledge of breastfeeding practice and associated factors among fathers whose wife delivered in last one year in Gurage Zone, Ethiopia.

Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with breast milk directly from female human breasts. It confers short-term and long-term benefits for both child and mother, including helping to protect children against a variety of acute and chronic disorders. In mothers, breastfeeding (BF) reduces postpartum bleeding, enhances accelerated involution of the uterus, and plays a crucial role in child spacing. Fathers have an important but often neglected role in the promotion of healthy breastfeeding practices. Evidence shows that mothers who have a supportive and encouraging partner are more likely to plan to breastfeed for a longer duration. So, this study was aimed to assess knowledge and associated factors towards breastfeeding practice among fathers. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gurage Zone among 597 fathers. One stage cluster sampling technique was used to select study participants. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data and it was checked for consistency and completeness and entered into epi data and exported to SPSS for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to identify independent predictors. P-value < 0.05 was considered to declare a result as statistically significant. In this study, a total of 585 participants were involved making a response rate of 98%. The overall knowledge status of participants was 341 (58.3%). The mean age of participants was 29.5 (SD±4.5). Urban residence, educational status, exposure to media, having more than one baby at home, and accompany his wife during health-seeking were independent predictors of knowledge status. This study has shown the level of knowledge of fathers towards breastfeeding in the study area was low (58.3%). Residence, two or more babies at home, accompany during ANC, and indexed infant illness was independent predictors of knowledge status of fathers towards breastfeeding. Policymakers and possible stack holders should better focus on the improvement of knowledge because the knowledge determines the overall condition of the family including the psychological development of the children that affect their life especially in a country like Ethiopia in which most of the decisions are made by them. Other researchers focus on the interaction of parents and the child and feeding disorders.

Rural-urban differences in utilization of antenatal and delivery services in Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

The high maternal death burden in developing countries when compared to the developed could be attributed to differences in use of antenatal and skilled delivery care. To assess the differences in utilization of antenatal and delivery services in urban and rural communities of Ebonyi state, Nigeria. A cross-sectional comparative study design was used. Two stage (cluster) sampling technique was used to select 660 women in 4 of 13 local government areas in the state. The respondents were women who were permanent residents of communities and have delivered in last one year. Outcome measure was good utilization of antenatal and delivery services and was assessed by proportion of respondents who obtained antenatal and delivery from a skilled provider and also made at least four antenatal visits. The mean age of respondents was urban, 29.6 ± 6.2 and rural, 28.6 ± 5.1 years. Majority in urban, 51.8% utilized tertiary health facility for antenatal care while in rural, 77.9% used primary health centers (P < 0.001). Comparable proportions in urban, (77.3%) and rural, (79.1%) had good use of antenatal and delivery services (P = 0.572). Predictors of good use of antenatal and delivery services in urban included having one child (AOR = 4.8; 95%C1: 1.4--17.0), having attained tertiary education, (AOR = 2.6; 95%C1: 1.2--5.5), being in low socioeconomic class, (AOR = 0.4; 95%C1: 0.2--0.7), and having good knowledge of danger signs, (AOR = 2.6; 95%C1: 1.3--5.4). In rural, predictors included having one child, (AOR = 2.8; 95%C1:1.1--7.1), being unmarried, (AOR = 0.3; 95%C1: 0.1--0.9), and having good knowledge of danger signs (AOR = 3.7; 95%C1: 1.8--7.5). Utilization of antenatal and delivery services in health facilities in study area was high but there is room for improvement. There is need to plan specific interventions aimed at improving utilization of maternal health services by some groups like urban poor and unmarried mothers, especially teenagers. Emphasis should also be placed on improving community understanding of danger signs of pregnancy.

Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Programme on Cannabis Abuse on Level of Knowledge among Undergraduate Students

Introduction: Cannabis is a one of the illegal substance used worldwide. Its abuse can affect us psychologically, socially, physiologically and the strategies used to overcome addiction is psycho-education, cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational enhancement therapy, contingency management, family based therapy and pharmacotherapy. Aim: To evaluate effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on cannabis abuse on level of knowledge among undergraduate students. Method: A Quantitative pre experimental one group pre test and post test design. Research approach was adopted in which was conducted on 80 Undergraduate students by Non probability, Multi stage cluster sampling technique. The data collection tool consists of two parts socio demographic variables and structured knowledge questionnaire regarding cannabis abuse which consists of 40 items. The data was self administered and analysed using SPSS 23 done (descriptive and inferential statistics). Findings: According to 1st objective in pre test there were 54(67.5%) undergraduate students’ with poor knowledge , 26(32.5%) undergraduate students’ with average knowledge, 44(55%) had average knowledge, 36(45%) had good knowledge and in post test 2 48(60%) had average knowledge, 32(40%) had good knowledge. Mean &amp; SD of Pre and Post test 1&amp; Post test 2 score on level of knowledge of undergraduate students in which Mean &amp; SD of Pre Test is 12.56±3.607, Post test 1 is 25.21±6.915 and post test 2 is 26.49±4.707. (f=162.38; p&lt;0.001* *) . Conclusion: The study reveals the fact that video assisted teaching significantly increases knowledge among undergraduate Students regarding cannabis abuse Keywords: Cannabis abuse, effectiveness, knowledge.

Faktor-Faktor Sosial dan Amalan Akhlak Dalam Kalangan Murid-Murid Sekolah-Sekolah Menengah Di Malaysia

The main objective of this study was to examine the students’ perception on the effect of social factors on students’ akhlak practices. This survey was a quantitative research and employed a set of questionnaire to collect data from the samples. The samples were form four and lower six students who were sellected from several secondary schools in Malaysia using the multi stage cluster sampling method. 3,262 students were involved in this study. The data were analysed using SPSS software. From this study, we may conclude that the students’ perception on the social factors that contributed towards akhlak practices was positive and the total overall mean was high i.e. 3.83. It also showed that parent and Islamic education factors were two main factors that contributed towards students’ akhlak practices. These were followed by community, law enforcement and school environment factors. Two other weakest factors i.e. artists and peers were only at moderate level and it seems that these two factors less contributed to the students’ akhlak practices.

PREVALENCE OF BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL AND ITS DETERMINANTS AMONG ADULTS WITH HYPERTENSION IN URBAN PUDUCHERRY DISTRICT, PUDUCHERRY, INDIA, 2020

Objective: Hypertension exerts a substantial public health burden on cardiovascular health status and healthcare system of India. We did this study with the objective to find the prevalence, awareness, treatment, control rate of hypertension and the factors associated with the control for hypertension in the urban Puducherry district. Design and method: We did a cross sectional survey at the community level among adults aged 18 to 69 years in Urban Puducherry. Sample size was calculated using multi stage cluster sampling design. A total of 2700 individuals were to be surveyed, in twenty seven clusters. Data was collected using ODK based app. We used modified WHO STEPS questionnaire, collected anthropometric measurements and recorded blood pressure. We analyzed the proportion of all variables, using epi info software. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Results: A total of 2000 households were surveyed, of which 1755 (87.8%) agreed to participate in the study. We surveyed 1686 individuals of which 40.9 %were males. The mean age was 42(+13) years. Among them, 331 (19.6%) people had high blood pressure and 209 (63.1%) were already known hypertensives. Although 173 (52.3%) were on treatment, only 63 (19%) had their blood pressure under control. Among people with hypertension, nearly half were obese (BMI &gt;27.50 kg/m2) and about 20% reported consumption of high salt foods. Nearly one third (36%) had diabetes mellitus. Majority (61%) utilized private clinics for hypertension treatment. Among public sector users, 71% reported medicines were always available in the facilities. Majority (80%) received medicines for one month. The odds of having comorbidities is 2.7 times more in people with blood pressure control than those without control. Conclusions: We observed high prevalence of hypertension, treatment among half of the patients and only one fifth had blood pressure control. More than half of the population utilized private doctor's clinic for hypertension treatment. People without other comorbidities are found to have less blood pressure control. We recommend frequent community level screening for hypertension and focus on compliance among people without other comorbidities.

Examining factors that affect staff performance in Lesotho Correctional Service

Staff performance remains critical in every organization’s and indeed country’s’ performance hence factors critical for ensuring high performance must always be interrogated. Using conclusions from survey data from 700 Lesotho Correctional Service employees, the study sought to examine the factors that affect performance, assessing the extent to which variables; leadership style, employee participation, working environment, organizational culture and motivation impact on employee performance. The research sample consisted of Correctional Service employees picked from six departments/units out of 13 using a probability one’s stage cluster sampling design. The subjects were randomly selected from a target population of 1000 employees to understand the factors that affect employee performance. The sample included the civilian staff, senior management, middle management and subordinate level staff mainly to balance views. The use of questionnaires, semi structured interviews and researchers’ observations was utilized to collect research data for analysis. The study reviewed departmental policies and published literature on Correctional and Prison services staff performance, behavior and satisfaction as a theoretical base to endorse study independent variables. Data revealed that work environment was perceived to have the greatest influence on Lesotho Correctional Service employee performance (mean=4.88). Other factors include organizational culture (mean=4.77), employee participation (mean=4.22), leadership style (mean=3.51), employee empowerment (mean=3.67), employee motivation (mean=3.65) and employee training (mean =3.89) indicated as affecting employee performance. The study revealed that the style of management, low salaries and allowances, flawed legislation, lack of appropriate human resource policies, and limited development opportunities affect staff performance. Regression estimation using n450 responses between study dichotomous dependent variable (employee performance) and independent variables; leadership style, employee participation, working environment, organizational culture and motivation proved all the independent variables significant in explaining employee performance. The five independent variables studied explain 67.4% of the staff performance in the Lesotho Correctional Services as represented by the R2. The study recommended institutionalization of the performance reward system, incentivizing ethical conduct to enhance professional conduct amongst the officers, enhancement of team work, pioneering leadership training and revising and strengthening the current performance management system as amongst strategies that can enhance Lesotho Correctional Service employee performance.

Seroprevalence of SARS CoV 2 specific Ig G antibodies in District Srinagar, Kashmir: a population based study

Background: The seroprevalence studies are conducted with the aim of estimating the extent of SARS CoV2 infection in any community. A cross sectional population based study was conducted in Srinagar district of Kashmir, India so as to provide relevant information on the proportion of people who have experienced a recent or past infection.Methods: An estimated sample size of 2400 was calculated based on anticipated seroprevalence of 20% and an absolute error of 2.5%. 20 clusters were selected using 2 stage cluster sampling. A set of questions on a mobile based application i.e Epicollect 5 was used to collect information on various variables and 3-5 ml of venous blood was taken for Ig G antibody testing. Chemiluminiscent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) procedure using fully automated analyser by Abbott with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99.6% was used to detect IgG antibodies against SARS COVID-2.Results: 2480 eligible individuals participated in the study. The overall seroprevalence of Ig G antibodies against SARS-CoV 2 in the current study was 40.6% (95% CI 38.7-42.6), with seroprevalence being significantly higher among females (44.7% as compared to 37.5%). Age standardized seroprevalence revealed that seroprevalence increased with the increasing age.Conclusions: The findings of Seroprevalence study may fail to reveal the true picture of covid-19 infection as there were certain participants who were positive for COVID on RTPCR but were IgG negative. Thus, the individual variation of immune response to the virus, role of mucosal Ig A antibodies and T cell mediated immunity cannot be ruled out.

The Influence of Student Motivation, School Environment, on Student Learning Achievement

Good learning achievement is expected to be able to become a quality human being. So that it can solve various forms of problems faced. Learning achievement can be influenced by student learning motivation factors and the school environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of learning motivation on student achievement and to analyze the influence of the school environment on student achievement in grade V Elementary School (SD). The research model is quantitative with the ex post facto approach. The study population was 100 class students. and research samples of 80 students. The sampling technique used cluster random sampling with two stage cluster sampling. Research instruments questionnaire and documentation. The data analysis techniques were instrument test, prerequisite analysis and hypothesis test. The results of the study:(1) there is a positive and significant influence of learning motivation on student achievement in grade V SD; (2) there is a positive and significant effect of the school environment on the learning achievement of grade V SD students.

DELINEATINGACCESS TO SPECIALTY HEALTHCARE IN ZIMBABWE A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO INFORMEVIDENCE-BASED PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY AND PRACTICE

The study investigated the determinants of access and utilization of specialty healthcare services in the case of public referral hospitals in Zimbabwe using the period post-independence in 1980s to 2018. This becomes an exciting period for the study as it presents the rise and fall of Zimbabwe’s healthcare system. Although there are many specialists offering specialty healthcare, the study limited its focus on specialty care physicians operating at public health facilities. The study objectives were to identify the socio-economic and health behavioural determinants that could influence access to and utilization of specialty healthcare amongst different groupings in Zimbabwe. The study specifically examined the influence of household income, insurance, health information/ education, distance to the nearest health centre, waiting time and dual practice as a variable of interest on access to specialty care. The study utilized cross-sectional household data collected through a survey from April to October 2019. Out of the 40 selected districts from a cluster of 63 existing administrative health districts, 1000 households were randomly selected using one stage cluster sampling (probability sampling design). The study used the Logistic regression model to identify the determinants of access to and utilisation of specialty healthcare based on 653 households that had reported sickness of a member within the last twelve months before the survey. The study tested the hypotheses that dual practice does not affect the supply capacity at public hospitals hence does not reduce access and utilisation of specialty healthcare household income does not increase the demand for specialized healthcare services and that the distance to the nearest health facility does not reduce the probability of seeking of specialty healthcare services. The Logistic regression results revealed that distance to the nearest health care facility, household income, health insurance coverage, presence of dual practice and waiting time all had a significant statistical relationship with access and utilization (demand) for specialty healthcare at public health institutions. However, the study found out that health information had negative effect though an insignificant variable. Distance to the nearest health facility and waiting time was found to negatively affect access (demand) to specialty healthcare whereas household income, dual practice and insurance coverage were found to positively influence access and utilization of specialty healthcare at public health institutions. The study established that, as there is an increase in income and insurance coverage, access and utilization of specialty care also increased. More households in Zimbabwe (71%) are not medically insured. The study found that the provision of specialty healthcare services is too centralized thereby patients are compelled to travel long distancesto metropolitan facilities where specialty health services are more concentrated. The study further established that dual practice affects the supply capacity in public hospitals. The constraining arrangement of management and teaching services at main teaching hospitals affects the supply of specialty services. Households tend to wait longer to consult specialists at public hospitals due to poorly regulated dual practice that induces long waiting times. Given the study findings, the study recommends health policy planners to adopt a balanced centralized and decentralized modelon access to specialty care, differentiating higher and lower tier specialty care facilities to address the geographic accessibility and availability dimensions and revisiting management of training and structuring of specialty teaching services. Other major recommendations of the study include the review of supply-side policies used to enhance access to specialty healthcare services. The policies may target at implementing a public sector ‘National Health Insurance Fund’, driven by the government of Zimbabwe offering realistic, acceptable and affordable premiums for vulnerable groups and expanding the scope of participation in developing the policy regulating dual practice. The study also recommends the creation of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) for Specialty health riding on the existing Government framework on SEZs. The adoption of Strategic Specialty care Partnerships (SSCPs) can enhance access and institutional capacities in dealing with the expensive response to Non Communicable Diseases, which are the main drivers for households to seek specialty care. Zimbabwe through its national health authority needs to ‘Reframe the Health Agenda’ on specialty care thus initiate a national health action plan that will continue to drive to evidence-based health policy and practice.

Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes among economically backward tribes, Tamilnadu, India

India has the second largest concentration of tribal population in the world. Indian tribes constitute around 8.3% of nation’s total population. To assess the prevalence of Prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among tribal population of Kancheepuram district. Cross sectional study design, Multi stage cluster sampling technique was used, house to house data collection was done for 85 irula tribal people. The Irula are a Scheduled tribe that lives in northern Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiri Hills. They are sort of like a cross between tribals and ordinary southern Indians. structured questionnaire were used to assess demographic variables (gender, age, educational qualification, marital status, family status, occupation, monthly salary and religion). Measurements taken were height, weight, and blood sugar by finger prick method with glucometer. Above 140 to 199 mg/dl considered as prediabetes and 200mg/dl is considered as diabetes. Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among tribes were 49.4%, 25.9%, poor literacy, poverty and substance abuse makes the tribes more prone to prediabetes and diabetes.

The Reliability and Usability Perception of Organic Chemistry Synthetic Pathways Board Game

This study aims to present the reliability and student’s usability perception of an educational board game in teaching and learning synthetic pathways at matriculation level. This board game mainly called as Synthetic Pathways of Organic Compounds (COPS). The research design used was ADDIE model. Needs analysis survey on 35 chemistry teachers and lecturers as well as previous literatures proved synthetic pathways and retrosynthetic reactions can be taught using game-based learning approach. Respondents for the research were one year matriculation program students from one of the colleges in Malaysia which was determined using two stage cluster sampling. Analysis of the usability perception data (mean score) shows students agreed on achieving learning goals (4.57) of organic chemistry synthetic pathways via COPS board game. Besides that, they also agreed on attractive board design (4.45), good board organisation (4.43), excellent playability (4.48) and high usability (4.48). Besides that, COPS board game also has showed high reliability with the coefficient value recorded at 0.984. The output of this study implies that COPS board game has high reliability and usability perception in learning organic chemistry synthetic pathways among matriculation students.

Predictors of stunting among children age 6\u201359\xa0months in Ethiopia using Bayesian multi-level analysis

In developing countries including Ethiopia stunting remained a major public health burden. It is associated with adverse health consequences, thus, investigating predictors of childhood stunting is crucial to design appropriate strategies to intervene the problem stunting. The study uses data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) conducted from January 18 to June 27, 2016 in Ethiopia. A total of 8117 children aged 6–59 months were included in the study with a stratified two stage cluster sampling technique. A Bayesian multilevel logistic regression was fitted using Win BUGS version 1.4.3 software to identify predictors of stunting among children age 6–59 months. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% credible intervals was used to ascertain the strength and direction of association. In this study, increasing child’s age (AOR = 1.022; 95% CrI 1.018–1.026), being a male child (AOR = 1.16; 95%CrI 1.05–1.29), a twin (AOR = 2.55; 95% CrI 1.78–3.56), having fever (AOR = 1.23; 95%CrI 1.02–1.46), having no formal education (AOR = 1.99; 95%CrI 1.28–2.96) and primary education (AOR = 83; 95%CrI 1.19–2.73), birth interval less than 24 months (AOR = 1.40; 95% CrI 1.20–1.61), increasing maternal BMI (AOR = 0.95; 95% CrI 0.93–0.97), and poorest household wealth status (AOR = 1.78; 95% CrI 1.35–2.30) were predictors of childhood stunting at individual level. Similarly, region and type of toilet facility were predictors of childhood stunting at community level. The current study revealed that both individual and community level factors were predictors of childhood stunting in Ethiopia. Thus, more emphasize should be given by the concerned bodies to intervene the problem stunting by improving maternal education, promotion of girl education, improving the economic status of households, promotion of context-specific child feeding practices, improving maternal nutrition education and counseling, and improving sanitation and hygiene practices.

National trends in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among Thai patients with type 2 diabetes and its associated factors from 2014 to 2018.

IntroductionDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common and serious ocular complications in both developed and developing countries. To date, epidemiological data of DR and their associated factors in Southeast Asian countries especially in Thailand are scarce. We aimed to use the information from the Thailand Diabetes Mellitus/Hypertension (DM/HT) study to determine trends in DR prevalence and also risk factors among Thai patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsA series of cross-sectional surveys of clinical outcomes was conducted annually in 2014, 2015 and 2018 among patients with T2D aged >18 years receiving medical care for at least 12 months. A stratified single stage cluster sampling method that was proportional to the size sampling technique was used to select a nationally and provincially representative sample of patients with T2D in Thailand. A standardized case report form was used to obtain the required information from medical records.ResultsA total of 104,472 Thai patients with T2D were included in the study from 2014 to 2018. The dominant proportion of participants, 70,756 (67.7%), were females. The overall prevalence of DR declined from 6.9% in 2014 to 6.3% in 2015 and 5.0% in 2018 (p for trend <0.001). The independent associated factors with DR included survey year, greater duration of DM, geographic region, hospital level, social security scheme, dyslipidemia, insulin therapy, high HbA1c level and elevated pulse pressure.ConclusionWe reported a decreasing in trend in the prevalence of DR among Thai patients with T2D over one half decade. Patients with T2D should be encouraged to control their underlying diseases and engage in other effective interventions. When these modifiable risk factors can be inhibited, DR and other cardiovascular complications will be alleviated.

Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors Among School Adolescents of Urban, Semi-Urban and Rural Areas in Bangladesh

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and the factors associated with this condition among urban, semi-urban and rural adolescents in the Dhaka district of Bangladesh. Methods: A cross sectional study using two stage cluster sampling procedure was performed. A self-administered questionnaire was conveyed to 2355 adolescents from nine secondary schools of Dhaka district of Bangladesh. Of the respondents, 2313 completed the nine item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Besides, sociodemographic information, self-reported body image as well as modification of Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ) and WHO Global PA Questionnaire (GPAQ) were used to determine the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with depression among adolescents. Results: A total of 30.1% adolescents were found to be suffering from moderate to severely severe depression symptoms. Female (60.8%) were found suffering significantly more than male (39.2%). Sociodemographic factors, for example, residential setting and family size were found significantly associated with depression among adolescents. Adjusted estimate of logistic regression shows that physical inactivity (AOR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.14-1.84), >2 hours/day screen time (AOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.39-2.03), sleep dissatisfaction (AOR: 3.23; 95% CI: 2.64-3.96), perceiving as underweight (AOR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.70-3.13) were found to be significantly associated with depression among adolescents. Conclusions: Among urban, semi-urban and rural school adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh, depression is quite prevalent. To lessen the spread of depression among Bangladeshi adolescents, urgent steps should therefore be taken. Funding Statement: This study was funded by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no complicit of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethical approval was taken from Institutional Review Board, Jahangirnagar University (Ref No: BBEC, JU/ M/ 2019 (8) 3). Besides, all participants read, understood and signed a written consent form at the time of survey data collection.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND ISLAMIC RELIGIOSITY PRACTICE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA

The objective of this study was to examine the students� level of Islamic religious practices, impact of social environment and its relationship with students� level of Islamic religious practices. This survey was a quantitative research and employed a set of questionnaires to collect data from the samples. The samples were Form Four and Lower Six students who were selected from several secondary schools in Malaysia using the multi stage cluster sampling method. Some 3,262 students were involved in this study. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. From this study, it can be concluded that the students� level of Islamic religious practices was high. It also showed that social environment has significant relationship with students� Islamic religious practices. The study found that the factor of Islamic education teachers has the strongest relationship with students� Islamic religious practices. It was followed by parents, laws, community, school environment and peers. The weakest relationship was between the influence of artists and students� Islamic religious practices.

Magnitude and determinants of "Social Capital" among women in reproductive age group - A cross-sectional study from rural Wardha, Central India.

Context:Social capital reflects the trust, norms, values and social processes that governs interaction among people.Aim:This study was conducted to estimate the magnitude and determinants of social capital among women of reproductive age group in selected village of rural Wardha, Central India.Materials and Methods:It was a community based cross-sectional study where two stage cluster sampling technique was used to select 300 participants from 22 villages. Data were collected using a pre-designed interviewer administered questionnaire by house-to-house survey. Social capital was measured using the core set of Integrated Questionnaire for the Measurement of Social Capital developed by World Bank.Statistical Analysis:Multivariate linear regression was applied to find out determinants of social capital.Results:Most of the participants had poor social capital score (women having lowest and middle tertile scores were 36.0% and 45%, respectively). social capital poorer in younger women, women with lower educational qualification, not involved in gainful occupation, belonging to below poverty line and unmarried compared to their counterparts. Having at least one son was positively associated with higher social capital. In adjusted analysis, age, education, occupation, marital status, and whether the woman has son were revealed as significant determinants of social capital.Conclusion:The study findings reflect the need of improving education and job opportunity among rural women to improve their social capital. Increase of social capital among women having male child reflects the need to percolate the message of gender equity and gender sensitive education.

Mental health literacy among secondary school female students in Abha, Saudi Arabia.

Background:Worldwide, mental health is a big problem and Saudi Arabia is not far behind in observing this. It seems that progress in the field of mental health is slow. Interventions in mental health education have resulted in positive results. Participation by family members, sensitization to care and social integration include some of methods believed to target understanding and counter stigma surrounding mental illness.Aim:To assess mental health literacy among female students of secondary schools in Abha city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Methodology:A descriptive cross-sectional study from May 2019 to 2020 was conducted at the female governmental secondary schools in Abha sector. A total sample of 350 female students from a total of 5000 students were included. Sampled students were selected from secondary schools using probability proportionate to size using two stage cluster sample technique. Data were collected from students directly using pre-structured questionnaire. The researchers created the study questionnaire after extensive literature review and expert consultation.Results:Almost half (48.9%) study participants had good awareness of the signs and indications of anxiety and depression. Loss of confidence and poor self-esteem were identified as signs of depression by 81%, sleep disturbance by 77% and disturbed appetite by 76.2% participants. Parent's education level and occupation, participant's educational performance and family living arrangement were significantly related with their awareness in univariate analysis. Father's education level (ORA = 1.45), maternal engagement with occupation (ORA = 4.18) and participant living with parents (ORA = 5.4) were identified as predictors of mental health awareness. Social media was reported as the most common source of awareness. The approach towards individuals with mental illness were helpful.Conclusions and recommendations:In conclusion, the study revealed that secondary school students had satisfactory awareness level regarding mental health and its impact. They exhibited positive attitude towards friendship with person having mental illness.