Temperature Stability Research Articles

Preparation and thermal conduction mechanism of highly thermally conductive PA6/Al2O3/GNP composites via dynamic reactive blending

AbstractHighly thermally conductive polyamide 6 (PA6)/aluminum oxide (Al2O3)/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) composites were fabricated through dynamic reactive blending. By utilizing the synergistic effect of low viscosity monomer and dynamic shear, uniform dispersion of Al2O3 and GNP in the PA6 matrix was achieved, forming efficient thermal conductive networks. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of fillers and good interfacial bonding characteristics. The results showed that when Al2O3 and GNP contents were 43 and 7 wt%, respectively, the thermal conductivity reached 2.71 W/m·K, representing a 984% enhancement over neat PA6 and a 45.7% improvement compared to melt‐blended composites. The P‐S theoretical model was employed to understand the underlying mechanism, showing good agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental results. LED heat dissipation tests demonstrated excellent thermal response characteristics and temperature stability of the composites in practical thermal management applications, indicating their promising potential in electronic cooling applications.Highlights Dynamic reactive blending was used to prepare thermal conductive composites. Low viscosity of monomer and dynamic shear promoted uniform dispersion of fillers. The composites showed thermal conductivity of 2.71 W/m·K, 984% higher than neat PA6. P‐S model showed enhanced parallel effect reduced interfacial thermal resistance. Composites demonstrated effective heat dissipation in LED thermal management tests.

Characteristics of the smallest brucellaphage with strong lytic ability

Brucellosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. posing significant threats to animal and human health. In this study, a novel lytic brucellaphage designated Y17 was isolated from sheep fecal samples collected in Ludian County, Yunnan Province, China. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Y17 was composed of an icosahedral head (48.1 ± 2 nm) and a short tail (10.8 ± 1 nm), making it the smallest brucellaphage described so far. The optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) for phage Y17 is 0.001, with a burst size of ~187 PFU/cell, the largest value reported for any brucellaphage, and it has a relatively short latent period. It exhibits broad pH and temperature stability, retaining activity even after 1 h of exposure to ultraviolet radiation and various ethanol concentrations. Y17 shows strong lytic activity against Brucella abortus and can also infect some Brucella melitensis strains. The Y17 genome spans 38,025 bp with a GC content of 48.2%, making it the smallest genome among brucellaphages to date. It lacks virulence, antibiotic resistance, or lysogenic genes, indicating its potential as a safe biocontrol agent. Whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis reveals high homology across all lytic brucellaphages, but Y17 exhibits relatively lower genome coverage compared to other lytic brucellaphages. Genomic collinearity comparison revealed that Y17 lacks some terminal fragments present in the genomes of other lytic brucellaphages. Furthermore, compared to brucellaphages with genomes larger than 40 kb, Y17 also lacks segments corresponding to ORF21 (amidase), ORF28 (hypothetical protein), and ORF29 (carbohydrate-binding protein). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Y17 is closely related to phages Iz, Bk2, S708, Wb, R/C, Pr, and Bk. Moreover, the capsid gene shows significantly higher conservation in comparison with the tail collar and amidase genes. This study significantly enriches the brucellaphage database and highlights the potential of Y17 as a biocontrol agent for managing brucellosis in endemic regions.

Robustness of ferromagentism in van der Waals magnet Fe3GeTe2 to hydrostatic pressure

Abstract Two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) holds a great potential for applications in spintronic devices, due to its high Curie temperature, easy tunability, and excellent structural stability in air. Theoretical studies have shown that pressure, as an external parameter, significantly affects its ferromagnetic properties. In this study, we have performed comprehensive high-pressure neutron powder diffraction (NPD) experiments on FGT up to 5 GPa, to investigate the evolution of its structural and magnetic properties with hydrostatic pressure. The NPD data clearly reveal the robustness of the ferromagnetism in FGT, despite of an apparent suppression by hydrostatic pressure. As the pressure increases from 0 to 5 GPa, the Curie temperature is found to decrease monotonically from 225(5) K to 175(5) K, together with a dramatically suppressed ordered moment of Fe, which is well supported by the first-principles calculations. Although no pressure-driven structural phase transition is observed up to 5 GPa, quantitative analysis on the changes of bond lengths and bond angles indicate a significant modification of the exchange interactions, which accounts for the pressure-induced suppression of the ferromagnetism in FGT.

Optimizing the thermostability of triketone dioxygenase for engineering tolerance to mesotrione herbicide in soybean and cotton

Optimized triketone dioxygenase (TDO) variants with enhanced temperature stability parameters were engineered to enable robust triketone tolerance in transgenic cotton and soybean crops. This herbicide tolerance trait, which can metabolize triketone herbicides such as mesotrione and tembotrione, could be useful for weed management systems and provide additional tools for farmers to control weeds. TDO has a low melting point (~39°C–40°C). We designed an optimization scheme using a hypothesis-based rational design to improve the temperature stability of TDO. Temperature stabilization resulted in enzymes with Kcat values less than half of wild-type TDO. The best variant TDO had a Kcat of 1.2 min−1 compared to wild-type TDO, which had a Kcat of 2.7 min−1. However Km values did not change much due to temperature stabilization. Recovery of the Kcat without losing heat stability was the focus of additional optimization. Multiple variants were found that had better heat stability in vitro and efficacies against mesotrione equaling the wild-type (WT) TDO in greenhouse and field tests.

Comprehensive Study of Highly efficient Rb2AgInX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) based Lead-Free Double Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract Lead-free Double Perovskite Solar Cells (DPSCs) have generated great study interest recently as a potential perovskite absorber layer, due to their cost-effectiveness, impressive stability, and superior performance. In this study, we investigated Rb2AgInX6(Cl, Br, I) based DPSCs using SCAPS-1D simulation software. Various properties, such as the density of states for conduction and valance bands, carrier concentration, and carrier mobility (electrons and holes), were calculated for simulation. Furthermore, we have optimized defect density, electron affinity, and thickness of absorber layers for Rb2AgInX6-based DPSCs. We investigated how DPSC parameters were impacted by operating temperature and then performed band gap tuning for Rb2AgInBr6-based DPSC along with their temperature stability. Tandem solar cells (TSC) have had an enormous influence on the field of photovoltaics (PV) because of their ability to effectively use a wider range of solar spectrum and reduce unwanted energy loss. In this context, we have also simulated Rb2AgInBr6/Rb2AgInI6 based an all double perovskite tandem solar cells and optimized the same for future experimental applications. The optimized PCE of 12.14 %, 26.49 %, and 13.95 % were obtained for Rb2AgInX6(X=Cl, Br, I respectively) based DPSCs. In comparison, the PCE of 38.70 % was obtained for tandem structure.

Using the Tissue Impulse Response Function to Streamline Fractionated MRgFUS-Induced Hyperthermia

Background/Objectives: Combining radiation therapy with mild hyperthermia, especially via magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), holds promise for enhancing tumor control and alleviating symptoms in cancer patients. However, current clinical applications of MRgFUS focus primarily on ablative treatments, and using MRI guidance for each radiation session increases treatment costs and logistical demands. This study aimed to test a streamlined workflow for repeated hyperthermia treatments that reduces the need for continuous MRI monitoring, using an approach based on impulse response function (Green’s function) to optimize acoustic power settings in advance. Methods: We implemented the Green’s function approach in a perfused, tissue-mimicking phantom, conducting 30 experiments to simulate hyperthermia delivery via MRgFUS. Pre-calculated acoustic power settings were applied to maintain a stable hyperthermia target without the need for real-time feedback control from MRI thermometry. Additionally, a retrospective analysis of patient thermometry data from MRgFUS sonications was performed to assess feasibility in clinical contexts. Results: Our experiments demonstrated consistent, stable hyperthermia (+7 °C) for 15 min across varying perfusion rates, outperforming conventional closed-loop MRI feedback methods in maintaining temperature stability. The retrospective analysis confirmed that this method is noise-robust and clinically applicable. Conclusions: This off-line approach to hyperthermia control could simplify the integration of MRgFUS hyperthermia in cancer treatment, reducing costs and logistical barriers. These findings suggest that our method may enable the broader adoption of hyperthermia in radiation therapy, supporting its role as a viable adjuvant treatment in oncology.

Giant energy storage density with ultrahigh efficiency in multilayer ceramic capacitors via interlaminar strain engineering

Dielectric capacitors with high energy storage performance are highly desired for advanced power electronic devices and systems. Even though strenuous efforts have been dedicated to closing the gap of energy storage density between the dielectric capacitors and the electrochemical capacitors/batteries, a single-minded pursuit of high energy density without a near-zero energy loss for ultrahigh energy efficiency as the grantee is in vain. Herein, for the purpose of decoupling the inherent conflicts between high polarization and low electric hysteresis (loss), and achieving high energy storage density and efficiency simultaneously in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), we propose an interlaminar strain engineering strategy to modulate the domain structure and manipulate the polarization behavior of the dielectric mediums. With a heterogeneous layered structure consisting of different antiferroelectric ceramics [(Pb0.9Ba0.04La0.04)(Zr0.65Sn0.3Ti0.05)O3/(Pb0.95Ba0.02La0.02)(Zr0.6Sn0.4)O3/(Pb0.92Ca0.06La0.02)(Zr0.6Sn0.4)0.995O3], our MLCC exhibits a giant recoverable energy density of 22.0 J cm−3 with an ultrahigh energy efficiency of 96.1%. Combined with the favorable temperature and frequency stabilities and the high antifatigue property, this work provides a strain engineering paradigm for designing MLCCs for high-power energy storage and conversion systems.

Use of aluminum nitride ceramic plates to ensure the temperature stability of measurement amplifiers

Analysis of recent research and publications. The outlined scientific issues are pre-sented from different angles in the works of many modern scholars. For example, the peculi-arities of the production of ceramic boards made of aluminum nitride and the possibilities of their use in various devices are presented in the articles of such researchers as J. Raueneker , G. Okada. Raucheneker, T. Konegger, H. Okada, K. Fukuda, S. Kasap, T. Yanagida, M. Signor, G. Reschio, C. DePasquale, V. Iacovacci, P. Dario, A. Leone, F. Quaranta, L. Francioso. The main dynamic physical and chemical properties, in particular, the thermal conduc-tivity parameters of crystal lines, thin (thick) films and ceramic boards of the AIN type, as well as the possibilities of their application in various fields of electronics production, are covered in the works of the following scientists: Y. Tuz, O. Kozyr, A. Porhun, Y. Chen, H. Song, D. Li, X. Sun, H. Jiang, G. Miao, Y. Zhou, Z. Cheng, Y. Ko, A. Mamun, T. Bai K. Hein L. Yates S. Graham, N. Kim, M. Yarali, M. Moradnya, M. Aqib, S. Liao, F. Al-Qatar M. Nong, J. Rhee, Y. Ko, Z. Cheng A. Mamun, Z. Liu T. Bai, K. Hussein, P. Hopkins, M. Neger, M. Herman, O. Fabrishna, D. Pavlyuchkov, H. Seifert, S. Pandit, M. Schneider, S. Berger, S. Schwartz, U. Schmid, H. Shi, W. Li, W. Kao, Y. Chuang, R. Lin, H. Lin, M. Shiojiri, M. Chen, M. Signor, L. Velardi, C. Depascali, I. Kuznetsova, L. Blasi, F. Biscaglia, F. Quaranta, L. Francioso, R. Xu, M. Rojo, S. Islam, A. Sud, B. Vareskic, A. Catre, N. Mingo, E. Pop. The aim of the study is to obtain temperature-stable nitride-aluminum ceramic boards that would ensure the temperature stability of measuring amplifiers Summary of the main material. The article presents the results of synthesis and manu-facturing technology of aluminum nitride ceramics. It has been established that the introduc-tion of various additives into the initial mixture increases the toxicity of gaseous emissions, complicates the work, and increases the cost of aluminum nitride. Large-sized parts (60×70×5 mm) with a thermal conductivity of 160 W/(m K) from a temperature-stable ce-ramic composite based on AlN were obtained by free sintering for use in the development of a broadband high-voltage amplifier. It is proved that the most effective removal of oxygen from the crystal lattice of aluminum nitride is achieved at an equivalent ratio of yttrium oxide in the amount of 5%. The effect of yttrium oxide additive on the thermal conductivity of a func-tional composite with a ceramic matrix based on aluminum nitride obtained by free sintering was studied. Conclusions. Based on the studies of the samples and the analysis of the data obtained, it can be argued that the effect of static error can be compensated for by using iterative cor-rection. To use iterative correction, the system must be stable and its parameters must not change over time. A rational method of parameter stabilization is proposed to ensure a com-mon and homogeneous temperature field that will affect all components equally by using highly thermally conductive materials.

Determining the optimal surface tracking area on the stereotactic mask in brain stereotactic radiosurgery using thermo-optical surface-guided radiotherapy.

Surface-guided radiotherapy (SGRT) using ExacTrac Dynamic (EXTD) combines the optical surface with "thermal" imaging. We investigated the relationship between surface temperature changes and position errors detected by EXTD and identified the optimal surface tracking area (STA) on a stereotactic mask for brain stereotactic radiosurgery. A phantom with a heat pad and a stereotactic mask over it was set up on the linac, and its surface was assigned to the STA. After powering on the heat pad, we investigated the change in the mask's surface temperature for a detected 1.0-mm position error. Subsequently, stereotactic masks were created for six volunteers. The temperatures of the forehead, nose, mouth, and cheek areas on the mask were measured using a thermography camera. We identified the temperature stabilization areas on the mask during the treatment. Position errors were detected to be 1.0mm when the surface temperature increased by approximately 0.5°C in the phantom study. Next, the average temperature stabilization time on the mask was 4.2, 3.7, 2.3 and 1.8min in the forehead, nose, mouth, and cheeks, respectively. The surface temperature of the mask stabilized after 4min in the nose, mouth, and cheeks, except for the forehead area. However, the mask temperature of the nose and mouth areas decreased with the breathing (>1.0°C) in five of the six volunteers. Assigning the STA to areas exhibiting temperature stability (<0.5°C) is crucial, and we recommend assigning the STA to the cheek area after fitting the stereotactic mask for 4min.

Machine learning assisted composition design of high-entropy Pb-free relaxors with giant energy-storage.

The high-entropy strategy has emerged as a prevalent approach to boost capacitive energy-storage performance of relaxors for advanced electrical and electronic systems. However, exploring high-performance high-entropy systems poses challenges due to the extensive compositional space. Herein, with the assistance of machine learning screening, we demonstrated a high energy-storage density of 20.7 J cm-3 with a high efficiency of 86% in a high-entropy Pb-free relaxor ceramic. A random forest regression model with key descriptors based on limited reported experimental data were developed to predict and screen the elements and chemical compositions of high-entropy systems. Following basic experiments, a (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-based high-entropy relaxor characterized by fine grains, weakly-coupled and small-sized polar clusters was identified. This resulted in a near-linear polarization behavior and an ultrahigh breakdownstrength of 95 kV mm-1. Further, this high-entropy realxor presented a high discharge energy density of 7.7 J cm-3 under discharge rate of about 27 ns, along with superior temperature and fatigue stability. Our results present the data-driven model for efficiently exploring high-performance high-entropy relaxors, demonstrating the potential of machine learning in developing relaxors.

Transforming sludge into energy: impact of blend percentage on energy recovery potential and environmental benefits of co-combustion of wastewater sludge and coal in Brazil.

Proper waste management and sustainable energy production are crucial for human development. For this purpose, this study evaluates the impact of blending percentage on energy recovery potential and environmental benefits of co-combustion of wastewater sludge and Brazilian low-rank coal. The sludge and coal were characterised in terms of their potential as fuel and co-combustion tests were carried out in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidised bed focused on the influence of the percentage of sludge mixture on the behaviour of co-combustion with coal in terms of flue gas composition and fluidised bed temperature stability. Sludge has a higher heating value (16.276MJ/kg) than coal (15.486MJ/kg) and a higher fuel ratio (8.48 vs. 0.21). The O2 and CO2 levels found in the co-combustion tests, together with a very low CO concentration, indicate good combustion. However, the NOx emission was considerable, varying from 825.2±94.5 to 1,320.5±33.8mg/m3 (O2ref=7%), pointing to the need for actions to reduce atmospheric pollution. Coal had higher ash content (52.64% vs. 25.00% d.b.). The temperatures in the bed region and in the combustion region showed similar behaviour for all the fuels. The addition of sewage sludge to mineral coal reduced the ash content without increasing the ash fusibility risk in the combustion temperature range evaluated. These findings suggest that sludge addition in co-combustion with coal offers promising results for both energy production and environmental sustainability.

Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets hybridized with lysine molecules for highly efficient near-infrared photothermal energy conversion

The paper reports a facile way for noncovalent functionalization of 1T-MoS2 with L-lysine (Lys) monolayers. The structure of the resultant hybrid compound was revealed by the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations study. A significant strength of the in-layer organic and organic-inorganic hydrogen bonding amounting to 24.6 and 29.9 kcal per mole of Lys, respectively, was found to hold the hydrated Lys molecules arranged in 2D chains and keep these chains tightly bound to the MoS2 sheets. The MoS2 hybridization with Lys significantly rises the upper temperature stability limit of 1T-MoS2 polymorph, which possesses the remarkable photothermal properties in near infra-red (NIR) region. The hybrid structure demonstrates excellent photothermal light-to-heat conversion efficiency reaching 49.5% upon 808 nm laser irradiation and higher thermal durability than unmodified 1T-MoS2.

Light emitters based on ZnSe

It has been found that hetero layers of typical β-ZnSe and atypical α-ZnSe modifications can be obtained by the isovalent substitution method. Isovalent impurities are formed which predetermine the formation of dominant radiation with a quantum yield of η = 12–15% in the short wavelength edge region. Low-temperature studies and λ-modulation techniques allowed us to identify the radiation components. This radiation is generated by interband recombination and exciton annihilation. The high temperature stability of the radiation was confirmed over temperature variations including 77, 300, and 480 K.

Identical Fe-N4 Sites with Different Reactivity: Elucidating the Effect of Support Curvature.

Detailed atomic-scale understanding is a crucial prerequisite for rational design of next-generation single-atom catalysts (SACs). However, the sub-ångström precision needed for systematic studies is challenging to achieve on common SACs. Here, we present a two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic system featuring Fe-N4 single-atom sites, where the metal-organic structure is modulated by 0.4 Å corrugation of an inert graphene/Ir(111) support. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory, we show that the support corrugation significantly affects the reactivity of the system, as the sites above the support "valleys" bind TCNQ (tetracyanoquinodimethane) significantly stronger than the sites above the "hills". The experimental temperature stability of TCNQ varies by more than 60 °C, while computations indicate more than 0.3 eV variation of TCNQ adsorption energy across the Fe-N4 sites placed atop different regions of the corrugated graphene unit cell. The origin of this effect is steric hindrance, which plays a role whenever large molecules interact with neighboring single-atom catalyst sites or when multiple reactants coadsorb on such sites. Our work demonstrates that such effects can be quantitatively studied using model SAC systems supported on chemically inert and physically corrugated supports.

Optimization of Erbium-Doped Fiber to Improve Temperature Stability and Efficiency of ASE Sources

The ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) light source, based on erbium-doped fiber (EDF), is a broadband light source with advantages such as high power, excellent temperature stability, and low coherent light generation. It is widely used in the field of fiber optic sensing. However, traditional ASE sources suffer from temperature sensitivity and low efficiency, which can compromise the accuracy and stability of the output light’s average wavelength. This study focuses on optimizing the erbium-doped fiber (EDF) to improve the temperature stability and efficiency of the ASE light source. Through simulations, we found that the appropriate doping concentration and length of the EDF are key factors in enhancing the stability and efficiency of the ASE source. Inorganic metal chloride vapor-phase doping combined with an improved chemical vapor deposition process was used to fabricate the erbium-doped fiber, ensuring low background loss, minimal OH− absorption, and uniform distribution of the erbium ions in the core of the fiber. The optimized EDFs were integrated into the ASE source, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 53.6% and a temperature stability of 0.118 ppm/°C within the temperature range of −50 °C to 70 °C. This study offers a practical approach for improving the performance of ASE light sources and advancing the development of high-precision fiber optic sensing technologies.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПРОЦЕССА ТЕПЛОВОЙ СТЕРИЛИЗАЦИИ ГЕТЕРОФАЗНОЙ ПИЩЕВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЯБЛОЧНОГО СОКА С МЯКОТЬЮ

The paper presents the results of a study of the influence of thermostating regimes of a heterophase food system on cumulative lethality and rheological properties. Heterophase system FS – apple juice with pulp (RSV content – 11 %). The choice of FS is due to the maximum approximation of its properties to the properties of real FS from heterophase raw materials. To test the sterilization modes, FS was packed in glass jars with a capacity of 190 ml. The thermocouple was placed along the central axis of the jar at a geometric height of 18 mm. FS heating was carried out in a water thermostat of the WCH-16 type under isothermal conditions with a temperature stabilization error of no more than ±0.1 °C and subsequent cooling in water. Thermostat temperature range is 75, 80, 85, 90 and 95 °C. The processed experimental data of studies of heterophase FS are distinguished by a large variability in the nature of heating at the initial stage, which lasts about 10 minutes. The resulting character of the accumulation of lethality F(τ) for the entire temperature range tst 75–95 °C on the graphs is similar and differs in the obtained values. The average lethality of the F cycle was 10.3–223.72 minutes. High variability of heating dynamics FS from t0 to t ≈ tst largely depends on pomological varieties and the region where apples are grown, the ratio of puree and juice with pulp and processing equipment (crushers, mashers, homogenizers). The results of studies of the rheological properties of heterophase FS showed that within the heating range from 30 to 60 °C, it has the properties of a non-Newtonian fluid – a medium with a pronounced nonlinear change in dynamic viscosity with increasing shear rate

Microfluidic-Enabled Self-Directed Hydrogel Microspheres for Multiplexed MicroRNA Assays.

Multiplexed microRNA (miRNA) detection has proven valuable in disease diagnosis; yet, the development of advanced tools for their analysis remains a subject of broad interest. Here, we propose a novel single-particle method for multiplexed miRNA detection using self-directed hydrogel microspheres, which feature supersegmented compartments for loading analyte probes and an air-encapsulated region that grants the microsphere a unique preferred posture in aqueous solutions. By exploiting microfluidic technology, we can widely adjust the size of the microspheres and the number of compartments can be widely adjusted. The air-encapsulated region is located at the edge of the microsphere's symmetry axis, resulting in a spontaneous orientation that facilitates efficient multitarget signal readout in a standard manner without requiring active energy input. The microspheres exhibit excellent temperature stability, ensuring consistent performance under varying thermal conditions. Additionally, signal amplification strategies, such as hybridization chain reaction, are compatible with microspheres, enabling sensitive miRNA quantification. As a concept of proof, precise miRNA detection was demonstrated using these features. We hope that the proposed biocompatible microsphere tools will find broader application prospects in various clinical diagnostic settings.

Isolation, characterization and liposome-loaded encapsulation of a novel virulent Salmonella phage vB-SeS-01

IntroductionSalmonella is a common foodborne pathogenic bacterium, displaying facultative intracellular parasitic behavior, which can help the escape against antibiotics treatment. Bacteriophages have the potential to control both intracellular and facultative intracellular bacteria and can be developed as antibiotic alternatives.MethodsThis study isolated and characterized vB-SeS-01, a novel Guernseyvirinae phage preying on Salmonella enterica, whose genome is closely related to those of phages SHWT1 and vB-SenS-EnJE1. Furthermore, nine phage-carrying liposome formulations were developed by film hydration method and via liposome extruder.Results and DiscussionPhage vB-SeS-01 displays strong lysis ability against 9 out of 24 tested S. enterica strains (including the pathogenic “Sendai” and “Enteritidis” serovars), high replicability with a burst size of 111 ± 15 PFU/ cell and a titre up to 2.1 × 1011 PFU/mL, and broad pH (4.0 ~ 13.0) and temperature (4 ~ 80°C) stabilities. Among the nine vB-SeS-01 liposome-carrying formulations, the one encapsulated with PC:Chol:T80:SA = 9:1:2:0.5 without sonication displayed the optimal features. This formulation carried up to 1011 PFU/mL, with an encapsulation rate of 80%, an average size of 172.8 nm, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.087. It remained stable at 4°C and 23°C for at least 21 days and at 37°C for 7 days. Both vB-SeS-01 and vB-SeS-01-loaded liposomes displayed intracellular antimicrobial effects and could reduce the transcription level of some tested intracellular inflammatory factors caused by the infected S. enterica sv. Sendai 16,226 and Enteritidis 50041CMCC.

Simulation Analysis of Temperature Field and Stress Field of Mass Concrete Under Different Construction Temperatures

In this study, the finite element analysis software MIDAS FEA NX was used to simulate and analyze the concrete, and the temperature regulation effect of phase change materials in concrete and its influence on crack resistance was discussed. A 1/8 concrete specimen model was constructed, and different ambient temperatures (5 °C to 35 °C) and concrete material parameters were set. Through simulation, it is found that phase change materials can effectively absorb environmental heat, maintain the temperature stability of concrete structures, and reduce the internal temperature peak. In addition, the addition of phase change materials can also reduce the temperature difference between the inside and outside of concrete, relieve the internal stress and improve the crack resistance of concrete. The results show that under different construction temperatures, the phase change concrete can quickly achieve the consistency of internal and external temperature and stress, reduce the cracking problem, and show good temperature regulation and crack resistance.

Erbium: key to simultaneously achieving superior temperature-stability and high magnetic properties in 2 : 17-type permanent magnets.

To address the demands of rapidly advancing precision instruments requiring higher efficiency and miniaturization, permanent magnets must exhibit exceptional energy density, temperature stability, high magnetic energy product [(BH)max], and adequate coercivity (Hcj). Herein, we design rare earth Er-based magnets (2 : 17-type Er-magnets) with a composition of (Er, Sm)(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)7.6. Erbium-based compounds (Er2Co17) offer a unique combination of temperature compensation and high saturation magnetization compared to other heavy rare earth elements, resulting in 2 : 17-type Er-magnets with superior temperature stability in Br and (BH)max. Partially substituting Sm reduces the energy barrier for the 2 : 17H-to-2 : 17R phase transition, promoting the development of a complete cellular structure and achieving enhanced coercivity. Notably, the optimal performance is obtained with Er constituting 60% of the total rare earth content, delivering a near-zero temperature-coefficient for Br and (BH)max within 20-150 °C while maintaining Br at 8.92 kG, Hcj at 29.83 kOe, and (BH)max at 18.5 MGOe. These 2 : 17-type Er-magnets provide valuable insights for developing permanent magnets with exceptional comprehensive properties.