Storage Stability Research Articles

A Comparative Review of Tocosomes, Liposomes, and Nanoliposomes as Potent and Novel Nanonutraceutical Delivery Systems for Health and Biomedical Applications.

Contemporary nutraceutical and biomedical sectors are witnessing fast progress in efficient product development due to the advancements in nanoscience and encapsulation technology. Nutraceuticals are generally defined as food substances, or a section thereof, that provide us with health benefits such as disease prevention and therapy. Nutraceutical and biomedical compounds as well as food supplements are a natural approach for attaining therapeutic outcomes with negligible or ideally no adverse effects. Nonetheless, these materials are susceptible to deterioration due to exposure to heat, oxygen, moisture, light, and unfavorable pH values. Tocosomes, or bilayered lyotropic vesicles, are an ideal encapsulation protocol for the food and nutraceutical industries. Biocompatibility, high entrapment capacity, storage stability, improved bioavailability, site specific delivery, and sustained-release characteristics are among the advantages of this nanocarrier. Similar to liposomal carriers and nanoliposomes, tocosomes are able to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds separately or simultaneously, offering synergistic bioactive delivery. This manuscript describes different aspects of tocosome in parallel to liposome and nanoliposome technologies pertaining to nutraceutical and nanonutraceutical applications. Different properties of these nanocarriers, such as their physicochemical characteristics, preparation approaches, targeting mechanisms, and their applications in the biomedical and nutraceutical industries, are also covered.

Enhancing emulsion, texture, rheological and sensory properties of plant-based meat analogs with green tea extracts

Plant-based meat analogs require improvements in taste and texture to better replicate traditional meat. L-theanine and tannin, abundant in green tea, influence food taste and physicochemical properties. This study evaluated the quality characteristics of green tea extract (GE)-supplemented plant-based patties (PP) and the mechanisms affecting taste and texture. Green tea was extracted with water (GWE) or 70 % ethanol (GEE). GEE contained higher tannin and lower L-theanine levels than GWE. Both GWE and GEE reduced protein deterioration and lipid oxidation in PP throughout the 28-day storage period. PP with 1.0 % GEE (PP-GEE1.0) showed improved emulsion stability and texture due to non-covalent interactions including hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonds, and increased β-sheet structures between tannin and pea protein. PP-GEE1.0 also had superior sensory characteristics due to an optimal balance of L-theanine and tannin. Overall, the incorporation of GE, particularly GEE significantly improved physicochemical properties, sensory quality, and storage stability of PP.

Recent Developments in Sustainable Bio‐Based Wax Nanoemulsions as Edible Coatings for Food Commodities: A Comprehensive Review

ABSTRACTWaxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are characterised by their hydrophobic nature. They are typically derived from long‐chain fatty acids and alcohols. Waxes serve various purposes in nature and industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Waxes find applications in diverse industries, including pharmaceuticals, food and textiles, for purposes such as coating, lubrication and insulation. The rising emphasis on sustainable and eco‐friendly approaches in the food sector has generated increasing attention towards the advancement of edible coatings for food products. Within this array of coatings, sustainable waxes have surfaced as a prospective approach to improve storage stability, safety and quality of diverse food items. Bio‐based wax nanoemulsions serve as effective nanocarriers in edible food coatings, enhancing their antimicrobial efficacy and preserving food quality. The incorporation of bio‐based nanoemulsion waxes as edible coatings signifies a substantial advancement towards establishing more environmentally sustainable and ecologically responsible systems of food packaging and preservation. The review examines recent advancements in the field of sustainable nanoemulsion waxes as edible coatings, focusing on their applications, formulation strategies and impact on food commodities. The review also discusses the influence of sustainable nanoemulsion wax coatings on the physicochemical properties of coated foods, including moisture barrier, gas permeability and mechanical strength.

Structure, Properties and Degradation of Self-Assembled Fibrinogen Nanofiber Scaffolds.

Self-assembled fibrinogen nanofibers are promising candidates for skin tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility and ability to mimic the native blood clot architecture. Here, we studied the structure-property relationship and degradation of rehydrated fibrinogen nanofibers prepared by salt-induced self-assembly, focusing on the effect of scaffold layering, cross-linking time and freeze-drying. Optimal fiber stability was achieved with cross-linking by formaldehyde (FA) vapor, while treatment with liquid aldehydes, genipin, EDC, and transglutaminase failed to preserve the nanofibrous architecture upon rehydration. Scaffold layering did not significantly influence the mechanical properties but changed the scaffold architecture, with bulk fiber scaffolds being more compact than layered scaffolds. Freeze-drying maintained the mechanical properties and interconnected pore network with average pore diameters around 20 μm, which will enhance the storage stability of self-assembled fibrinogen scaffolds. Varying cross-linking times altered the scaffold mechanics without affecting the swelling behavior, indicating that scaffold hydration can be controlled independently of the mechanical characteristics. Cross-linking times of 240 min increased scaffold stiffness and decreased elongation, while 30 min resulted in mechanical properties similar to native skin. Cross-linking for 120 min was found to reduce scaffold degradation by various enzymes in comparison to 60 min. Overall, after 35 days of incubation, plasmin and a combination of urokinase and plasminogen exhibited the strongest degradative effect, with nanofibers being more susceptible to enzymatic degradation than planar fibrinogen due to their higher specific surface area. Based on these results, self-assembled fibrinogen fiber scaffolds show great potential for future applications in soft tissue engineering that require controlled structure-function relationships and degradation characteristics.

Novel pH-Responsive Structural Rearrangement of Myristic Acid-Conjugated Quetiapine Nanosuspension for Enhanced Long-Acting Delivery Performance.

Quetiapine myristate (QM), an ester-bonded lipophilic prodrug of quetiapine (QTP), is synthesized and converted into an amphiphilic structure in acidic pH to trigger a novel self-assembled QM nanosuspension (QMN). Following injection, this QMN rearranges within physiological pH to form nanoaggregates in structure, resulting in enhanced physicochemical properties and in vivo therapeutic performance without an initial burst release. The 200-nm-sized QMN exhibits less invasive injection, higher drug content, and better storage stability profile than conventional poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanosuspensions containing QTP or QM. Following a single intramuscular injection to beagle dogs (35mg kg-1 QTP), QMN undergoes pH-responsive nanoaggregation to form the lipophilic prodrug, providing esterase-oriented sustained release for five weeks compared with the two-week period of PLGA nanosuspensions. Notably, QMN exhibits improved in vivo pharmacokinetic performance with long-acting delivery while minimizing issues associated with polymeric PLGA formulations, including the initial massive burst release, cellular toxicity, and adverse side effects. These results support the further development of QMN as a novel long-acting injectable to improve patient compliance and dosing frequency.

Comprehensive analysis of nutritional activity in Garcinia kola stem bark (Clusiaceae), Stone Breaker (Phyllanthus niruri) leaves and their blends: Implications for therapeutic applications

This study investigates the nutritional and mineral composition of Garcinia kola Stem Bark (Clusiaceae) and Stone Breaker (Phyllanthus niruri) leaves, processed through fermentation, blanching, and drying, to evaluate their potential health benefits. The samples were divided into three groups: Garcinia kola Stem Bark, Stone Breaker, and a 50 %:50 % mixture of both. The proximate analysis revealed significant variations. Moisture content ranged from 6.03 % to 7.38 %, with blanched Stone Breaker having the lowest and blanched Garcinia kola the highest, indicating differences in storage stability. Fermented samples showed higher ash content (up to 8.66 %), suggesting increased mineral availability due to microbial activity. Protein content was highest in fermented Stone Breaker (19.73 %), highlighting the benefits of fermentation in enhancing protein levels. Mineral analysis showed that blanched Stone Breaker had the highest potassium content (1872.8 mg/100 g), beneficial for cardiovascular health, while fermented samples had notable levels of calcium (402.2 mg/100 g) and magnesium (426.8 mg/100 g), supporting bone health and energy metabolism. Fermented Stone Breaker also emerged as the best overall sample due to its high protein content, higher ash content, and balanced moisture and fat levels, making it nutritionally rich and stable for storage. These findings emphasize the impact of processing methods on the nutritional and mineral profiles of herbal blends. Fermented Stone Breaker, in particular, offers a promising balance of essential nutrients for dietary enhancement and therapeutic health promotion.

Changes in volatile flavors during the fermentation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) juice and its storage stabilization

Flavor is a crucial indicators of the quality of fermented tomato juice; however, there has been limited research in this area. Herein, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to analyze the volatile metabolites at different stages during FTJ fermentation. 131 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified, with alcohols, acids, and esters as the main compounds. The content of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lycopene (LYC) had a positive correlation with methyl salicylate, ethyl acetate, and linalyl acetate. Subsequently, the storage stability of FTJ was evaluated at temperatures of 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C over a period of 45 d, revealing that the quality of FTJ decreased with increasing storage temperature. The shelf life of FTJ under different storage conditions was determined using SOD activity and LYC content as quality indicators. The final shelf life was 47 d at 37 °C, 69 d at 25 °C, and 123 d at 4 °C.

Recombinant Esterase (BaCEm) Immobilized on Polyethyleneimine-Impregnated Mesoporous Silica SBA-15 Exhibits Outstanding Catalytic Performance.

A recombinant esterase, BaCEm, derived from Bacillus aryabhattai and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, was successfully immobilized on polyethyleneimine-impregnated mesoporous silica SBA-15. This immobilization utilized glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. Optimal conditions were established with a PEI/SBA-15 ratio of 25% (w/w), a pH of 7.5, and a glutaraldehyde concentration of 0.5% (w/w), resulting in a loading capacity of 76.4mg/g, a recovery activity of 43.5%, and a specific activity of 7917 U/g for BaCEm. The immobilized BaCEm demonstrated high enantioselectivity, with an "E" value of 203.92, in the resolution assay of (R,S)-ethyl indoline-2-carboxylate. Notably, the immobilized enzyme, compared to its free counterpart, exhibited enhanced thermostability, maintaining 95.4% of its activity after 3h at 30°C. It also showed significant tolerance to organic solvents, retaining 48.4% and 28.7% residual activity in 10% v/v acetonitrile and acetone, respectively. Moreover, its storage stability was confirmed, with 68.5% residual activity preserved after 30days at 4°C. Remarkably, the immobilized BaCEm retained 58.1% of its activity after 10 reuse cycles, underscoring the potential of polyethyleneimine-impregnated mesoporous silica SBA-15 as an effective support for enzyme immobilization, promising for industrial applications.

Meat exudate metabolomics reveals the impact of freeze-thaw cycles on meat quality in pork loins

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of freeze-thaw (FT) cycles on meat quality, myofibrillar protein gelation and emulsification properties, and exudate metabolome changes in pork loins. Meat tenderness improved (P < 0.05), whereas water-holding capacity (WHC), meat color attributes declined (P < 0.05) with FT cycles. Multiple FT accelerated meat lipid and protein oxidations. Decreases in strength and WHC of myofibrillar protein gels with FT cycles were confirmed. Myofibrillar protein emulsions with more FT cycles showed a decrease in the emulsifying activity index (P < 0.001) and larger oil droplets, resulting in poorer storage stability. A total of 501 metabolites were tentatively identified in pork exudates, with 21 metabolites significantly correlated (P < 0.05 and r > 0.6) with meat quality attributes. These results demonstrated the potential of using the metabolomic information from exudates to elaborate on or even predict the FT cycles, or meat quality.

Multifunctional Scavenger Boosts Cathode Interfacial Stability with Reduced Water Footprint for Direct Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The burgeoning accumulation of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), a byproduct from the widespread adoption of portable electronics and electric vehicles, necessitates efficient recycling strategies. Direct recycling represents a promising strategy to maximize the value of LIB waste and minimize harmful environmental outcomes. However, current efforts to large-scale direct recycling face challenges stemming from heterophase residues (e.g., Li2CO3, LiOH) in the recycled products and uncontrolled interfacial instability, often requiring repeated washing that generates significant wastewater. Here, a refined direct recycling process is proposed to improve cathode interface stability by leveraging in situ reaction between surface residual lithium species and a weak inorganic acid to form a conformal Li+ conductive coating that stabilizes the regenerated Ni-rich cathodes with significantly reduced water footprint. The findings reveal that the conductive coating also prevents direct contact between contaminants and the cathode surface, thus improving the ambient storage stability. By eliminating the need for extensive washing, this intensified recycling process offers a more sustainable approach with the potential to transition from laboratory to industrial-scale applications, improving both product quality and environmental sustainability.

Improved viability of probiotics by co-encapsulation of wheat germ oil under storage and gastrointestinal conditions: Effects of drying methods and wall composition

To improve the viability of probiotics during food storage and gastrointestinal digestion, this study developed solid microcapsules co-loaded with probiotics and wheat germ oil using W1/O/W2 emulsion pre-encapsulation, followed by spray drying (SD), freeze drying (FD) and spray freeze drying (SFD), respectively. The effects of drying methods and wall materials on the microstructure, physicochemical properties, storage stability, and gastrointestinal tolerability were highlighted. Firstly, all samples showed high encapsulation efficiency for probiotics (86%–99.2%) and wheat germ oil (72%–85%), low moisture content (2.8%–5.3%) and hygroscopicity (6.3%–11.6%), and wall materials exhibited structural stability during the drying process. The results of viable cell counts indicated that SFD caused more damage to bacterial cells than the other two drying methods, as evidenced by the total death of encapsulated probiotics within 90 days. In contrast, SD and FD encapsulated probiotics remained at 8.8–9.9 log CFU/g after 150 days of storage at 4 °C and 25 °C. Furthermore, the viability of probiotics in the co-encapsulated and pectin-added microcapsules was significantly enhanced in storage stability and simulated gastrointestinal digestion tests. Based on the above results, it was suggested that the co-encapsulation strategy of combining the W1/O/W2 structure and SD or FD to prepare microencapsulated powders can obtain probiotic products with high activity and high stability. Meanwhile, composite wall material (whey protein isolate and pectin) could enhance probiotics' protective effect and colonic targeted release behavior. In conclusion, the current research provides a valuable reference for the application of probiotics and functional oils in the food industry.

Storage stability and safe storage life assessments of gradiently denitrated spherical gun propellants

As a new type of gun propellant, Gradiently denitrated spherical gun propellants (GDSP) demonstrate excellent progressive combustion performance and clean combustion performance. However, its unknown storage performance hinders its application, necessitating thorough research. In this study, three types of GDSP samples with different degrees of denitration were prepared using the denitration reaction principle and aging experiments were conducted at different temperatures. SEM and FT-IR characterization revealed changes in the surface microstructure of aged GDSP, while the shape and surface chemical functional groups remained largely unchanged. Oxygen bomb calorimetric method and DSC tests indicated that aging led to a slight decrease in the energy and apparent activation energy of GDSP, as well as a reduction in thermal decomposition stability. Closed vessel tests demonstrated that the maximum dynamic vivacity initially increased and then decreased with prolonged aging, but progressive combustion performance was maintained. Additionally, changes in stabilizer content during aging were assessed using HPLC, determining the safe storage life of GDSP with different degrees of denitration at 30 °C to be 41.9, 62.0 and 81.3 years, respectively. It was concluded that a higher degree of denitration correlates with a longer safe storage life of GDSP. The thermally accelerated aging mechanism of GDSP and the life extension mechanism of denitration treatment are also discussed detailly. These results demonstrate that GDSP possesses excellent storage stability and a long safe storage life, laying the foundation for its application.

Fabrication and characterization of oleic acid/sesame protein isolate/ poly (vinyl) alcohol core-shell nanofibers: Mitigating lipid oxidation by emulsion electrospinning

Formulated oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions of oleic acid (OA) using sesame protein isolate (SPI) were processed via emulsion electrospinning with poly (vinyl) alcohol (PVA) to fabricate core-shell nanofibers for lipid oxidation prevention. The emulsion droplet size and viscosity increased as the oil volume fraction rose from 5 % to 30 %. The morphology tests and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the uniformity of nanofibers and OA encapsulation with hydrogen bonding. The thermal stability, mechanical properties, and water contact angle (WCA) of the nanofiber films improved with increased OA content. Encapsulation efficiency was 94.76 % and storage stability was maintained for 7 days in 5 % oil fraction nanofibers. The nanofibers showed lower oxidation and superior oxidative resistance to free OA, with the lowest peroxide value (POV, 2.14 mmol/L) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS, 36.75 μmol/L). In conclusion, the OA/SPI/PVA (PE) core-shell nanofibers via emulsion electrospinning are efficient for fatty acid encapsulation in functional foods.

Microstructural analysis on the compatibility of various dilution oils on magnetorheological grease performance

This research explores the effects of dilution oils on the storage stability of magnetorheological grease (MRG) by studying the effect of dilution oil viscosity on the microstructure of carrier fluids medium for MRG, which can help address practical challenges encountered in the development and deployment of MRG. Three samples of MRG with 70 wt% CIP are prepared; a control, and 2 samples diluted until 10 wt% hydraulic fluid and kerosene respectively. The resulting samples were analysed using a modular compact rheometer (MCR) for oscillatory strain sweep and rotational current sweep. Rheological analyses were repeated after one year in storage. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) results show significant microstructural and performance deterioration of grease thickener in the sample with kerosene, which concludes that kerosene had a very significant effect on the degradation of the grease thickener. From this study, it was revealed that low viscosity oils disrupt the reconstruction of the thickener of lithium grease, which in turn causes deteriorating shear rheological performance of MRG at off-state conditions. This comprehensive analysis explains the relationships between MRG composition, microstructural characteristics, and performance parameters, offering a foundational framework for further exploration and advancement in this scientific field.

Strategy in Synthesizing Longer-Chain Levan-Type Fructooligosaccharides by Selective Dextran Macromolecular Cross-Linked Bacillus lehensis G1 Endolevanase Aggregate Immobilization

The formation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) using macromolecular cross-linkers improves substrate accessibility and enhances enzyme retention. However, there have been few studies exploring the use of macromolecular cross-linkers due to the challenges related to cross-linker screening. In compliance with our previous computational and experimental screening, dextran is the optimal macromolecular cross-linker to develop CLEAs of endolevanase from Bacillus lehensis G1 (rlevblg1-dex-CLEA) for levan-type-fructooligosaccharides (L-FOS) production. In this study, rlevblg1-dex-CLEAs was optimized, and the activity recovery continued to increase and reached 90.5%. Subsequently, the rlevblg1-dex-CLEAs were characterized and they displayed higher thermal stability after 1 h of incubation in comparison to the free enzyme. Moreover, the rlevblg1-dex-CLEAs were reusable for five cycles and exhibited greater storage stability over 180 days at 4 °C (60.9%) than that of free rlevblg1. In addition, the rlevblg1-dex-CLEAs demonstrated similar catalytic efficiency as the free enzyme and generated a substantial amount of L-FOS with a longer degree of polymerization, which is more beneficial for industrial use.

The use of orthogonal analytical approaches to profile lipid nanoparticle physicochemical attributes

Abstract Lipid nanoparticles have become a major disruptor within the drug delivery field of complex RNA molecules. The wide applicability of prototype nanomedicines have the potential to fill clinical requirements against current untreatable diseases. The uptake and implementation of analytical technologies to evaluate these prototype nanomedicines have not experienced similar growth rates hindering the translation of LNPs. Here, we evaluate a model RNA-LNP formulation with a selection of routine, and high-resolution orthogonal analytical techniques across studies on manufacturing process parameter impact and formulation stability evaluation under refrigerated and ultra-low temperatures. We analysed model cationic RNA complexed lipid nanoparticle formulation through process impact on formulation critical quality attributes, short term refrigerated stability evaluation, and frozen storage stability using zetasizer dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis. We also evaluated freeze/thaw induced stress on LNP formulation using high resolution field-flow fractionation. Statistical analysis and correlations between techniques were drawn to further enhance our understanding of LNP formulation design, and physiochemical attributes to facilitate LNP formulation clinical translation.

β-Cyclodextrin and APTES functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for improved lipase immobilization, transesterification efficiency, and reusability

This study focuses on the immobilization of Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) through physical adsorption, taking advantage of the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles for easy separation. Different types of nano-biocatalysts were prepared by immobilizing the lipase enzyme on bare iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4), APTES-functionalized iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4-APTES), and β-cyclodextrin-functionalized iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4-APTES-GA-β_CD). These nano-biocatalysts were employed in the transesterification process. The synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was achieved using the coprecipitation method, and the structural, magnetic, and morphological properties of the iron nanoparticles (MNPs) were characterized through FTIR, XRD, VSM, SEM, and TEM analyses. The presence of strong physical bonds, resulting from hydrophilic and hydrophobic adsorption between β-cyclodextrin and the enzyme, led to an increased loading amount from 27.37% to 44.89%. The nano-biocatalysts exhibited enhanced thermal and storage stability compared to free lipase. In transesterification reactions, ROL/Fe3O4-APTES-GA-β_CD exhibited the highest conversion percentage of 64.3% among the functionalized enzymes. Furthermore, the reusability study demonstrated that ROL/Fe3O4-APTES-GA-β_CD retained 40.9% of the initial conversion percentage after five cycles, displaying the highest reusability among all nano-biocatalysts in this study.

Effect of Low-Density Polyethylene and Crumb Rubber Blends with Different Ultraviolet Aging Degrees on the Storage Stability of Bitumen Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Effect of Low-Density Polyethylene and Crumb Rubber Blends with Different Ultraviolet Aging Degrees on the Storage Stability of Bitumen Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Preparation, Pharmacokinetics and Anti-Liver Injury Pharmacodynamic Study of Esculin Loaded Liposomes Modified by TPGS

In this study, Esculin (ES)-loaded liposomes modified with TPGS (ES-TPGS-Ls) were successfully prepared to enhance bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity of this coumarin glucoside. We utilize thin-film dispersion to fabricate ES-TPGS-Ls. The size, polydispersed index (PDI), Zeta potential (Z-potential), morphology, and encapsulation effectiveness of the liposomes were all evaluated afterwards. The storage stability of ES-TPGS-Ls at 4 °C was investigated. The findings showed that ES-TPGS-Ls had spherical nanoparticles with 194.47±8.54 nm as the mean size, 0.239±0.011 as PDI, and −21.16±0.97) mV as Z-potential coupled with encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 91.85±0.44%. Storage stability of liposomes at 4 °C was maintained within one week. Pharmacokinetic study showed that the relative oral bioavailability of ES-TPGS-Ls increased by 2.38 times. Pharmacodynamic studies showed that the developed liposomes could enhance the hepatoprotective activity of ES. Overall, the ES-TPGS-Ls significantly enhanced the bioavailability of esculin, thereby enhancing the in vivo hepatoprotective effect of ES.

Enhancement of catechin loaded in BSA-pullulan nanoparticles on the oxidation stability of pickering emulsion: Effect of concentration

Preventing and delaying the lipid rancidity especial O/W emulsion system is an important task in the food industry. Low solubility in aqueous/lipid phases and poor stability of catechins limited the antioxidant effect in O/W emulsion. To enhance the oxidative stability of O/W emulsions, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-pullulan (PUL) nanoparticles (BPNs) and catechins-loaded BPNs (BPCNs) were successfully fabricated via self-assembly in this paper. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of BPNs and BPCNs indicated that self-assembly of BSA and PUL to form nanoparticles and loading of catechins in BPNs are all maintained through non-covalent interactions. Particle size distribution, zeta-potential, structural characterization and interfacial properties of BPNs and BPCNs showed that catechins act as cross-linking “bridge” among BSA molecules, leading to an increase in the mean particle size, surface charges, interfacial properties, radical scavenging activity of BSA-PUL nanoparticles. Compared with BPNs, BPCNs can significantly enhance the storage stability and oxidative stability of Pickering emulsions. In conclusion, enhancement of BPCNs on oxidative stability of the Pickering emulsions not only because of the radical scavenging activity of the loaded catechins, but also attributed to the effect of catechin loading on the increased interfacial charge and balanced the amino acids distribution of BSA in the BPCNs. This study highlights the excellent properties of BSA-pullulan-catechin nanoparticles as novel emulsifiers with high antioxidant activity and potential applications in the food industry.