Squid Pen Research Articles

Chitooligosaccharides from squid pen prepared using different enzymes: characteristics and the effect on quality of surimi gel during refrigerated storage

Chitooligosaccharides (COS) from squid pen produced using amylase, lipase and pepsin were characterized. COS produced by 8% (w/w) lipase (COS-L) showed the maximum FRAP and ABTS radical scavenging activity than those prepared using other two enzymes. COS-L had the average molecular weight (MW) of 79 kDa, intrinsic viscosity of 0.41 dL/g and water solubility of 49%. DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities, FRAP and ORAC of COS-L were 5.68, 322.68, 5.66 and 42.20 μmol TE/g sample, respectively. Metal chelating activity was 2.58 μmol EE/g sample. For antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of COS-L against the targeted bacteria were in the range of 0.31–4.91 mg/mL and 0.62–4.91 mg/mL, respectively. Sardine surimi gel added with 1% (w/w) COS-L showed the lower PV, TBARS and microbial growth during 10 days of storage at 4 °C. COS-L from squid pen could inhibit lipid oxidation and extend the shelf-life of refrigerated sardine surimi gel.Graphical abstract

Development of Natural Facial Mask for Skincare from Local Materials

This research aims to develop a natural facial mask from local materials. The latter are natural materials which could be found locally. In this study, we have selected local materials such as silk fibroin, mulberry, and chitosan. Silk fibroin is active ingredient in the prototype because of its high antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the mulberry extract is antioxidant and antibacterial activity in the facial mask. In the meantime, chitosan could be extracted from local materials such as squid pen and shrimp shells. Chitosan was chosen to be material of the facial mask to nourish good mechanical properties of the mask’s structure. The research has developed the natural facial mask with the product design technique. Also, this study integrates consumer’s requirements and quality function deployment (QFD) to transform consumer’s needs into technical design specifications. The result show that the consumer’s requirements which obtain high score are certification standard, ability to release substances, and skin adhesion. Therefore, consumer’s preferences and technical specifications helped to achieve the prototype. The prototype was developed and evaluated according to consumer’s satisfactions. The result of consumer satisfactions is natural products and skin adhesion. Nevertheless, consumers suggest further improvement in term of color, odor, thickness, and durability of the product.

An Exochitinase with N-Acetyl-β-Glucosaminidase-Like Activity from Shrimp Head Conversion by Streptomyces speibonae and Its Application in Hydrolyzing β-Chitin Powder to Produce N-Acetyl-d-Glucosamine.

Marine chitinous byproducts possess significant applications in many fields. In this research, different kinds of fishery chitin-containing byproducts from shrimp (shrimp head powder (SHP) and demineralized shrimp shell powder), crab (demineralized crab shell powder), as well as squid (squid pen powder) were used to provide both carbon and nitrogen (C/N) nutrients for the production of an exochitinase via Streptomyces speibonae TKU048, a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from Taiwanese soils. S. speibonae TKU048 expressed the highest exochitinase productivity (45.668 U/mL) on 1.5% SHP-containing medium at 37 °C for 2 days. Molecular weight determination analysis basing on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the mass of TKU048 exochitinase was approximately 21 kDa. The characterized exochitinase expressed some interesting properties, for example acidic pH optima (pH 3 and pH 5–7) and a higher temperature optimum (60 °C). Furthermore, the main hydrolysis mechanism of TKU048 exochitinase was N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-like activity; its most suitable substrate was β-chitin powder. The hydrolysis experiment revealed that TKU048 exochitinase was efficient in the cleavage of β-chitin powder, thereby releasing N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc, monomer unit of chitin structure) as the major product with 0.335 mg/mL of GlcNAc concentration and a yield of 73.64% after 96 h of incubation time. Thus, TKU048 exochitinase may have potential in GlcNAc production due to its N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-like activity.

Sustainable ecofriendly phytoextract mediated one pot green recovery of chitosan

Chitin and chitosan are biopolymers that have diverse applications in medicine, agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment and textiles. With bio-origins, they easily blend with biological systems and show exemplified compatibility which is mandatory when it comes to biomedical research. Chitin and chitosan are ecofriendly, however the processes that are used to recover them aren’t ecofriendly. The focus of this work is to attempt an ecofriendly, sustainable phytomediated one pot recovery of chitosan from commercial chitin and from crab and shrimp shells and squid pen solid wastes. Graviola extracts have been employed, given the fact file that their active ingredients acetogenins actively interact with chitin in insects (resulting in its application as an insecticide). With that as the core idea, the graviola extracts were chosen for orchestrating chitin recovery and a possible chitin to chitosan transformation. The results confirm that graviola extracts did succeed in recovery of chitosan nanofibers from commercial chitin flakes and recovery of chitosan particles directly from solid marine wastes of crab, shrimp and squids. This is a first time report of a phyto-extract mediated novel chitosan synthesis method.

Conversion of Shrimp Head Waste for Production of a Thermotolerant, Detergent-Stable, Alkaline Protease by Paenibacillus sp.

Fishery processing by-products have been of great interest to researchers due to their beneficial applications in many fields. In this study, five types of marine by-products, including demineralized crab shell, demineralized shrimp shell, shrimp head, shrimp shell, and squid pen, provided sources of carbon and nitrogen nutrition by producing a protease from Paenibacillus sp. TKU047. Strain TKU047 demonstrated the highest protease productivity (2.98 U/mL) when cultured for two days on a medium containing 0.5% of shrimp head powder (SHP). The mass of TKU047 protease was determined to be 32 kDa (approximately). TKU047 protease displayed optimal activity at 70–80 °C and pH 9, with a pH range of stability from 6 to 11. TKU047 protease also showed stability in solutions containing surfactants and detergents. Based on its excellent properties, Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 protease may be a feasible candidate for inclusion in laundry detergents.

A comparative study of naturally and synthetically derived bioceramics for biomedical applications

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a bioactive material, similar to the mineral constituent of natural bone and teeth. Naturally derived HAp is currently used in various types of orthopedic and maxillofacial applications because of their osteoconductive properties and tissue responses. In recent years, the use of natural biogenic structures and materials for medical purpose has been motivated by limitations in producing synthetic materials. Our study mainly focused to synthesis of hydroxyapatite from biogenic waste (squid pens) material. Naturally derived HAp can develop a tight bond with bone tissue, which is stable towards bio resorption and has no adverse effects on the human body. For these reasons the scope of the present work is focused on the synthesis of HAp derived from biogenic waste for biomedical applications. Our results showed that biogenic HAp is non-toxic and improve the cell adhesion. All the as-synthesized sample were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX).

Characterization of squid pens extracted beta-chitosan coated magnetite nanoparticles

Characterization of squid pens extracted beta-chitosan coated magnetite nanoparticles

Effect of exfoliating agent on rheological behavior of β-chitin fibrils in aqueous suspensions and on mechanical properties of poly(acrylic acid)/β-chitin composites

Chitin whiskers are promising reinforcing filler for composites due to their mechanical properties, renewable nature and low cost. A new method for preparation of β-chitin fibrils from squid pens in ascorbic acid aqueous solutions (AscA) was developed. Stirring of the solution with 2 g/l AscA for 2 h disperses the swollen chitin to individualized fibrils with an aspect ratio > 250. The optimal conditions of β-chitin exfoliation in acrylic acid (AcrA) aqueous solution were found (0.75–2 g/l, 3–4 h). TEMPO-oxidized β-chitin fibrils were chosen as a reference sample for comparison of different methods. 0.1% chitin suspensions exfoliated in AscA and AcrA solutions show similar gel-like behavior with a storage modulus (G′) of 98 ± 23 and 34 ± 12 Pa, respectively, whereas G′ of 0.1% dispersion of the TEMPO-oxidized β-chitin fibrils was 0.015 ± 0.005 Pa only. Composites based on poly(acrylic acid) comprising 1–3 wt% of β-chitin fibrils were fabricated by polymerization filling. Mechanical properties of the composites were investigated in dry state in the temperature range of 25–250 °C and at controlled relative humidity in the range from 53.6% to 100%. It was revealed that the maximum reinforcing effect is achieved at high temperature (>120 °C) and high relative humidity (≥75.3%RH).

Antibacterial effect of chitosan from squid pens against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria

Chitosan, a polysaccharide derived from squid pens - the squid waste, is gaining considerable interests in biomedical engineering due to the biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and antibacterial activity. It is necessary to eradicate the bacteria from root canal in endodontic treatment, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis is one of the most prevalently found bacteria in root canals and its presence can cause endodontic treatment failure. This study was conducted to find the antibacterial effect of chitosan from squid pen against P. gingivalis at a certain concentration. Chitosan 1.5% (w/v) was diluted in several tubes. The lowest concentration with no bacterial growth was considered to have antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis. There was no bacterial growth in nutrient agar media at the concentration of 10.75%. Chitosan that was made from squid pens has antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis.

Reclamation of Fishery Processing Waste: A Mini-Review.

Seafood such as fish, shellfish, and squid are a unique source of nutrients. However, many marine processing byproducts, such as viscera, shells, heads, and bones, are discarded, even though they are rich sources of structurally diverse bioactive nitrogenous components. Based on emerging evidence of their potential health benefits, these components show significant promise as functional food ingredients. Fish waste components contain significant levels of high-quality protein, which represents a source for biofunctional peptide mining. The chitin contained in shrimp shells, crab shells, and squid pens may also be of value. The components produced by bioconversion are reported to have antioxidative, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and anticoagulant activities. This review provides an overview of the extraordinary potential of processing fish and chitin-containing seafood byproducts via chemical procedures, enzymatic and fermentation technologies, and chemical modifications, as well as their applications.

Effect of chitooligosaccharide from squid pen on gel properties of sardine surimi gel and its stability during refrigerated storage

SummaryEffect of chitooligosaccharide from squid pen prepared using lipase (COS‐L) at various concentrations (0–30 g kg−1) on gel properties of sardine surimi gel was investigated. Breaking force (BF) and deformation (DF) of gel were increased, when COS‐L level was increased up to 10 g kg−1 (P < 0.05). Water holding capacity and whiteness of gel were improved with the addition of COS‐L than those of control. Gel added with 10 g kg−1 COS‐L had denser network with higher likeness score for all sensory attributes, compared to control. When gel incorporated with 10 g kg−1 COS‐L was stored at 4 °C, BF, DF and whiteness were maintained during 10 days of storage. Textural properties of surimi gel added with COS‐L were higher than those of control throughout storage. Thus, incorporation of 10 g kg−1 COS‐L could improve gel properties of sardine surimi gel and retarded the deterioration of gel properties during refrigerated storage.

Enhancing Saltiness Perception Using Chitin Nanomaterials.

In the present study, we prepared and characterized chitin nanomaterials with different diameters, lengths, and degree of deacetylation (DD), and investigated their capability for enhancing saltiness perception. Chitin was isolated from squid pens and transformed into chitin nanofiber (CNF), deacetylated chitin nanofiber (DACNF), and chitin nanocrystal (CNC) by ultrasonication, alkali treatment followed by ultrasonication and acid hydrolysis, respectively. The diameters of CNF, CNC and DACNF were 17.24 nm, 16.05 nm and 15.01 nm while the lengths were 1725.05 nm, 116.91 nm, and 1806.60 nm, respectively. The aspect ratios of CNF and DACNF were much higher than that of CNC. The crystalline indices of CNF and CNC were lower than that of original β-chitin, suggesting that ultrasonication and acid hydrolysis might change the molecular arrangement in crystalline region of chitin. The zeta-potentials were between 19.73 nV and 30.08 mV of chitin nanomaterials in distilled water. Concentrations of chitin nanomaterials (40–74 μg/mL) showed minimal effect on zeta-potential, whereas increasing the level of NaCl reduced the zeta-potential of solution. Moreover, NaCl solution (0.3%) with chitin nanomaterials addition produced significant higher saltiness perception than that of solution with NaCl alone. Therefore, chitin nanomaterials may be promising saltiness enhancers in the food industry.

β-Chitin nanofiber hydrogel as a scaffold to in situ fabricate monodispersed ultra-small silver nanoparticles

β-chitin nanofibers (β-ChNFs) were efficiently prepared from squid pens by a combination of ball milling and ultrasonic techniques. The gellation of the β-ChNFs dispersion was achieved through a dialysis neutralization process, and hydrogels, even at 0.2% solid content, had high stiffness, as indicated by the dynamic viscoelasticity measurements. The β-ChNFs hydrogels were used as scaffolds to fabricate ultra-small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by in situ ultraviolet (UV) photo-reduction. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission energy microscopy (HAADF-STEM) analysis showed that 4 nm monodispersed AgNPs were produced in the hydrogel framework, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis revealed the strong interaction between AgNPs and the chitin nanofiber matrix. Furthermore, biological evaluation showed no cytotoxicity and excellent bactericidal activity of the silver nanoparticle-impregnated β-chitin nanofiber hydrogels, thus suggesting that they are promising materials to heal refractory wounds.

Water-soluble chitosan preparation from marine sources

Water-soluble chitosan (WSC) has been derived from different marine sources such as squid pen, shrimp, mussel, and crab shells. Chitosan was obtained by deacetylation of chitin. Degradation of chitosan by hydrogen peroxide would produce WSC. Demineralization process was optimized by varying incubation time and temperature to minimize the mineral content in chitin. WSC that obtained was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to calculate the deacetylation degree. Deacetylation degree of WSC was also studied by titrimetric method. The ash content of chitin from marine sources was measured to obtain the optimum demineralization incubation time. The optimum incubation time for demineralization process was 12 hours and stirred at 50 rpm. Recovery and deacetylation degree of WSC were found to be varied and depended on the source of WSC. Each sample of WSC from shrimp shell, mussel shell, squid pen and crab shell has the degree of deacetylation of 64.18%, 35.03%, 58.04% and 53.91% respectively. The presence of amine group was confirmed from FTIR spectra ofsynthesized WSC.

Synthesis of water-soluble chitosan from squid pens waste as raw material for capsule shell: temperature deacetylation and reaction time

Water-Soluble Chitosan (WSC) was synthesized from squid pens waste by optimization temperature and time of deacetylation process from chitin to become chitosan. Chitin isolated from squid pens waste had been recovered using demineralization and deproteinization methods. HCl 7% was used for demineralization process and NaOH 10% at 60°C was used for deproteinization process. Deacetylation process has been made by NaOH 50% solution for 10 hours on temperature variation 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100°C. Afterwards for time variation on 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hour using the optimized temperature. WSC has been synthesized by shortening polymer chain of chitosan using H2O2 30%. The synthesis result was then characterized by FTIR. The result of squid chitin yield showed at 33.9%. The optimum temperature and time of chitosan deacetylation occurred at 90°C for 8 hours as indicated by the value degree of deacetylation (DD) in equal to 83.94% and 82.22%. The percentage of WSC yield at an optimized temperature (90°C) was 27.59 % and at optimized time (8 hours) was 23,16%. WSC solubility test has been done in water and HCl 0,1 N. In addition, optimum chitosan products were insoluble on water and HCl 0,1 N.

Anti-α-Glucosidase Activity by a Protease from Bacillus licheniformis.

Anti-α-glucosidase (AAG) compounds have received great attention due to their potential use in treating diabetes. In this study, Bacillus licheniformis TKU004, an isolated bacterial strain from Taiwanese soil, produced AAG activity in the culture supernatant when squid pens were used as the sole carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source. The protein TKU004P, which was isolated from B. licheniformis TKU004, showed stronger AAG activity than acarbose, a commercial anti-diabetic drug (IC50 = 0.1 mg/mL and 2.02 mg/mL, respectively). The molecular weight of TKU004P, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), was 29 kDa. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that TKU004P may be a protease that demonstrates AAG activity by degrading yeast α-glucosidase. Among the four chitinous sources of C/N, TKU004P produced the highest AAG activity in the culture supernatant when shrimp head powder was used as the sole source (470.66 U/mL). For comparison, 16 proteases, were investigated for AAG activity but TKU004P produced the highest levels. Overall, the findings suggest that TKU004P could have applications in the biochemical and medicinal fields thanks to its ability to control the activity of α-glucosidase.

Ultrafine and carboxylated β-chitin nanofibers prepared from squid pen and its transparent hydrogels

TEMPO-mediated oxidation has been successfully used to prepare carboxylated chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) with purified chitins originating from the outer shells of crab and shrimp (α-form) or tubeworm (β-form). However, the method for obtaining carboxylated ChNFs with squid pen chitin (hydrated β-form) has not been developed yet. It might be due to the existence of the small amount of partial deacetylation (DD ≈ 9%) in the squid pen β-chitins. Herein, ultrafine (2–4 nm in width and several micrometers in length) and carboxylated β-ChNFs were fabricated directly from the squid pen with simultaneously removing of protein, CaCO3 and other non-chitin components by one-step oxidation procedure using ammonium persulfate (APS) and followed ultrasonic disintegration under acid conditions. When 45 wt% APS was used to react with squid pen, the carboxylate content of ChNFs reaches 0.802 mmol/g. Therefore, the β-ChNFs with anionically charged groups (COO−) can be dispersed stably in aqueous solution under basic conditions. Meanwhile, thus-obtained β-ChNFs aqueous solution even with very low concentration (0.8%) can be transformed to transparent, robust and moldable hydrogels by gas coagulation of acetic acid.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Chitosan from Squid Pen: Molecular Characterization and Fat Binding Capacity.

Chitosan from squid (Loligo formosana) pens were prepared and characterized. First, ultrasonication condition was optimized for deproteinization of squid pens using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Squid pens were ultrasonicated at amplitude 69% for 41.46 min at the solid/solvent ratio of 1:18 yielded 34% (w/w) chitin with the lowest remaining protein. Therefore, ultrasonication effectively reduced the extraction time for chitin production from squid pens as compared to traditional method (5 hr). When the resultant chitin was subjected to deacetylation at different temperatures and times, yield and degree of deacetylation (DDA) of chitosan were in the range of 50% to 65% (w/w) and 78% to 90%. Intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight (MW) of chitosan were in the range of 3.2 to 6.52 dL/g and 1.2 × 105 to 3.2 × 105 Da, respectively. All the chitosans with different DDA were able to bind oil droplets under the mimicked pH condition of gastrointestinal tract. Chitosan produced by deacetylation at 130 °C for 2 hr (CH130-2) showed the optimum yield (54%) and had medium MW (1.5 × 105 Da). DDA of CH130-2 determined using 1 H-NMR was 89%, which was similar to that (87%) obtained from FTIR. XRD results showed destruction of chitin structure and decreased crystallinity index from 55% to 27% after deacetylation. CH130-2 stabilized the emulsion under the simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Therefore, it could be used as dietary fiber to control the adsorption of fat/oil in the human digestive tract. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Chitin and chitosan are marketable products manufactured from crustacean shells. However, extraction of chitin is time consuming. Ultrasonication has been used for extraction of various biomolecules from different sources. It effectively lowers the processing time and enhances extraction yield. Therefore, application of ultrasonication with optimized condition using RSM could reduce extraction time and enhance yield of chitin from squid pen. Chitin from squid pen could be further converted to chitosan with high DDA. Chitosan was able to act as a dietary fiber and reduce fat absorption in gastrointestinal tract. Thus, this information is of benefit for squid processing industry to exploit squid pen, a processing byproduct.

Influence of the process parameters on β-chitin and α-chitin extraction: probing about the grinding and particles size

Abstract Chitin occurs in biomass as two main polymorphs, named as β- and α-chitin, which differ on their arrangements on the solid state. The control of chitin physical-chemistry properties by adjustments in their extraction process is an important key to improve its applications and derivatization reactions. Thus, the influences of the extraction parameters process on the β and α-chitin characteristics were studied. Squid pens (Loligo sp.) and shrimp shells (Macrobrachium r.), were used as raw material for β-chitin and α-chitin extraction, respectively. The obtained chitin, regardless polymorphs, was subjected to grinding in a knives mill, sieved and classified in different fractions according to the particles size. The fractions were characterized according to the degree of N-acetylation (DA), viscosimetric molecular weight (Mv), crystallinity, morphology and thermal stability. According to the scanning electron microscopy β-chitin particles present a fiber-like characteristic while α-chitin exhibit a flake-like shape. The procedure of grinding affected the DA and Mv of α-chitin (63%

Synthesis of Water-Soluble Chitosan from Squid Pens Waste for Capsule Shell Materials

Water-Soluble Chitosan (WSC) has been sucessfuly synthesized from squid pens waste. The synthesis of chitosan from chitin was carried out by optimization of deacetylation temperature and time. Chitin was obtained from squid p... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press