Water Sprinkling Research Articles

Influence of Firefighting Intervention on Fire Spread Characteristics in Ship Engine Room

The purpose of this paper is to investigate and evaluate the ship engine room fire spreading characteristics based on the effect of firefighting interventions. The large eddy simulation (LES) and theoretical models are employed to simulate a fire scene in the engine room. The fire spreading characteristics and the mechanism of the use of a fine water mist are obtained by varying the ventilation conditions and parameters of the water sprinkler. The results show that the reason why a pool fire can be more easily extinguished as the spray speed increases is because the water mist with a higher spray speed has a larger spray area. Meanwhile, the temperature in the engine room would drop more rapidly with the increasing spray area due to the higher evaporation rate. Furthermore, the arrangement of the ventilation conditions had an obvious effect on the fire spreading characteristics, as the depletion of the combustion medium affects the combustion situation.

Effect of Initial Water Sprinkling Curing on Strength Development of Precast Concrete

In general, steam curing is applied to improve the productivity of precast concrete products. After steam curing, products are stored outdoors for secondary curing before shipment. However, drying shrinkage and microcrack expansion that occurs during steam curing may impede strength enhancement. On the other hand, water curing is also clearly effective as a secondary curing process. However, installing a water curing pool in a precast concrete plant is not easy due to limited space. Therefore, this study focused on water sprinkling curing, which is relatively easy to perform without such restrictions. In this study, the effects of water sprinkling curing on the physical properties of mortar at the initial age of steam curing were investigated from the aspects of materials, mix proportions, curing conditions, and test piece dimensions. The results showed that water sprinkling curing increased the compressive strength by about 10% compared to curing under air. The effect of water sprinkling curing increased as the specific surface area of the test piece increased.

Basic Study on the Effect of Water Sprinkling Curing Immediately after Demolding on the Initial Strength of Steam Cured Mortars

Steam curing is generally applied to improve productivity of precast concrete products. After steam curing, the products are stored outdoors as a secondary curing process until shipment. However, drying shrinkage and expansion of microcracks that occur during steam curing may inhibit strength improvement. On the other hand, water curing is also clearly effective as a secondary curing process. However, installing a water curing pool in a precast concrete plant is not easy due to limited space. Therefore, we focused on water sprinkling curing, which is relatively easy to perform without such restrictions. In this study, the effects of water sprinkling curing on the physical properties of mortar at the early age of steam curing were studied from the aspects of materials, mix proportions, curing conditions, and temperature of water used for sprinkling curing. As a result, it was confirmed that water sprinkling curing at an early age after demolding resulted in a rapid decrease in the temperature of the mortar surface layer. However, it was confirmed that the same conditions were effective in increasing compressive strength.

A SMART FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM USING GSM TECHNOLOGY WITH AUTOMATIC WATER SPRINKLER

Fire is one of mankind’s greatest discoveries but can also be a great source of danger in accidents. Fire in any occupancy has the potential to cause harm to its occupants and severe damage to the property. As a solution a smart fire detection system is designed using GSM technology, smoke/Flame sensors, and Arduino technology, water sprinkler system, LCD display, buzzer,. A smoke sensor is used to detect the smoke from the fire and Flame sensor. In a event of a The microcontroller is used to process the sensor circuitry input, and also used to turn on the LCD, exhaust fan, water pump motor and the main supply switch will be switched off (switch open). It turns on the GSM modem after that, it continues to send SMS to mobile number for alerting danger to the people. This system helps users to respond immediately to the situation and so improve their safety by protecting their lives and the properties from fire hazards. Key Words: : Fire Safety, water Sprinklers system, Exhaust fan, GSM, Arduino uno, low cost.

Study on the irrigation uniformity of impact sprinkler under low pressure with and without aeration

The distribution of water deteriorates when the operating pressure of an impact sprinkler (IS) decreases to some level. The aeration jet method is utilized to form an aeration impact sprinkler (AIS), aiming to improve the uniformity of water distribution under low pressure. Based on the structures of a 20PY2 impact sprinkler, an IS and AIS with the same sprinkler discharge were studied under operating pressures range between 150 and 250 kPa. A square test zone was formed by the four sprinklers, and the combined irrigation experiment was conducted under windless conditions. The results showed that the water loss ranged from 3% to 9.5% in all 18 test schemes. The coefficient of uniformity (CU) and distribution uniformity (DU) were used to quantify the degree of uniformity. The AIS had an approximately 3%–7% greater CU than the IS, which resulted in the CU reaching the specified value in the IS standard when the sprinkler functioned under low operating pressure. A linear relationship was found between the CU and DUlq. The uniformity of water distribution clearly changed with the operating pressure (150 kPa, 200 kPa, and 250 kPa) but decreased slightly with the increase in combination spacing (1 R, 1.1 R, and 1.2 R). In addition, the results of field experiment were compared with those of the simulation developed from a single sprinkler indoor experiment based on the water distribution radial curve. The simulated coefficient of uniformity was highly consistent with the experimental data and had an error of <7%. A sprinkler water jet with the aeration method was proven to be a feasible solution to reduce the operating pressure.

Analyzing the pressure and thermal efficiency of chemically synthesized nanofluids for computer cooling methods

To maintain ideal working conditions by removing heat, a particular technique must be applied. This research examines how nanofluids affect computer cooling microchannel heating devices. The experiment's working fluids are 25% Therminol-55 and 75% sprinkling water. The mixture contains silicon carbide (SiC), titanium oxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. It includes 0.25% to 1.5% nanoparticles and flows at 0.025 to 0.080 kg/s at 25°C to 40°C. Central processing unit temperature, heat transfer rate, pressure losses, and pumping power have been examined. SiC-THERMINOL/SPRINKLING WATER at 1.5% concentration and 0.080 kg/s had a 9% lower temperature and 31% larger heat transfer coefficient than the base fluid. SiC-TL/SW has the highest pressure decrease and pumping force power compared to TiO2-TL/SW. Because nanofluid beats basic fluid in computer cooling, a little increase in pumping force power and pressure reduction may be tolerated.

Design of an intelligent bean cultivation approach using computer vision, IoT and spatio-temporal deep learning structures

Crop health monitoring and weed removal are two crucial elements dictating efficient, productive and resilient cultivation. Due to frequent attacks by pest and pathogens, the crops become diseased resulting in degradation of the quality and quantity of the production. The process of continuous monitoring of crop health is challenging and requires the involvement of information and communication technologies (ICT). The outcome is precision agriculture where the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are vital ingredients. The design of an integrated approach of precision agriculture based on IoT and AI is discussed here which is tailored for real time crop health monitoring and performs various other operations like weed detection, ambient air sensing, watering the vegetation automatically at regular intervals of time, spraying of pesticides etc. The proposed system is a combination of an IoT formed using sensors and devices, image processing and machine learning (ML)/ deep learning (DL) techniques confined to the cultivation of fifteen varieties of beans found in India. The work involves two intelligent learning models configured to capture spatio-temporal attributes of image samples and sensor inputs and for real time discrimination between healthy and diseased bean leaves, detection of weeds growing around the cultivation land and also for process control. The first approach employs a DL structure named EfficientNetB7 along with a Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) while the second method adopts a VGG16 with an integrated attention mechanism. Also experiments have been carried out using benchmark ML classifiers like Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Time Delay Neural Network (TDNN) combined with feature extraction techniques. Segmentation methods have been used to separate out the diseased sections of the leaves which are then used as apriori labels for the classifiers to reinforce the previously known details of the bean varieties. Subsequently, the trained networks are tested with bean leaf samples collected from cultivation farms. Results show that our proposed DL models could accurately predict the health state of the bean leaves with less computation time. With an automated approach of bean leaf health discrimination, weed detection and process control, the cost effectiveness of the overall effort is enhanced. Further, the sensor pack also provides precise thresholds at which water sprinkling could be initiated resulting in water conservation.

FIRE FIGHTING ROBOT

— The Project is designed to develop a Low-Cost firefighting Robot using Bluetooth technology for remote operation. Bluetooth HC-05 module is used for this purpose. The robotic vehicle is loaded with water tanker and a pump which is controlled over wireless communication to sprinkle water. At the transmitting end using push Bluetooth app, commands are sent to the receiver to control the movement of the robot either to move forward, backward and left or right etc. At the receiving end four motors are interfaced to the micro controller where two of them are used for the movement of the vehicle. A water tank along with water pump is mounted on the robot body. The whole operation is controlled by an ATMEGA328 series micro-controller. A motor driver IC, L293D is interfaced to the microcontroller through which the controller drives the motors. We are using ESP32 MCU and camera module to process the real time video transmission. The transmitted video can we streaming on IP network.

Sustainability of Water Sprinkling Effect of Water-Retaining Ceramic Block

In recent years, heat management by a temperature reduction effect, such as a water sprinkling effect, is strongly desired because of suppression of global warming. In this study, in order to evaluate the sustainability of the water sprinkling effect of pavement blocks, we attempted to clarify the evaporation performance from the inside of the blocks by the viewpoint of wettability. Specifically, the wettabilities were analyzed by measurement of static and dynamic contact angles and of the pavement blocks with different surface porous spaces. Water evaporation properties were measured from the fully water-containing block. As a result of sustainability of water evaporation, the ceramic block, which has a small porous space and a slow water absorption rate, was capable of transport water from the wetting sand to the inside, and had the ability to transport the inside water to the evaporation surface. In order to maintain the water sprinkling effect of the paving block, the water diffusion behavior for maintaining the sustainability of water evaporation on the surface layer is important, and the water inside the block is diffused to the surface. It was found from these results that it is necessary to absorb moisture from the external environment on the block surface.

Enhancement of the Performance and Accuracy of Soil Moisture Data Transmission in IOT

The need for soil moisture data transmission in IoT is growing thus there is a need to improve the accuracy and performance of such IoT systems. The focus of this research is on soil moisture that is detected by IoT sensors. IoT sensor data is collected and transmitted to the farmer or user. Using deep learning, actuators can take be trained to take remedial action in case of need, such as the sprinkling of water in the agricultural environment. The main focus of research is to measure data and enhance accuracy and performance. Sensors are used to monitor and record every aspect of the environment in their respective settings. The most commonly utilized sensors include proximity sensors, temperature sensors, smoke sensors, etc. Since human population, industry, and energy consumption are all expected to rise in the next decades, environmental monitoring tools and applications must be upgraded to be more accurate and efficient. The detection and measurement of soil moisture is the initial step for smart agriculture. With the use of agricultural control centers, farmers may identify crops in need of treatment and figure out the best quantity of water, fertilizer, and pesticides to administer based on sensor data and imagery input. For farmers, this ensures the soil gets the proper quantity of chemicals for optimal health, while also cutting expenses and minimizing environmental effects, all while reducing waste. The objective of the research work is to improve the accuracy and performance when soil moisture data is transmitted over IoT devices.

Evaluating the properties of compressed soil earth blocks after the addition of bagasse ash, marble powder and paddy straw

Constructing structures and their establishments with the help of non-toxic and ecological materials that reduce the environmental damages caused in the process and help protect nature can be termed sustainable construction. Red burnt clay bricks are being used for the construction which requires a lot of energy in the process. For the preparation of these bricks, cement is used as a stabilizer and we all are aware that the production of cement releases a lot of energy. Red burnt clay bricks are burnt in kilns which pollutes the environment. Many countries have started using compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) to overcome these situations. CSBEs are the blocks consisting of clay and one or more stabilizers which are compressed together with the help of a manual press or machines. This study used waste materials like rice straw, marble dust, and bagasse ash as stabilizers. Using waste materials in CSEBs can help us in sustainable development and also will help in reducing the cost of construction. In this study, rice straw is used in the percentages 0.75%, 0.90%, and 1.05%. Marble dust is used in the percentages of 8%, 10%, and 12%. And bagasse ash is used in the percentages of 27%, 32%, and 37%. A total of 27 combinations were selected with these percentages. And for each test, 2 blocks of size 220mm x 100mm x 100mm and beams of size 500mm x 100mm x 100mm were prepared. These blocks were cured by the sprinkling of water for 28 days. Various tests like OMC & MDD, and Flexural Strength were performed in this study.

Spring Calendar Rituals of the Medieval Ukrainians in Comparative Context

The article deals with the manifestations of the phenomena of substratum origin in Ukrainian culture, which appeared as a result of the interaction of the Slavic ancestors of the Ukrainians with the Iranian-speaking nomads of the steppe. Thanks to it, the Ukrainians have a lot in common in their spiritual and material culture with the Ossetians, who are the direct descendants of the Sarmatians and Alans, as well as with the Persians, Tajiks, Kurds, and Pamirs. In particular, closeness can be traced in the spring calendar rituals. Ukrainian customs of the Velykden holiday, identified with Easter under Christianity, have a lot in common with the celebration of Nowruz holiday, which is the key for the Iranian world. This is especially evident when the data on medieval Ukrainian rituals is included. The French engineer and cartographer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan in his famous Description of Ukraine (1650) recorded the archaic moments of the Easter celebration. They relate to the obligatory exchange of colored and painted eggs for the holiday, as well as the ritual sprinkling of water on the Pouring Monday after Easter. The calendar rites and customs of the Ukrainians described by Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan find exact correspondences in the New Year rituals of Iran recorded by the Europeans. The French jeweler Jean Chardin in 1686 and the Dutch artist and traveler Cornelis de Bruyn in 1704 recorded the Persian custom of giving painted or gilded eggs on Novruz, which was connected with ancient Iranian ideas about the egg as the root cause of all living things, and the Venetian Pietro della Valle, during his stay in Iran in 1617-1627, had the opportunity to observe the rite of pouring water on a special holiday after Nowruz. The Persians, Tajiks, Vakhans, Ishkashims, Shugnans, Kurds, and Ossetians followed these customs and rites, which have parallels with Ukrainian ones, in later times. The Ukrainian folklore image of the lord of evil chained in Hell, who is angered by the existence of Easter eggs, also finds correspondence in Persian Zoroastrianism and the pagan religion of the Ossetians.

Effect of Water Sprinkling Over Shed-net Covered Cattle Shed on Shed Environment and Milk Yield of Cows During Summer Season

Effect of Water Sprinkling Over Shed-net Covered Cattle Shed on Shed Environment and Milk Yield of Cows During Summer Season

A Real-Time IoT-based Model to Detect and Alert Security Guards’ Drowsiness

In the security industry, it is critical to ensure that security guards remain alert and attentive throughout their shifts. Drowsiness and inattention can lead to security breaches and endanger the safety of the premises and the people within them. To address this issue, a hybrid system is being developed to detect security guards' drowsiness and alert them using sound buzzers and water sprinklers to prevent security breaches. The system uses advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques like OpenCV and DCNN, along with a UHD camera, to detect signs of drowsiness using algorithms like Eye Aspect Ratio/Mouth Aspect Ratio (EAR)/(MAR). By analysing behavioural indicators, the system determines whether a security guard displays signs of drowsiness and alerts them using sound buzzers to remain attentive. Overall, the hybrid system provides an effective solution to enhance security guard monitoring and prevent potential security threats caused by drowsiness and inattention.

Effect of Water Sprinkling over Tree Canopy on Fruit Cracking, Quality and Yield of Litchi Fruits

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is an important subtropical evergreen fruit crop of Sapindaceae family. Fruit cracking is a serious problem in litchi happen during fruit growth and its development. Fruit cracking affect significant loss of economic yield. Fruit cracking in litchi coincides with a period characterized by high day temperature (35-40°C) and low relative humidity (60%). Effect of water sprinkling over tree canopy on fruit cracking, quality and yield of litchi crop was evaluated under four treatments, namely T1 (4 micro-sprinklers per tree), T2 (3 micro-sprinklers per tree), T3 (2 micro-sprinklers per tree), and T4 (without micro sprinkler) as control. Micro-sprinklers were tested for their hydraulic performance. Result revealed that, minimum fruit cracking, i.e. .20.03, 18.49, 13.76 and 4.55% was observed at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 hours of water sprinkling under treatment T1. Highest yield (i.e. 65.27 q/ha) and better quality of fruits were also found in treatment T1. Contrary to this, maximum fruit cracking (30.16%), lowest yield (33.52 q/ha) and satisfactory quality of fruits were found in treatment T4 (control). Linear relationship between discharge and pressure; and exponential relationship between pressure and wetted diameter were found for performance of micro sprinklers.

Sistem Pemantauan dan Kendali Kelembapan Udara Pada Budi Daya Bunga Anggrek Berbasis Internet of Things

Orchid cultivation has been widely carried out by orchid agribusiness in Indonesia, even though there has been a lot of orchid cultivation but there are still obstacles in terms of supplies or maintenance. One of them is water sprinkling and fertilizing the orchid plants which are still done manually. Manual watering is watering done by orchid farmers so it requires a lot of effort and time and the amount of water that is sprinkled is not the same. If the water is poured too much or too little, it can cause rot or dryness of the plant roots so that the plants can die quickly. In the current technological era, watering can be done automatically by utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) technology and implementing the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) system. NodeMCU ESP32 is used to control all hardware and software components. In this system there are 2 sensor nodes and 1 controller node. Users can control manually or automatically through the website interface. From the results of the implementation and testing it can be concluded that the system is able to provide information on conditions of temperature, air humidity, humidity of the planting medium, water level, liquid fertilizer height and water pH. The system is also capable of running automatic and manual systems, namely controlling and providing on/off condition information on water pumps, fertilizer pumps, faucet 1, faucet 2, faucet 3, fan 1, fan 2 and fan 3 on the website. The effect of the automatic system on the orchid plants was very good, because on the 41st day, the orchid plants using the automatic system experienced faster growth of new shoots, compared to using the manual system. The average delay time for the entire system is 4.5 seconds.

Flow rate Controlled Water Sprinkler using myRIO controller and LabVIEW

Agriculture is an important component of the primary sector and is also used to develop both secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. Therefore, agriculture is the backbone of India. Farmers suffer from various problems like debts, crop failure, mental health, technology, water problems, etc. A system has been proposed in this paper to improve farming in a sustainable method using the existing technology. Flow rate -controlled water sprinkler using a PID controller which is executed using NI LabVIEW and a interfacing device NI myRIO, has been designed. NI LabVIEW is a graphical programming tool for validation and resolving system. Sensors like the rain sensor and moisture sensor are interfaced with NI LabVIEW, with the help of NI myRIO. A flow sensor is interfaced with NI myRIO through a UART connection. Sprinkling of water to the crops based on the requirement of the soil has been accomplished using this proposed system.

Evaluation of the hydraulic efficiency of the sprinkler irrigation system

The article describes the methods of conducting some field studies to evaluate the effectiveness of sprinkler irrigation systems and to design them reliably. Also, the distribution of discharge in the irrigation system across the territory and its losses are analysed. Christiansen’s coefficient of similarity “CU” is used to estimate sprinkler water distribution. It is carried out by studying three types of combinations according to the Catch Can method: sprinkler height, sprinkler discharge and pressure changes. In order to determine the Christiansen coefficient, it is calculated using the sum of experiments in taking into account the distribution of discharge according to the height of the sprinkler at several different pressures. Based on the method given above, the optimal height was determined in the assessment of water distribution. Based on field experiments and their analysis, a graph was created based on sprinkler height and flow distribution for discharge.

SPRINKLER SUG‘ORISH USULINING GIDRAVLIK SAMARADORLIGINI BAHOLASH

The article describes the methods of some field studies to assess the efficiency of sprinkler irrigation systems and their reliable design. The distribution of water consumption over the irrigation system area and its losses are also analyzed. The Christiansen distribution coefficient Cu is used to estimate sprinkler water distribution. It was calculated by examining three types of combinations using the Catch Can method, that is, sprinkler height, sprinkler water flow, and pressure variation. To determine the Christiansen factor, it is calculated from the sum of the experiments, taking into account the distribution of flow over the height of the fill at several different pressures. The research was conducted on the farm “XXI asr xirmoni” of the Uzbek district of Fergana region. Based on the given method, the optimum height was determined when estimating the water distribution. Based on the field experiments and their analysis, a graph based on the irrigator height and flow distribution was plotted.

Investigation of the performance of fire suppression systems in protection of mass timber residential buildings

The effectiveness of fire suppression systems in protecting mass timber construction are experimentally investigated for the objectives of life safety and property protection from fire and water damages. The performance of high- and low-pressure water mist systems was compared with sprinkler systems in a residential fire scenario involving exposed mass timber structures. The tested water mist systems and sprinkler systems successfully maintained the room temperature and gas concentrations tenable, but the smoke obscuration deteriorated rapidly. Although the tested systems resulted in fire damage on the exposed mass timber walls, a high-pressure water mist system with wide spray angle demonstrated rapid fire suppression and less damage to the walls. The performance of sprinkler systems was comparable, yet least effective due to the large amount of water used. A large water pool was formed on the floor in all tests with the size proportional to the total water discharged during the test. Also, the moisture contents of the mass timber panels indicated that water could penetrate the floor-wall interface in a typical assembly.