Spring Wheat Production Research Articles

Effects of Recommended Fertilizer Application Strategies Based on Yield Goal and Nutrient Requirements on Drip-Irrigated Spring Wheat Yield and Nutrient Uptake

Excessive application of fertilizers in drip-irrigated wheat production can suppress yields, lower nutrient utilization efficiency, and lead to economic and environmental issues such as nitrogen residues in the soil. Based on a recommended fertilizer application (RF) strategy that takes into account target yield and nutrient requirements, this study explores the responses of wheat plant traits, changes in topsoil and subsoil nutrients, fertilizer utilization, and economic benefits under this strategy. From 2022 to 2023, a field experiment was conducted in a typical oasis spring wheat production area at the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. The treatments included no fertilizer control (CK), the farmer’s conventional practice (FP), recommended fertilizer (RF), RF with nitrogen omission (RF-N), phosphorus omission (RF-P), and potassium omission (RF-K). The results showed that compared with FP, the RF reduced 91 kg N ha−1 (30.3%) and 33 kg P2O5 ha−1 (24.8%) in 2022, and 69 kg N ha−1 (23.0%) and 2 kg P2O5 ha−1 (1.5%) in 2023. The effect in 2023 was better; RF also decreased the NO3−1-N residue in the 0–100 cm soil layer by 40.1 kg N ha−1 compared with FP, with no significant difference in wheat grain yield (RF: 5382.9 kg ha−1) or economic benefit (RF: USD 1613.1 ha−1). Furthermore, there were no significant differences between RF and FP in pre-anthesis NP transport or post-anthesis NP accumulation; however, RF significantly increased pre-anthesis potassium transport volume (15.8%) and transport rate (12.5%). RF led to a 16.3% increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE), while there was no significant difference in phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUE) compared with FP. The fertilizer yield effect for RF was evaluated as N > P > K. Correlation analysis indicated that grain yield was significantly positively correlated with pre-anthesis NPK transport and post-anthesis NP accumulation. It was also positively correlated with organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, and Olsen-P content in both the topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm), but not with available potassium in the soil. Therefore, conducting soil tests and determining fertilizer recommendations based on the proposed RF method at harvest can reduce fertilizer usage and achieve a balance between the conflicting objectives of environmental protection, increased crop yields, nutrient utilization efficiency, and improved economic benefits in oasis agricultural areas facing excessive fertilizer application.

Влияние приемов орошения на структуру почвы и продуктивность посевов яровой пшеницы в сухостепном Поволжье

Irrigation plays a key role in preserving land fertility and ensuring the growth of crop yields in the arid conditions of the dry-steppe zone of the Volga region. This factor primarily limits the volume and stability of crop production. The article presents the results of studies on the study of various irrigation techniques - watering along the strips and irrigation by sprinkling. An analysis was carried out on the effect of the applied irrigation methods on the soil structure and productivity of spring wheat crops. It was found that irrigation methods had different effects on the factors of changing the water-physical properties of the soil and the spring wheat crop. The most effective in terms of productivity of spring wheat grain - a yield of 1.74 t/ha was detected during irrigation with sprinkling using wide-grip sprinklers. Irrigation in strips is less expensive, but the productivity of spring wheat is less with this type of irrigation - 1.16 t/ha. When watering along the strips immediately after the first watering, the overall duty cycle decreases. When watering by sprinkling, water-resistant units pass into the category of sprayed only by the end of the vegetation of spring wheat. Thus, strip watering had the most negative impact on the structure of dark chestnut soil under spring wheat crops. With this version of irrigation, erosion processes begin to develop to a greater extent.

Influence of biochar on the productivity of spring wheat

The drought of the spring climate over the past 2 years has a significant impact on the decline in crop yields in the North Kazakhstan region. If the land is not used properly for many years in agriculture, the structural, water and physical properties of the soil will deteriorate. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of land resources, and in some cases causes the deteriorationand destruction of the soil cover. As a result, resistance to dry climates and moisture retention are reduced, as well as loss of organic matter, as erosion washes away the topsoil and humus, resulted from improper management of agricultural soil conservation systems with widespread use of agricultural land in the region. One of the main reasons for the drainage of the soil cover is the long-term use of monocultures in the agricultural system and the violation of the crop rotation system, the lack of the introduction of organic and biofertilizers.

The influence of cultivation technologies on the contamination of spring wheat crops and yield in the conditions of the Nizhny Novgorod region

The article presents the results of research of the influence of various cultivation technologies on the contamination of spring wheat crops and its yield for 2022–2023 in the conditions of the Nizhny Novgorod region on light gray loamy forest soil. There were studied the technologies various in methods of primary soil tillage (traditional, minimal – Mini-till, without tillage – No-till), and intensification level (basic, intensive). Spring wheat of the ʻZlataʼ cultivar was cultivated in the chain of rotation: clean fallow – peas - spring wheat. During the research period, it was established that the No-till technology contributed to an increase in the total contamination of spring wheat crops on an average for two years in the "tillering" phase (before herbicide treatment) to 36.2 pcs/m2 (84.7 % higher than the total contamination of wheat crops when cultivated using Mini-till technology and by 118.1 % –using traditional technology) and in the phase of "full grain ripeness" (before harvesting) up to 30.1 pcs/m2 (110.5 % higher than the total contamination of wheat crops cultivated using Mini-till technology and by 155.1 % according to traditional technology). It has been established that intensification of wheat production (application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N70P50K50 before pre-sowing cultivation; using fungicide and herbicide in the "tillering" phase) results on average among studied technologies in decreasing the total contamination of crops during the "full grain ripeness" phase on average for two years up to15.7 pcs/m2 which is 38.2 % lower compared to the basic intensification degree of wheat cultivation technologies. It was found that the cultivation of spring wheat using traditional technology and Mini-till technology provides high yields: 3.09–3.43 t/ha, that is 0.63–0.96 t/ha higher than its yield when cultivated using No-till technology. There were no differences in the level of yield of spring wheat over the years of observation when cultivating it using traditional and Mini-till technologies. The intensification of spring wheat production makes it possible to increase the level of its yield for each of the studied technologies.

Assessment of irrigation efficiency for arid-zone spring wheat production under flood irrigation

Assessment of irrigation efficiency for arid-zone spring wheat production under flood irrigation

Влияние новых видов обогащенных удобрений на продуктивность культур и агрохимические свойства почв

The effect and aftereffect of new types of enriched sulfur-containing fertilizers on the productivity of spring wheat of the Novosibirskaya 31 variety and peas of the Radomir variety, as well as the agrochemical properties of leached chernozem and agro-gray soil of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, characterized by an acute deficiency of mobile sulfur, were studied. It was found that the application of fertilizers containing sulfur statistically significantly increased the increase in productivity of pea biomass in the year of application. With the aftereffect of spring wheat, an increase in productivity was noted on leached chernozem; the aftereffect of fertilizers for wheat on agro-gray soil was not effective. The application of enriched fertilizers did not affect the acid-base balance of soils. In chernozem leached in all fertilized variants, the supply of mineral forms of nitrogen is high, while the content of mobile sulfur increases. The supply of nitrate and ammonium forms of nitrogen in agro-gray soil is low, and the amount of mobile sulfur does not increase. Keywords: SULFUR, ENRICHED FERTILIZERS, SPRING WHEAT, PEAS, AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS, PRODUCTIVITY, AGROGY SOIL, LEACHED CHERNOZEM

The productivity of spring wheat and the content of certain groups of microorganisms in the soil depend on nanopreparations

Relevance. An important factor in reducing the dependence of crop productivity on various limiting factors is the use of fertilizers and biological products, which include nano-preparations. The work studied the effect of nano-preparations on the productivity of spring wheat and individual microbiological indicators of sod-podzolic light loamy soil when regulating the water-air regime.Methods. The research was carried out at the Gubino agro-testing site (Tver region) on soddy-podzolic light loamy drained soil. When the humidity in the 0–50 cm layer decreased below 70% of the PPV, the water regime was regulated by irrigation. Nanopreparations fulvohumate “Ivan Ovsinsky” and n-BoGum were used by spraying spring wheat plants of the Irgina variety. Nanopreparations were studied both separately and against the background of organic fertilizer — multi-purpose compost at a dose of 10 t/ha. Determination of individual groups of microorganisms in the soil was carried out using generally accepted methods in microbiology.Results. During the three-year experiment, a significant increase (significance of differences p < 0.05) in the yield of spring wheat was obtained in the variants with nanopreparations relative to the control. Their use against the background of multi-purpose compost when regulating the water-air regime gave the highest wheat productivity in all years of research. The effect of both nanopreparations was almost the same. The yield increase from nanopreparations relative to multi-purpose compost over an average of three years was 18–20% for irrigation and 11–13% for non-irrigation options and amounted to 3.58 t/ha and 2.83 t/ha respectively. When regulating the water regime, the content of ammonifying and phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms increased, associated with optimal hydration for their vital functions. This was especially evident during the dry period, when irrigation was carried out. The largest number of studied microorganisms was observed in the variants of multi-purpose compost + nanopreparations and with the addition of only multi-purpose compost. At the same time, a high connection with productivity was noted.

Сравнительная агротехнологическая оценка возделывания яровой пшеницы в южной лесостепи Западной Сибири

Abstract. Long-term (more than 20 years) studies were carried out on meadow – chernozem soil in the southern forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. In a stationary grain-steam crop rotation (steam-wheat-wheat-wheat-barley), a comparative assessment of fertility, the state of agrophytocenosis, yield and quality of spring wheat grain, depending on the placement of the crop in the crop rotation, the tillage system, and complex chemicalization was carried out. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence and effectiveness of multi-level agricultural technologies of spring wheat on the elements of soil fertility, the state of agrophytocenosis, productivity and technological properties of grain in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Research methods. In the southern forest-steppe agricultural landscapes, the effectiveness of multi-level agricultural technologies of spring wheat cultivation has been established, with an increase in yield from 1.51 to 3.24 t/ha (2.1 times) and a decrease in technological parameters of grain. For the first time, the share contribution of chemicalization components in increasing the productivity of spring wheat cultivated by steam and in the grain-steam crop rotation has been established. Two-factor experience: factor A – tillage system (dump-plowing on the head of 20–22 cm, annually; combined-plowing in the fallow field and under the third wheat after steam for 20–22 cm and flat-cut on the head of 10–12 for the second wheat after steam barley; flat-cut on the head of 10–12 cm for all crops annually; minimal – in the fallow field cultivation on the 8–10 cm. in other fields without autumn treatment); factor B – means of intensification (control – without chemicals, the option of complex application of chemicals included the combined use of fertilizers (N24 P36 per 1 ha of arable land), recommended herbicides, fungicides and retardants). Results. It was found that intensive agrotechnology with the use of fertilizers and plant protection products makes the main contribution to increasing the yield and technological parameters of grain – 30–35 %, precursors – up to 20–25 %, weather conditions of the growing season – 18–20 %, the system of tillage in crop rotation – 10–12 %. The complex application of chemicals contributes to an increase in crop biomass to 2080 g/m2 (by 49 %), reduces water consumption to 73 mm per 1 t\ of grain (2.7 times), optimizes the nutrient regime of the soil and the phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis, which ultimately increases yields from 1.51 to 3.27 t/ha while improving the technological properties of grain gluten content up to 26.4 – 29.4 %. Long-term rational use of chemicals does not lead to the accumulation of ecotoxicants in soil and grain. The scientific novelty was revealed for the conditions of Western Siberia with the long-term rational use of chemicals, the accumulation of ecotoxicants in the soil and grain was not observed.

Spring Wheat Productivity and Profitability Under Various Crop Rotations in Northern Kazakhstan's Chernozem

Spring Wheat Productivity and Profitability Under Various Crop Rotations in Northern Kazakhstan's Chernozem

The influence of individual elements of agricultural technology on the productivity of durum wheat in the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region

Relevance. For the manufacture of high-quality pasta, durum wheat grain is used. Improving the productivity of hard spring wheat is an urgent task. The formation of a powerful root system is the key to the full supply of nutrients and plastic substances to the plant. Increased productivity, the number of spikebearing shoots. Plants become more resistant to adverse environmental factors, which is important for spring durum wheat, which is more demanding than spring soft wheat. The timing of sowing and especially the application of mineral fertilizers are a significant factor affecting not only the formation of individual elements of the crop structure, which subsequently form the productivity of plants, but also the formation of the root system. To do this, it is necessary to choose the optimal sowing time, at which the critical phases of plant development fall under the most favorable agrometeorological conditions and the formation of the most powerful root system.Results. The conducted studies allow us to recommend the most optimal terms of sowing and the use of fertilizers to ensure the efficiency of growing durum spring wheat. In dry conditions, when sowing crops without applying fertilizers, sowing in the second ten days of May is most effective. If it is possible to apply nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers, it is better to sow durum spring wheat in the second and third decades of May.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ И УДОБРЕНИЙ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЛЕСОСТЕПИ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The research was conducted in 2019-2021. in the Ulyanovsk region in order to study the influence of soil cultivation methods and organomineral fertilizers on the productivity of spring wheat. The soil of the experimental plot is leached, medium-thick, medium-loamy chernozem with a humus content in the 0...30 cm layer of 5.61%, mobile P2O5 and K2O according to Chirikov - 178 and 121 mg/kg, respectively, pHsol. . – 6.3, sum of absorbed bases – 46.4 mEq/100 g. In the experiments, methods of soil cultivation were studied (factor A) – dump to a depth of 23...25 cm; without dumps by 15...16 cm; flat 10…12 cm; organic and mineral fertilizers (factor B) - without fertilizers; N16P16K16 for sowing + N34 for cultivation + N10 for winter wheat straw; manure 20 t/ha; manure 20 t/ha + N16P16K16 for sowing + N34 for cultivation + N10 for winter wheat straw; winter wheat straw; winter wheat straw + H10 + N16P16K16 for sowing + H34 for cultivation; green manure; green manure + H10 + winter wheat straw + H10 + N16P16K16 when sowing + H34 during cultivation. Non-mouldboard and flat-cut processing had an advantage over moldboard processing in terms of moisture reserves in the 0...30 cm layer by 3.8...4.7 mm, in the 0...100 cm layer by 8.6...10.2 mm. mm. The aftereffect of fertilizers contributed to an increase in the content of nitrate nitrogen in the 0...30 cm layer compared to the control by 3.9...18.1 mg/kg under plowing, and by 1.0...13.1 - under plowing. non-mouldboard processing and 4 - for flat-cut processing. ,4…15.1 mg/kg. The yield of spring wheat against the background of manure 20 t/ha + NPK and green manure + NPK with no-moldboard tillage increased by 0.89 and 0.90 t/ha, under plowing - by 0.90 and 0.90, with flat-cut soil - by 0.95 and 0.89 t/ha compared to the option without fertilizers.

The effect of drainage, fertilizers, and agro-reclamation techniques on spring wheat productivity

The current study was conducted at the agricultural site ‘Gubino’ of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (Tver Region) in 2011–2022. The purpose was to study the efficiency of drainage of waterlogged soils, fertilizers and agro-reclamation techniques when growing spring wheat in the conditions of the North-Western part of the Non-Blackearth region. The soil of the agricultural site was soddy-podzolic, light loamy and gleyic sandy loam, drained by closed drainage. The field trials have established the influence of drainage of gleyic soils, the use of fertilizers, volumetric slotting of the soil to a depth of 45–50 cm, ridge plowing and ridge belt-scattering method of sowing on spring wheat productivity. Drainage increased wheat productivity on the extensive background by 17.8 % (0.34 t/ha), on the medium-intensive and intensive background by 16.9–19.4 % (0.56–0.60 t/ha). Mineral fertilizers improved productivity more significantly, against a drained background, wheat productivity increase at medium fertilizer rates (N45Р15K45) was 1.20 t/ha (53.3 %) and at high fertilizer rates (N90Р30K90) it was 1.91 t/ha (84.9 %). The combined effect of drainage and fertilizers improved spring wheat productivity on waterlogged soil by 2.2 times (by 2.25 t/ha). The highest payback of 1 kg of fertilizers by a spring wheat yield was obtained on a drained plot with average fertilizer application rates of 9.8 kg of grain. A high effect was obtained from agro-reclamation techniques aimed at improving the water-air regime of soil. With volumetric slotting of the soil, spring wheat productivity raised by 0.50–0.97 t/ha (13.2–26.4 %), with ridge plowing by 0.36 t/ha (12.0 %), with ridge belt-scattering method of sowing with growing spring wheat on ridges 40–80 mm high by 0.45 t/ha or 13.7 %, in relation to the existing technology of row sowing. The study results can be used in the development of adaptive agricultural technologies for cultivating spring wheat on drained lands.

The effect of weather and landscape conditions on productivity of the spring wheat variety ‘Zlata’

The current study was carried out in 2010–2022 to determine the effect of weather and landscape conditions on productivity of spring wheat (Triticumaestivum) in a stationary field trial located on a drained soddy-podzolic soil within a terminal moraine hill in the Tver region (ARRIMS). The object was drained by closed pottery drainage. The distance between drains in different agricultural landscapes was 40, 30 and 20 m. In the trial there was a grain-grass crop rotation (oats+grasses – grasses of 1–2 years – winter rye – spring wheat). The crop cultivation was carried out according to extensive technology. The years of different humidity were factor A; factor B was the type of agromicrolandscape, factor C was the type of soil. There has been studied the moisture supply and temperature regime of the soil, spring wheat productivity in various agricultural landscapes. There has been established that the maximum productivity of the spring wheat variety ‘Zlata’ (2.17 t/ha) was obtained in the optimal years for the growth and plant development. In dry years, the value of this indicator decreased by 49–70 % and 51–73 % compared with excessively wet and optimal years, respectively. The variability of wheat productivity raised in dry years to 26 % and decreased to 14.5 % in optimal and excessively wet years. During the period of 2010–2022 the maximum wheat productivity (2.25 t/ha) was obtained in the transit-accumulation variant of the northern slope, its increase was 0.4 t/ha compared to the average for the trial. In years of different moisture availability, there was studied a correlation between spring wheat productivity and various soil parameters. There was obtained a direct correlation dependence of productivity in dry years with the amount of productive moisture (r = 0.70) and with the biological activity of the soil (r = 0.49); an inverse correlation was obtained in excessively wet years with aeration porosity (r = –0.66) and biological activity of the soil (r = –0.55).

Enhanced efficiency urea fertilizers and timing effects on N2O emissions from spring wheat production in Manitoba

AbstractOpportunities exist to reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from nitrogen (N) fertilizers using enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) and managing application timing. This study examined (1) application timing (fall/spring) and (2) fertilizer N source on N2O emissions, yield, and N uptake of Canadian hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Southern Manitoba. Fertilizer N sources included granular urea and four EEF products: (1) polymer‐coated urea (environmentally smart nitrogen [ESN]); (2) urea plus nitrification inhibitor (eNtrench); (3) urea plus urease inhibitor (Limus); and (4) urea plus nitrification and urease inhibitor (SuperU). Nitrification‐inhibited products most consistently reduced N2O emissions while maintaining productivity. Compared to urea alone, urea + eNtrench was most effective in reducing cumulative N2O emissions by 47%–64% at four of six site‐years. SuperU reduced N2O emissions by 37%–57% at three of six site‐years. ESN and urea + Limus did not affect emissions in most years. Wheat yield, protein, and N uptake were unaffected by N source in five of six site‐years. Compared to spring, fall application gave greater N2O emissions by 33%–67% at three of six site‐years due to spring‐thaw emissions. Fall was inferior to spring application in wetter site years with lower yield, protein, and N uptake. Overall, nitrification‐inhibited products—either alone or with a urease inhibitor—are a promising tool to reduce N2O emissions while maintaining wheat productivity in Manitoba. However, given that there were few consistent increases in yield or protein, the additional cost of the inhibitors will be a barrier to adoption.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЯРОВОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ СОРТА ТУЛАЙКОВСКАЯ НАДЕЖДА НА СЕРОЙ ЛЕСНОЙ ПОЧВЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article summarizes the results of two years of experiments to study the effect of the Tulaikovskaya Nadezhda variety on the productivity of spring wheat and calculates the doses of mineral fertilizers for 3 and 4 tons of grain per 1 hectare at different densities of plant stems by changing seeding. rates from 4 to 7 million. germination of grains per hectare. The studies were carried out in 2021 and 2022 in the area of crop rotation of pure fallow, winter rye, spring wheat on the experimental fields of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Land Management of the Kazan State Agrarian University, where the soil cover represents the following agrochemical data: humus content (according to Tyurin) › 3.0%, P2O5 › 250 mg/kg and exchangeable potassium › 145 mg/kg (according to Kirsanov’s extract), pH of the saline solution – 5.9. Agricultural technology for cultivating spring wheat in experiments is generally accepted in the republic, with the exception of the studied options. Meteorological conditions during the growing season of the study object in 2021 were characterized as extremely unfavorable for growth and development. The temperature and water conditions of the soil and air were extremely unfavorable. JCC (May-June 0.19-0.25). In 2022, research was carried out under conditions of sufficient humidity and temperature conditions. State Customs Committee (May-June – 1.37). Under the conditions of both 2021 and 2022, the yield of spring wheat fluctuated over a wide range depending on the nutritional background and seeding rates. On a non-winding background, according to seeding rates in 2021, from 0.87 to 0.97 t/ha, on fertilized backgrounds - 1.08-1.60 and 1.0-1.5 t/ha. In 2022 - 2.35-3.08, 4.20-4.81 and 4.70-5.22 tons per hectare, respectively. On average, the application of fertilizers with a planned grain yield of 3 t/ha gave an average increase of 1.12 t, with 4 t – 1.3 t of grain/ha. The optimal seeding rate for all fodder backgrounds turned out to be 5 million germinating grains per 1 ha. The yield under control is 2.09 tons, against background II – 3.21 and background III – 3.37 tons of grain per hectare.

Improving Crop Health, Performance, and Quality in Organic Spring Wheat Production: The Need to Understand Interactions between Pedoclimatic Conditions, Variety, and Fertilization

Organic wheat production systems have lower yields compared with intensive conventional production and often do not achieve the grain protein content and quality thresholds set by millers and bakers. In contrast, organic production methods were reported to result in higher concentrations of nutritionally desirable micronutrients and lower concentrations of the toxic metal Cd in wheat grain and wholegrain flour. However, although N-availability and variety characteristics are known to affect both gain yields and bread-making quality, the exact reasons for the yield gap and differences in grain processing and nutritional quality between organic and conventional spring wheat production in the UK are poorly understood. The overall aim of this study was therefore to determine to what extent changes in variety choice and fertilization regimes may reduce the yield gap and improve processing quality without affecting nutritional quality in organic spring wheat production. To achieve this aim, we compared crop health, yield, grain processing, and nutritional quality parameters in spring wheat produced using (i) six contrasting spring wheat varieties grown with a standard fertilization regime and (ii) one variety widely used by organic farmers (Paragon) with nine different fertilization regimes in (iii) three UK sites/farms with contrasting pedoclimatic conditions. Significant differences in foliar disease severity, grain yield, and quality parameters were detected between six contrasting spring wheat varieties when grown under organic management regimes. Specifically, the varieties Paragon and Tybalt were identified as the best-performing varieties with respect to foliar disease resistance and grain yield under organic farming conditions and also produced high processing and nutritional quality across the three UK sites. However, the highest grain yields were obtained by Paragon at the Gilchester site and Tybalt at the Sheepdrove and Courtyard sites, while the highest protein contents were produced by Tybalt at the Gilchester site and Paragon at the Sheepdrove and Courtyard sites, which suggests that there is a need for site-specific wheat variety selection in the UK organic sector. Although organic fertilizer input type and level also affected wheat performance, differences between fertilization regimes were smaller than those observed between the five contrasting varieties, which suggests that improvements in spring wheat breeding/selection have a greater potential for increasing crop yield and quality in the organic sector compared with changes to fertilization practices. Overall, results suggest it is feasible to breed/select spring wheat varieties that combine high protein, vitamin E, and micronutrients with low toxic metal (Cd, Pb) concentrations when produced under organic farming conditions. These findings also support the hypothesis that differences in variety choice by organic and conventional farmers have contributed to the differences in nutritional quality between organic and conventional wheat products reported in previous studies.

Carbon fluxes in spring wheat agroecosystem in India

Abstract. Carbon fluxes from agroecosystems contribute to the variability of the carbon cycle and atmospheric [CO2]. This study is a follow-up to Gahlot et al. (2020), which used the Integrated Science Assessment Model (ISAM) to examine spring wheat production and its drivers. In this study, we look at the carbon fluxes and their drivers. ISAM was calibrated and validated against the crop phenology at the IARI wheat experimental site in Gahlot et al. (2020). We extended the validation of the model on a regional scale by comparing modeled leaf area index (LAI) and yield against site-scale observations and regional datasets. Later, ISAM-simulated carbon fluxes were validated against an experimental spring wheat site at IARI for the growing season of 2013–2014. Additionally, we compared with the published carbon flux data and found that ISAM captures the seasonality well. Following that, regional-scale runs were performed. The results revealed that fluxes vary significantly across regions, primarily owing to differences in planting dates. During the study period, all fluxes showed statistically significant increasing trends (p<0.1). Gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), autotrophic respiration (Ra), and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) increased at 1.272, 0.945, 0.579, 0.328, and 0.366 TgC yr−2, respectively. Numerical experiments were conducted to investigate how natural forcings such as changing temperature and [CO2] levels as well as agricultural management practices such as nitrogen fertilization and water availability could contribute to the rising trends. The experiments revealed that increasing [CO2], nitrogen fertilization, and irrigation water contributed to increased carbon fluxes, with nitrogen fertilization having the most significant effect.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ АГРОКЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСУРСОВ ЗЕРНОПРОИЗВОДЯЩИХ РЕГИОНОВ РОССИИ И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ ЗЕРНОВЫХ КУЛЬТУР В НОВОМ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКОМ ПЕРИОДЕ 1991-2020 ГГ

The transition to a new reference period of 1991-2020 requires updating the estimates of agroclimatic resources in agricultural regions. The paper summarizes the results of the annual monitoring of agroclimatic conditions over 1961-1990 and 1991-2020 obtained by both the statistical analysis and the Climate-Soil-Yield simulation system and provides their comparative evaluation. It has been noted that along with growing aridity of the most fertile areas of the steppe and forest-steppe zones, there is an almost universal growth of spring precipitation, which compensates to some extent the negative impact of high summer temperatures on the yield. A significant decrease in the climate-driven productivity of spring wheat from the period of 1961-1990 to the new reference period of 1991-2020 has been revealed for the main grain-producing regions. Estimates of productivity trends for major grain crops, spring and winter wheat, are given in connection with climate change and the development of agricultural technologies. Estimates of changes in the wintering indices and sown areas for winter wheat are also given.

Ancient spring wheat production in Wyoming

AbstractThe ancient wheats einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.), emmer (Triticum turgidum L.), and spelt (Triticum spelta L.) are currently attracting renewed consumer interest due to their unique flavor profiles and high nutritional quality compared with modern bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (Triticum durum L.) wheat. Ancient wheats are well suited for production in marginal lands and may be well adapted to Wyoming growing conditions. A 2‐year study was conducted in three locations in Wyoming (Powell, Sheridan, and Lingle, WY) under irrigated and rainfed conditions to identify the agronomic potential of spring planted spelt, emmer, and einkorn in Wyoming. Across locations, grain yields averaged 832 lbs acre−1 for einkorn, 1,492 lbs acre−1 for emmer, and 1064 lbs acre−1 for spelt with 14.7–15.9% protein. In 2017, irrigated spring wheat yield in Wyoming averaged 3642 lbs acre−1 and dryland yield averaged 1020 lbs acre−1. The Powell irrigated location was the highest yielding and perhaps the best suited for ancient wheat production. Continued research on variety selection and management is needed to further improve the yield and profitability of ancient wheats in Wyoming.

Effect of organic/inorganic composites as soil amendments on the biomass productivity and root architecture of spring wheat and rapeseed

Organic and inorganic soil amendments are used to increase crop yields and fertilizer efficiency, as well as to improve the physical and biological properties of soil, increase carbon sequestration, and restore contaminated and saline soils. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of various zeolite composites mixed with either lignite or leonardite on the biomass production of spring wheat and rapeseed and their root morphology. A pot experiment involved the application of the following treatments: zeolite-carbon, zeolite-vermiculite composites, both mixed with lignite or leonardite, and a control treatment with no amendments. Inorganic composites were applied in a dose of 3% and 6%. The study also included an analysis of the root morphometric parameters and aboveground biomass of spring wheat and rapeseed. The lowest productivity was observed when both crops were not enriched with fertilizers or other amendments, 24.92 g per pot and 29.83 g per pot for spring wheat and rapeseed, respectively. The application of mineral fertilizers in combination with zeolite-carbon composite gave the highest aboveground biomass of spring wheat, 110.11 g per pot. Both zeolite-carbon and zeolite-vermiculite composites modified the morphological parameters of roots, with the control treatment showing the lowest root length and dry matter. Although mineral fertilization was found to have a positive impact root development in relation to untreated control, the treatment amended with zeolite-carbon composite and leonardite exhibited the highest root length and biomass of spring wheat. No other soil amendments improved the properties of rapeseed roots.