Growth Of Spring Wheat Research Articles

Use of residues of the dairy industry as a fertilizer for spring wheat

The article presents the results of scientific research on the use of residues of the dairy industry (cake) as an organic fertilizer for spring wheat. Cake refers to the residues obtained by cleaning milk pipes, and has a chemical composition and physical properties similar to cottage cheese, but has a pungent and unpleasant smell of spoiled foods. The direct effect of oilcake on the growth and development of spring wheat on light gray forest loamy soil was studied in field experiments established in 2017–2019. Scientific studies have shown that cake is an excellent organic fertilizer, and its use in doses of 30, 60 and 90 t/ha dramatically increases soil fertility and productivity of spring wheat, improves grain quality.

Breeding value of spring durum wheat accessions for performance traits under environment of Ukrainian Forest-Steppe

Purpose. To identify spring durum wheat accessions with high yield level and by yield components for their involvement in breeding programs as a source material.Methods. Field, statistical.Results. The results of the study of 65 collection samples of spring durum wheat of various ecological and geographical origin in terms of productivity in 2016–2018 are presented. The research results indicate that the samples of spring durum wheat had different yield level depending on the conditions of the year of cultivation. According to the calculations of the degree of yield stability parameters, the samples were found that ensure its level under fluctuations in weather conditions with regression coefficient close to one as follows ‘Omskiy izumrud’ (RUS), ‘Korona’, ‘Toma’, ‘Nauryz 6’ (KAZ), ‘Dura king’, ‘Candura’ (CAN), ‘Tera’, ‘Novatsiia’ (UKR), thus indicating their semi-intensive type. Collection samples of spring durum wheat that under optimal weather conditions are capable of producing significant yield increase are distinguished by wide ecological reaction. These are samples with regression coefficient more than one ‘MIP Raiduzhna’, ‘Hordeiforme 13-07’ (UKR), ‘Lan’, ‘Salaut’, ‘Ertol’ (KAZ), ‘Bezenchukskaya 205’, ‘Lilek’ (RUS). These samples can be characterized by their adaptive properties as intense ones, with a pronounced response to the environment. Over the years of the research, grain number per spike varied from 35.9 to 38.8 pcs. Year conditions in 2016 were the most favorable for plant growth and development, while index of conditions was 4.1, and the average grain number per spike was 41.4 pcs. Year conditions in 2017 and 2018 were less favorable for growth and development of durum spring wheat, and therefore there was a negative value of index of year conditions (lj = -5.1 and lj = 0.5, respectively) with less grain number per spike (32.2 and 38.2 pcs., respectively). According to the trait «1000 kernel weight», the samples were identified with regression coefficient close to one under fluctuations of weather conditions, i.e ‘Korona’, ‘Raya’ (KAZ), ‘Lilek’, ‘Bezenchukskaya 205’ (RUS), ‘MIP Raiduzhna’ (UKR). The grain weight per spike in the collection samples varied from 1.27 to 1.77 g. The stable samples ‘Ertol’, ‘Salaut’, ‘Damsinskaya yantarnaya’ (KAZ), ‘Lilek’ (RUS), ‘Novatsiia’ (UKR), ‘Duraking’, ‘Candura’ (CAN) promising in spring wheat breeding were identified and can be involved in hybridization.Conclusions. Stable and plastic samples were identified among collection material of spring durum wheat in terms of productivity for involvement in scientific programs as source material.

Chemical composition of spring wheat at different levels of mineral nutrition

Spring wheat is widely used as a raw material for the production of human food and animal feed. This study was aimed at investigating the response of spring wheat to different levels of mineral nutrition. The article presents the results of applying mineral fertilisers when growing spring wheat of the Novosibirsk 31 variety in the Tyumen region. The following parameters were determined: wheat grain yield, grain nutritional quality (protein content, raw gluten, gluten quality, grain hardness, grain-unit value), and amino acid and elemental (N, P, K, S, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl) composition. The efficiency of mineral fertilisers was shown to depend on their dosage, as well as on soil and weather conditions. In 2018, the use of mineral fertilisers led to an increased wheat yield and an improved grain quality. Thus, in comparison with the control (no fertilisers), the wheat yield increased by 1.6 t/ha, while the protein and wet gluten content grew by 3.67% and 9.9%, respectively. The application of fertilisers allowed 3rd class wheat to be obtained, while experiments involving no fertilisers produced only 4th class wheat. It was revealed that the role of mineral fertilisers in wheat yields and their quality decreases when growing wheat on leached chernozem under favourable weather conditions. Thus, in 2019, 3rd class wheat varying in yield insignificantly was obtained in all experiments (with and without fertilisers). It was confirmed that an increase in the dose of mineral fertilisers leads to an increase in the content of glutamic and aspartic acids in the grain, at the same time as decreasing the content of arginine. The elemental composition of grain, except for nitrogen, does not depend on the dose of fertilisers.

Influences of deficit irrigation on soil water content distribution and spring wheat growth in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia of China

Abstract In order to develop a water-saving irrigation system for spring wheat, field experiments were conducted on the deficit irrigation of spring wheat in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia. Through measurement of soil moisture content, the spring wheat growth and yield index, the influences of deficit irrigation on soil moisture distribution and spring wheat growth were studied. Results showed that, in the soil layers 0–100 cm below the ground, the soil moisture content under full irrigation at 100% ETc (ETc denotes actual water demanded by crops) and that under deficit irrigation at 80% ETc increased with the increase of soil layer depth; specifically, soil moisture under deficit irrigation at 60% ETc was mainly distributed in the subsurface layer (20–40 cm) and the middle layer (40–60 cm). The spring wheat yield was not greatly influenced by the deficit irrigation at 80% ETc, showing a decrease of merely 5–13% compared with that under full irrigation, while deficit irrigation at 60% ETc had greater impact on the growth and yield of spring wheat, cutting the yield by 10–37% in comparison with that under full irrigation. In the study area, the deficit irrigation treatment at 80% ETc was adopted, wherein the irrigation norm in the growth period was 288 mm. This irrigation system had little adverse impact on spring wheat growth and yield, and therefore, water-saving irrigation could be realized.

Validation of Spring Wheat Responses to Elevated CO2, Irrigation, and Nitrogen Fertilization in the Community Land Model 4.5

AbstractThe Community Land Model (CLM) started to incorporate crop growth models since version 4.0 in 2012. Since then, the crop model in CLM has been evolved remarkably, but some of the key crop growth responses to environmental conditions (such as the elevated CO2) have not been well validated. Here, we set up single point simulations with CLM (version 4.5) and validated spring wheat growth response against the Maricopa spring wheat Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment that consisted of multiyear paired treatments to understand the growth response to elevated CO2, irrigation, nitrogen fertilization, and their interactions. Overall, CLM showed too positive growth response to elevated CO2 but insufficient growth response to irrigation. The overestimated growth response to elevated CO2 may be due to ignoring factors (e.g., leaf traits) that will limit crop growth under elevated CO2. The insufficient response to irrigation is due to CLM simulating lower latent heat flux during April and May, which resulted in higher soil moisture. In response to nitrogen fertilization, CLM underestimated leaf area index increase but overestimated grain yield increase. In terms of energy fluxes, CLM showed decreased latent heat flux in response to elevated CO2 but increased latent heat flux in response to nitrogen fertilization, but the response magnitude was much smaller than the observations. Based on these validations, we summarized further model developments for CLM to better simulate crop growth process.

Different wheat cultivars exhibit variable responses to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from organic and conventional farms.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities originating from organic and conventional agriculture on wheat growth and yield. Six different spring wheat cultivars released in different years in north and central European countries were considered. We hypothesised that AM fungal inoculum collected from organic agricultural fields would elicit a greater positive growth response than inoculum collected from conventional agricultural fields; and that older cultivars, which were developed under conditions of low fertilizer input, would exhibit overall greater growth responses to the presence of AM fungi, compared with more recent cultivars, and that AM fungal inoculum from conventional fields might have the most beneficial effect on the growth and yield of recent cultivars. The results showed that the overall effects on the growth and yield of spring wheat grown with organic and conventional AM fungal inocula did not differ greatly. However, the inoculation growth response, showing the difference of the effects of organic and conventional inocula, varied between particular wheat cultivars. Inoculation growth response of the cultivar Pikker (released in 1959) was the most positive, while that of the cultivar Arabella (released in 2012) was the most negative. The use of AM fungal inoculum from organic fields resulted in slightly taller plant individuals. Pikker showed relatively higher yield and stronger growth when the organic AM fungal inoculum was used. Arabella exhibited relatively lower yield and weaker growth when the organic inoculum was used. Whether the positive response of Pikker to Estonian organic inoculation reflects adaptation to the locally occurring AM fungal community needs to be established by further studies of the communities of AM fungi colonizing wheat roots.

PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING WHEAT DEPENDING ON GROWING CONDITIONS

Spring wheat is the main grain crop. Stable production of high-quality wheat grain is the key to the country's food independence. Therefore, the study of the elements of growing spring wheat technology, aimed at increasing the productivity of crops, is important. The study of the interaction of plants and microorganisms depending on the level of mineral nutrition in crop planning is currently ofparticular relevance. The use of biological products, growth regulators improves the mineral nutrition of plants, increases productivity and its quality, and also provides savings in mineral fertilizers. In the upper Volga region, the main spring crops are wheat, barley and oats. To further increase them in the region, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the formation of yields and determine the most productive crops depending on the level of nutrition, biological products and growth regulators. The scientific article presents the results of the study of these drugs on the productivity of spring wheat. In field experiments, it was planned to get 30, 40 and 50 tons of grain per hectare. Fertilizers for the planned harvest were made taking into account the agrochemical properties of the soil. From biological products used Flavobacterin, which has a protective effect against diseases and improves product quality, from growth regulators used agrochemicals HUMATE + 7 (10 % liquid concentrate), which is characterized by high biological activity. The yield level was determined taking into account the average long-term moisture supply and qualitative assessment of arable land. The indicators of photosynthetic activity of crops, crop and its structure, quality characteristics of grain and economic efficiency of growing spring wheat in the upper Volga region are presented. As a result of researches the optimum level of mineral nutrition for wheat, the efficacy of agrochemical diazotroph and programming yields of spring wheat, determined the photosynthetic activity of crops and grain yield, calculated economic efficiency of the studied techniques and established the qualitative characteristics of the crop. The program for obtaining the planned wheat yields in the years of the experiments was completed by 68-91 %. Close to the planned the program was implemented using a biological product and growth regulator-74-91 %.

Correction to: Effect of Different Forms of Silicon on Growth of Spring Wheat Cultivated in Organic Farming System

Correction to: Effect of Different Forms of Silicon on Growth of Spring Wheat Cultivated in Organic Farming System

Effect of Different Forms of Silicon on Growth of Spring Wheat Cultivated in Organic Farming System

Application of silicon (Si) could greatly boost wheat growth and yield by mitigating abiotic stress, especially drought.AimThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of silicon products in different forms and methods of its application on growth and yield of spring wheat cultivated under organic farming regime.MethodsA field experiment was conducted in the period of 2017–2018 on a research farm. The impact of different methods of application of powder and liquid forms of Si products to soil, leaves and combined methods of application (to soil and leaves) on growth parameters and yielding of spring wheat was evaluated. The treatments consisted of the recommended doses of two Si products - Adesil and ZumSil at 10 kg and 0.3 l/ha, respectively. The effect of silicon was assessed by measuring emergence and height of plants, number and weight of ears, as well as the SPAD index and yield.ResultsThe number of plants emergence (316–321 seedlings per 1 m2), the number of spikes and the height of plants were the highest after application of the liquid form of silicon, regardless of the method of application. The yield was statistically higher after the combined and foliar applications of liquid form of silicon (4.97 and 4.84 t/ha, respectively). The powder silicon form was similar effective when was used as the combined application (to soil and leaves) (5.35 t/ ha).ConclusionsSi stimulates growth of wheat enhancing number of ears and plant height, increases yields of organically grown spring wheat, a liquid Si formulation (solution of monosilicic acid) is more effective than a powder Si formulation (diatomaceous earth). Soil and foliar Si application is more effective than soil or foliar application.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРЕПАРАТА «МЕФОСФОН» ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ПОЛЕЗНЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ, ПОВЫШАЮЩИХ УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ПШЕНИЦЫ

The article presents the results of the practical application of products obtained from waste from poultry farming and the oil industry using the biologically active drug “Mefosfon”. Field tests using an aqueous solution of “Mefosfon” at extremely low concentrations (10-6 - 10-8%) made it possible to obtain “Kompost UP-1” product of IV hazard class from chicken manure, and “Meliorant” product of V hazard class from drilling waste. Field studies to study the effect of products on spring wheat growth were carried out in the experimental fields of the Laishevsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. “Kompost UP-1” and “Meliorant” were introduced under pre-sowing cultivation in the amount of 50 tons per hectare and 1.3 tons per hectare, respectively. For comparison, control plots were organized (Control). The seeds used were spring wheat of Yoldyz variety (“Kompost UP-1”) and Idelle (Meliorant). Analysis of growth and productivity indicators of plants grown in different areas showed that the application of “Meliorant” optimizes soil pH, activates mass transfer processes, and the application of “Kompost UP-1” helps to increase the content of nutrients (N, P, K). At the stage of tillering of plants in the area with “Kompost UP-1”, the average phytomass per unit length of plants was 1.8 times higher than in the control. The use of “Kompost UP-1” leads to a significant improvement in grain quality: the mass fraction of protein increased by 32%, vitreous content by 60%, and the content of crude gluten by 34%. Productivity increased and amounted to 42 kg/ha, which is 14 kg more than in the control.

Assessing modified aluminum-based water treatment residuals as a plant-available phosphorus source

Inorganic phosphorus (P) fertilizers are a finite resource; alternative means of creating P fertilizers from current municipal and agricultural waste sources may reduce our reliance on phosphate rock mining, and improve waste disposal and nutrient cycling. Previous research demonstrated that organic aluminum water treatment residual composites (Al/O-WTR), created by mixing aluminum water treatment residuals (Al-WTR) with swine wastewater, have the potential to be a source of plant-available P. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth with increasing application rates of swine wastewater-derived Al/O-WTR and commercial P fertilizer (both applied at 34, 67, and 135 kg P2O5 ha−1) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while straw and grain P uptake were lower with Al/O-WTR in the sandy clay loam. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils. Increased phosphatase activity suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhanced the extent to which microbial communities mineralized Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Overall, these results suggest that Al-WTR can be used to make P fertilizer, combining two “waste” products to create a useful product. Phosphorus harvesting via Al/O-WTR may be a feasible future alternative to mining phosphate rock, while avoiding unnecessary waste disposal and improving agricultural nutrient cycling.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ДИНАМИКИ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО ПИТАНИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ В СИСТЕМЕ «УДОБРЕНИЕ-ПОЧВА-РАСТЕНИЕ»

A numerical simulation of the spatial-temporal dynamics of a multi-parameter system is developed. The components of this system are plant biomass, mobile and stationary forms of mineral nutrition elements, rhizosphere microorganisms and environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, acidity). Parametric identification and verification of the adequacy of the model were carried out based on the experimental data on the growth of spring wheat «Krasnoufimskaya-100» on peat lowland soil. The results are represented by temporal distributions of biomass from agricultural crop under study and the findings on the content of main nutrition elements within the plant (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). An agronomic assessment and interpretation of the obtained results are given.

Methodological approach to development of technology of growing spring wheat under irrigation based on resource conservation with use of imitational model

A methodology of the formation of spring wheat cultivation technology is presented under the optimization of such factors as fertilizers and irrigation. The methodology includes the agroecological verification of spring wheat varieties, adaptation to the imitation model of grain crops, performing a series of numerical experiments, development and solution of the optimization problem of technology resource supply and determination of the optimum operating mode of irrigation. The optimum irrigation regime was based on the use of variations of the imitation model of spring wheat. This version of the model is adapted to the appropriate doses of fertilizers. An irrigation regime conducive to obtaining the required yield was formed as a result of the analysis of the curves of the water status of sowing and infiltration effluent. Consideration of the actual results obtained with the use of optimum irrigation regimes in different years of research contributed to the formulation of the rules for watering purpose. The optimum combination of regulated factors allows to improve significantly grain quality, protein up to 17.0 % and gluten up to 41.5 % content.

Critical Values of Soil Physical Quality Indicators Based on Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

This study was conducted to determine critical values of soil physical quality indicators according to vegetative growth of spring wheat in a range of degrees of soil compactness. A non-saline loam soil was used to produce a range of degrees of soil compactness in 10 mini-lysimeters. The mini-lysimeters were put outdoors and received similar amounts of water after sowing of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Pishtaz). Shoot dry weight (SDW) was measured, and relative SDW (RSDW) values of 0.9 and 0.8 were assumed to be the starting and end points of soil physical quality indicator limitation for wheat growth, respectively. Critical integral water capacity (IWC) values of 0.136 and 0.104 cm3 cm−3 were obtained for the start- and end-point limitations, respectively. This means that in the studied soil, the IWC values greater than 0.136 cm3 cm−3 represent good soil physical conditions for wheat growth. In the IWC range of 0.136–0.104 cm3 cm−3, there were slight physical limitations for wheat growth. In the IWC values smaller than 0.104 cm3 cm−3, unsuitable soil physical conditions (i.e., poor aeration and high mechanical impedance) strongly restricted the wheat growth. Start- and end-point limitations for Dexter’s index of soil physical quality (S) were found to be 0.051 and 0.038, respectively. Corresponding values for relative bulk density (RBD) were 0.805 and 0.846, respectively.

Estimation of the impact of precrops and climate variability on soil depth-differentiated spring wheat growth and water, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake

Water and nutrients in the subsoil are valuable resources in crop production but the availability varies with weather conditions and management, in particular the crop rotation. Moreover, constraints such as mechanical resistance or water stress may impede root growth into deeper soil layers. This study presents a simulation-based stochastic approach to investigate the impact of precrops on spring wheat growth and water and nutrient uptake under varying weather conditions. The effect of the three precrops lucerne, chicory and tall fescue on spring wheat growth was investigated extensively in a field trial. For model calibration and evaluation, we selected a year with a dry spell (2010) and one with abundant precipitation (2012) and used field data on biopore densities in the subsoil, crop development, leaf area index, shoot biomass, grain and straw yield, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus in shoot, grain and straw, root length densities, as well as soil moisture and soil N and P concentrations for several soil depths. The modeling framework consisted of the modeling platform SIMPLACE and the stochastic weather generator LARS-WG to consider climate variability. The weather generator was used to generate a synthetic time-series of daily weather data (100 years) based on observed weather data of the experimental site in order to simulate 100 spring wheat growth periods under recent climate conditions for each precrop. Moreover, a 100 year long time-series with annual dry spells in June was generated to analyze the effect of drought during flowering on crop water and nutrient uptake. During the scenario runs, the model was annually reinitialized at sowing to provide identical initial conditions. The experimental data over two years showed that spring wheat growth as well as total N and P uptake were clearly enhanced after precrop lucerne. This was comfirmed by the simulations over 100 years. The simulation runs also prompt that precrop fescue led to higher spring wheat biomass and enhanced subsoil and total water and N uptake in years with normal precipitation pattern compared to precrop chicory, but in drier years, it was vice versa. Because plants compensate for moderate nutrient or water deficiencies, small differences in grain yield may hide significant differences in total and in subsoil N and P uptake.

Performance of Winter-Seeded Spring Wheat in Inner Mongolia

Growing spring wheat in Inner Mongolia is challenging because of the short growing period, dry-hot winds, and heat-forced maturity. There are also problems with growing winter wheat varieties, such as frost damage, spring droughts, and “late spring cold”. These factors have restricted efforts to increase yields. In order to address these challenges, this study adopted a “spring wheat winter-sowing” planting model for growing wheat in the Hetao Plain Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia and studied wheat varieties with different vernalization requirements through three consecutive field trials. The effects of different sowing dates were analyzed on seed germination and seedling emergence, growth, material accumulation, and yield formation, and the differences were characterized from traditional spring wheat. The results indicated that delaying the sowing date increased the spring emergence rate of the wheat varieties. The winter-seeded spring wheat germinated and ripened after three and seven days, respectively, earlier than the spring-seeded. The grain yield for the winter-seeded wheat was parallel to the spring-seeded wheat. Compared with the spring-seeded wheat, the winter-seeded wheat displayed less panicles, but greater grains per spike, and a 1000-grain weight. When seeded in winter, Yongliang 4 performed better than Ningdong 11 and Henong 7106 in terms of the emergence rate, material accumulation, and grain yield. The best seeding time for the winter-seeded spring wheat in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia is early November.

Effects of a new-type inner-canopy illuminant and light quality on spring wheat growth in CELSS

Traditional plant illumination in Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) has been generally roof illumination (RI). In order to improve the utilization efficiency of light energy for cultivating plants, a new-type inner-canopy illuminant (ICI), which was embedded among the stems and leaves of spring wheat, was applied in the research. The experimental group was 50% ICI+ 50% RI, while the control group was 100% RI, both of which consumed the same total electric power. For each of the two groups, six different qualities of light were separately used to study the effects of red, blue and green light under simulated CELSS conditions. By comparing the two groups, it was found that the PPFD (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density) on the leaf surface was increased in the experimental group, resulting in a shortened growth period, higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn), lower plant height, larger leaf area index (LAI), higher biomass and seed yield. The increased percent of PPFD across the leaf surface under the experimental group on average reached 8.6%–14.6% within 30 days, while PPFD increased by 3.9%–8.0% in 70 days after sowing. An increased seed yield as large as 19.6% per day was achieved in the experimental group. In addition, Red, blue and green light contributed differently to photosynthetic efficiency. Firstly, red light promoted the shortening of growth period, while blue and green light had no significant effect on it. For example, reducing 20% red light caused a 12- or 13-day prolongation of the growth period. Secondly, increasing the ratio of red/blue could increase Pn, plant height, leaf area index, total biomass and seed yield. Thirdly, it can be seen that the green light did not contribute to photosynthesis directly, but it still had an important role in spring wheat growth. Green light significantly increased the tiller number and LAI, as well as total biomass and seed yield, but daily seed yield was not increased under 10% or more green light. The total seed yield was the highest in combination of 80% red +10% blue +10% green light, but the highest daily seed yield was achieved under 90% red +10% blue light for a shorter growth period. The above results should provide a useful reference for choosing the suitable plant lighting method in CELSS.

Undersown cover crops have limited weed suppression potential when reducing tillage intensity in organically grown cereals

Adoption of reduced tillage in organic cropping has been slow, partly due to concerns about increasing weed infestation. Undersown cover crops (CCs) are considered to be a feasible option for weed management but their potential for weed suppression is insufficiently investigated in low-till organic cropping. The possibilities to reduce primary tillage by introducing CCs to maintain weed infestation at a level that does not substantially jeopardize crop yield were studied in a field experiment in southern Finland during 2015–2017. Eight different CC mixtures were undersown in cereals and the response in weed occurrence was consecutively assessed in spring barley, winter wheat, and finally, as a subsequent effect, in spring wheat. Growth of CCs was too slow to prevent the flush of early emerging weeds in spring barley whereas in winter wheat, CCs succeeded in hindering the growth of weeds. However, CCs could not prevent the increase of perennial weeds in a reduced tillage system in which the early growth of spring wheat was retarded in cool 2017. Consequently, after 2 years of reduced tillage, weed biomass was about 2.6 times higher and spring wheat yield was 30% lower than in plowed plots, respectively. No major differences in weed control efficacy among CC treatments were evident. A grain yield benefit was recorded after repeated use of leguminous CCs. The need for long-term field studies remains of particular interest regarding post-harvest performance and influence of CCs on perennial weeds before the inversion tillage.

Microbiological and biochemical properties of soil polluted with a mixture of spiroxamine, tebuconazole, and triadimenol under the cultivation of Triticum aestivum L.

Pesticide contamination is one of the most serious threats for agricultural soils. Excessive pesticide levels in soil can exert negative effects on soil-dwelling organisms by decreasing their bioavailability and, consequently, lowering soil quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a mixture of spiroxamine, tebuconazole, and triadimenol (S + Te + Tr) on the biological activity of soil determined based on the proliferation of microorganisms and their diversity, enzymatic activity of soil, and resistance of Triticum aestivum L. A pot experiment was performed on sandy loam (pH 7.0) treated with four doses of the tested active ingredients: 0.000, 0.092, 2.76, 13.80, and 27.60 mg kg−1. Soil without the fungicide served as the control sample. The tested fungicide induced changes in the biological activity of soil. When administered to the soil in the highest dose (27.60 mg kg−1 DM of soil), it inhibited its biological activity. It significantly inhibited the proliferation of organotrophs, actinomycetes, and fungi, but still the most susceptible to its effects turned out to be fungi. Fungicide dose of 27.60 mg kg−1 decreased counts of organotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi by on average 0.009 log, 0.100 log, and 0.282 log, respectively, compared to the control sample. Administration of the S + Te + Tr mixture to soil decreased also values of colony development index (CD) determined for all tested groups of microorganisms. Values of the ecophysiological diversity index (EP) decreased in the case of organotrophs and actimomycetes and increased in the case of fungi. The S + Te + Tr mixture inhibited activities of dehydrogenases, urease, and acid phosphatase. Significant changes were also reported in the growth of spring wheat. The resistance index (RS) calculated based on plant yield demonstrated spring wheat to be very susceptible to the tested preparation administered to soil in doses of 13.80 and 27.60 mg kg−1.

Ефективність основного обробітку та системи удобрення ґрунту при вирощуванні пшениці ярої в умовах Передкарпаття

Ефективність основного обробітку та системи удобрення ґрунту при вирощуванні пшениці ярої в умовах Передкарпаття