Spring Grains Research Articles

Factors of winter moisture movement in arable soils of the Ishim steppe

Based on the materials of long-term field observations in the southern regions of the Omsk region, the influence of the main factors on the winter movement of moisture in arable soils of the Ishim steppe was traced. The penetration depth of 0 °С determines the lower boundary and vertical thickness of the moisture freezing layer. The distance between its lower edge and the penetration depth of 0 °С is 20–40 cm. The penetration depth of 0 °С is predetermined by the air temperature and the thickness of the snow cover and reaches 170–240 cm. The forms of moisture dominant in the soil are associated with the granulometric composition. Film moisture prevails in the heavy loamy, highly silty soil-ground strata of the Ishim steppe. The content of capillary-backed and free gravitational water does not exceed 6% of the soil volume at full moisture capacity, which determines the small volume of moisture freezing (up to 50 mm). Thermogradient migration of moisture is determined by field methods in highly moistened soil-ground strata. High humidity of the soils and rocks of the Ishim steppe is associated with their granulometric composition and the close occurrence of groundwater. If in the second ten days of October groundwater is recorded at a depth of less than 3 m, the layer of moisture freezing at the end of March is noted in the depth range between 40–80 and 160–200 cm, the volume of cryogenic accumulation is 30–50 mm, including in the upper meter layer – 10–25 mm. If groundwater is detected at a depth of more than 3 m in the autumn, the freezing layer is fixed at 80 to 160–200 cm, the moisture gain in it is 15–30 mm, in the 0–100 cm layer the moisture content does not change. The role of cryogenic accumulation in replenishing the post-vegetation moisture deficit in the root layer of spring grains is modest. This process is significant for the formation of conditions for anaerobiosis and the development of modern hydromorphism in the lower soil horizons and in the subsoil strata.

Digitization of the agricultural crop industry as a factor for business growth

The production costs of agricultural enterprises of 43 rural areas in the South of Russia, which systematically cultivate the same types of crops: winter and spring grains, pulse crops, maize, sunflower, potatoes and open field vegetables, has been investigated. Mathematical tools for cost forecasting and long-term planning of production of the most competitive species for profitable sales on the world (grain) and domestic product markets are shown.

Biological characteristics of sorghum crop

Nowdays global trends in climate change have drawn attention of the scientific community to crops with wide range of plasticity to abiotic environmental factors. Sorghum crop is a species with properties like these. Moreover it is a crop with great potential of yield and versatility of use. Grain sorghum belongs to the plants with ability to form the high level of productivity under various growing conditions, providing moisture, soil, and temperature regimes. Sorghum is the undisputed leader among field crops in its ability to withstand to prolonged droughts, high air and soil temperatures.
 Aridization as the result of climate change causes in expanding the potential region for grain sorghum growing. In recent years, due to global climate change towards warming, there is an increase in the likelihood of droughts not only in the Steppe zone, but in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine as well. This causes the inclusion of drought- and heat-resistant species in the crop range. The main argument for more intensive involvement of grain sorghum in the region agrocenoses - its high ecological plasticity, which can be a full-fledged alternative to other spring grains (such as barley, corn, sunflower, millet) in unfavorable terms of hydrothermal coefficient of the growing season. The basic technology elements of grain sorghum cultivation for ensuring high and stable yields in the southern regions of Ukraine have been studied in many researchers. However, the technological elements of grain sorghum cultivation in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine require detailed research to guarentee the high level of yields. The breeders established new modern varieties and hybrids of this crop, their reaction to the factors of the yield formation (sowing time and plant density, nutrients, etc.) were studied fragmentarily. The relevance of these problems, the insufficient level of their scientific substantiation, determined the scientific feasibility, practical significance of the study of the peculiarities of growing grain sorghum in the conditions of the North-Eastern region of Ukraine. Prospects for further research are based on the development of scientific principles for ensuring high productivity of grain sorghum with high quality indicators in the North-Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Новые перспективные кормовые культуры для условий Архангельской области

Нетрадиционные кормовые культуры, к которым относятся многие виды растений, представляют значительную ценность, так как отличаются высокой урожайностью, хорошими кормовыми качествами, обладают высоким адаптивным потенциалом и сочетают его со значительной экологической пластичностью. Представлены результаты изучения нетрадиционных и малораспространенных кормовых культур на юге Архангельской области. Объектом исследования, проведенного в 2015 – 2017 гг., являлись многолетние кормовые культуры различных ботанических семейств: Sida hermaphrodita, Silphium perfoliatum L., Serratula coronata. Дана сравнительная оценка малораспространенным кормовым культурам. В течение вегетационного периода проводили фенологические наблюдения за ростом и развитием растений, урожайностью зеленой массы. По комплексу хозяйственно ценных признаков выделены культуры, характеризующиеся высоким потенциалом кормовой продуктивности, устойчивые к засухе, полеганию, вредителям и пораженности болезнями. Урожайность зеленой массы у сильфии пронзеннолистной в среднем составила 45,2 т/га, содержание сухого вещества — 12,1 %, переваримого протеина – 62,0 г, сахара — 88,6 г, вегетационный период — 85 дней; у серпухи венценосной — соответственно 29,4 т/га, 18,4 %, 66,9 и 111,4 г, 54 дня; у сиды многолетней — соответственно 15,3 т/га, 18,4 %, 57,2 и 92,2 г, 58 дней. Данные культуры рекомендованы для использования в сельскохозяйственном производстве. Предшественниками этих культур могут быть озимые и яровые зерновые, а также пропашные культуры.

Sulphur and Nitrogen Fertilization as a Potential Means of Agronomic Biofortification to Improve the Content and Uptake of Microelements in Spring Wheat Grain DM

The aim of the field experiment was to analyze the impact of various nitrogen and sulphur doses on the content and uptake of spring grains of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. The study was conducted in southeastern Poland (2009–2011) on Cambisols (WRB 2007), in conditions of low soil sulphur content. The experiment included 4 doses of N fertilization (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg/ha) and 2 doses of S application (0 and 50 kg/ha). The analysis showed that fertilization with nitrogen and sulphur had a positive effect on the studied features of spring wheat. The combination resulted in beneficial content of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu (Fe 45.00, Mn 35.67, Zn 34.63, and Cu 3.65 mg/kg) and beneficial uptake of microelements by grain DM (Fe 216.1, Mn 171.3, Zn 166.4, and Cu 17.52 g/ha). The highest grain yield (5.43 t/ha) was obtained after the application of nitrogen at a dose of 80 kg/ha and sulphur at a dose of 50 kg/ha. In relation to control, this increase of grain yield amounted to 13.3%. Significant correlations were also found between grain yield and the content and uptake of all microelements, as well as between elements. No significant correlation was found only between the content and uptake of Fe and the content of Mn and between the content of Mn and Cu. Sulphur supplementation of NPK fertilization can be a good means of agronomic biofortification for spring wheat in order to increase the content and uptake of micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu.

Altitude and zonal regularities and agro-ecological estimation of bioclimatic rhythms in Armenia

The article includes the data of long-term monitoring observations taken from 60 meteorological stations located at 450-3200 m above the sea level. It presents the results of study of time of occurrence, duration and spatial variability of bioclimatic rhythms of main ecotypes of agricultural crops under the conditions of high altitudes of the Republic of Armenia. It was found out that vertical gradients of the average periods of main phases of grow of winter wheat, potatoes, grapes and livestock pasturage within highland pastures fluctuate within 3-5 days / 100 m. Agro-ecological conditions for bioclimatic rhythms along high-altitude zones are estimated. The high-altitude regularities are determined and correlation dependence curves of time of occurrence of bioclimatic rhythms from absolute altitude are identified with specification of ways for optimizing heat and moisture availability and productivity of these crops. The probability of crop damage from drought, frosts in different periods of vegetation is calculated. Agro-climatic parameters of critical periods of growth and development of crops under study within high-altitude zones are determined which makes it possible to ensure production of stable and high yields. It became clear that the highest altitude for obtaining two crops a year after harvesting early spring grains, vegetables, potatoes is 1400 m above the sea level – in arid regions and 1200 m - in wet regions. It is proposed to develop a natural conveyor for fresh vegetables, potatoes, maize, fruit, dairy and other products using the vertical zonality of crops ripening and livestock pasturage within the summer pasture zone.

Влияние технологических систем на агрофизические свойства почвы в Степном Заволжье

We present a study on five technological tillage systems and seeding on chernozem ordinary. The findings suggest that the prospects of the use of new technological systems in modern adaptive farming systems for the Trans-Volga steppe. It was found that long-term use of technological systems with differentiated treatments and the introduction of chopped straw on the surface of chernozem ordinary in the rotation, instead of the traditional with a constant plowing, is not contrary to the development of natural processes occurring in the soil, does not reduce the content of the macrostructure (1,0-0,25 mm) in arable layer. In this embodiment, in the direct sowing of spring grain it is observed the highest content of aggregates of 3-0,25 mm in the upper layer of soil, which provides the smallest loss of moisture through evaporation. Long-term use of modern technological tillage systems and sowing of crops does not lead to an ordinary black soil compaction. The density of the soil during the growing season is in the range of optimal values for cropping (1,0-1,3 g / cm3). In applying all test technology, penetration resistance of the soil during the sowing of spring grains is within the optimum values for the development of plants.

Characterizing Cropland Phenology in Major Grain Production Areas of Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan by the Synergistic Use of Passive Microwave and Visible to Near Infrared Data

We demonstrate the synergistic use of surface air temperature retrieved from AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on Earth observing satellite) and two vegetation indices (VIs) from the shorter wavelengths of MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) to characterize cropland phenology in the major grain production areas of Northern Eurasia from 2003–2010. We selected 49 AMSR-E pixels across Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan, based on MODIS land cover percentage data. AMSR-E air temperature growing degree-days (GDD) captures the weekly, monthly, and seasonal oscillations, and well correlated with station GDD. A convex quadratic (CxQ) model that linked thermal time measured as growing degree-days to accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD) was fitted to each pixel’s time series yielding high coefficients of determination (0.88 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.98). Deviations of observed GDD from the CxQ model predicted GDD by site corresponded to peak VI for negative residuals (period of higher latent heat flux) and low VI at beginning and end of growing season for positive residuals (periods of higher sensible heat flux). Modeled thermal time to peak, i.e., AGDD at peak GDD, showed a strong inverse linear trend with respect to latitude with r2 of 0.92 for Russia and Kazakhstan and 0.81 for Ukraine. MODIS VIs tracked similar seasonal responses in time and space and were highly correlated across the growing season with r2 > 0.95. Sites at lower latitude (≤49°N) that grow winter and spring grains showed either a bimodal growing season or a shorter unimodal winter growing season with substantial inter-annual variability, whereas sites at higher latitude (≥56°N) where spring grains are cultivated exhibited shorter, unimodal growing seasons. Sites between these extremes exhibited longer unimodal growing seasons. At some sites there were shifts between unimodal and bimodal patterns over the study period. Regional heat waves that devastated grain production in 2007 in Ukraine and in 2010 in Russia and Kazakhstan appear clearly anomalous. Microwave based surface air temperature data holds great promise to extend to parts of the planet where the land surface is frequently obscured by clouds, smoke, or aerosols, and where routine meteorological observations are sparse or absent.

A study of hard:soft layer ratios and angular switching in exchange coupled media

We have performed micromagnetic simulations to investigate the magnetic behavior of exchange spring grains for hard disk recording applications. The thickness ratio between magnetically hard and soft layers was varied while the soft layer anisotropy was altered to maintain a suitable energy barrier between opposite magnetization states. The minimum required magnetic field for switching a grain and the corresponding field angle were both significantly reduced in exchange spring material compared with single-phase grains. This could lead to reduced cross-track write errors in hard drive systems and assist the development of magnetic multilayer recording technologies.

Survey of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Stubble Fields Sprayed with Herbicides in 1998: Cultural Practices1

A survey of 174 fields was conducted during August and September of 1998 to investigate effects of cultural and herbicide practices on postharvest weed control in winter wheat stubble fields across western and southern Nebraska. Seventy-four percent of the fields were seeded at rates of 67 to 100 kg/ha, with 60% of the wheat seeded in rows spaced 25 cm apart. Wheat seeded in east–west rows contained 98% more stinkgrass and 82% more tumble pigweed than wheat seeded in north–south rows. Sixty-nine percent of winter wheat stubble fields were rated excellent for weed control. Postharvest weed control with herbicides was not affected by row spacing. In western Nebraska, density of tumble pigweed and Russian thistle was greater when wheat seeding rate was 50 kg/ha than at higher seeding rates. Short-stature winter wheat cultivars had greater densities of Pennsylvania smartweed and toothed spurge than taller cultivars. The most common winter wheat cultivars were ‘Arapahoe’ (34%) and ‘Alliance’ (17%). Weed control was positively correlated with number of winter wheat stems per square meter (r = 0.22**). Density of several weed species was greater in fields seeded with a disk than with a hoe drill. The most common crop rotations sampled were winter wheat–corn–fallow (50%), winter wheat–fallow (18%), and winter wheat–corn–soybean (13%). Winter wheat yields and wheat stem densities were greater and weed density was less when winter wheat was seeded after an 11- to 14-mo fallow period rather than a 0- to 5-mo period.Nomenclature: Green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. #3 SETVI; kochia, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. # KCHSC; Pennsylvania smartweed, Polygoncum pensylvanicum P. # POLPY; Russian thistle, Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau # SASKR; stinkgrass, Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) E. Mosher # ERACN; toothed spurge, Euphorbia dentata Michx. # EPHDE; tumble pigweed, Amaranthus albus L. # AMAAL; corn, Zea mays L.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L.Additional index words: Atrazine, crop rotations, ecofallow, ecofarming, glyphosate, no-till, weed management.Abbreviations: W–C or Sor, winter wheat–corn or sorghum; W–C–F, winter wheat–corn–fallow; W–C–Soy, winter wheat–corn–soybean; W–C–Spgr, winter wheat–corn–spring grains; W–F, winter wheat–fallow; W–W, winter wheat–winter wheat.

Small Grains for Fall and Spring Forage

The livestock industries in the North Central States have historically depended on perennial legumes as the major source of forage. However, fluctuation in yield associated with winter kill or unfavorable summer growing conditions often requires supplementation with alternative forages. The objective of this research was to determine the potential for fall sown spring and winter grains to be used as a source of fall or spring forage. Small grains were sown alone or in spring-winter grain mixtures in August and harvested in October and, in the case of winter grain treatments, again in the following spring. Field studies were conducted for 3 yr (1992 to 1994) near Arlington and Marshfield, WI, on Plano (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll) and Withee (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid; Aquic Glossoboralf) silt loam soils, respectively. Monoculture spring grains (oat, Avena sativa L.; barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; and spring triticale Triticum × Secale) averaged 1.7 tons/acre fall forage yield, which was more than four times greater than the average 0.4 tons/acre fall forage yield of the monoculture winter grains (wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; rye, Secale cereale L.; and triticale, Triticum × Secale). Monoculture oat and barley performed best as a fall forage. Mixtures of spring and winter grains averaged 10 to 20% less fall forage than spring grain treatments. Spring forage yields of either monoculture winter grains or winter grains planted with spring grains were 50 to 70% more than their fall forage yields. Monoculture winter grains, rye or wheat or triticale, averaged 31 to 36% greater spring forage yields than their mixed-planted counterparts. Monoculture winter grains achieved greatest forage yields in the spring. Across all comparisons, total (fall + spring) forage yields reached as high as 4.5 tons/acre. Overall, winter grains combined with a spring grain provided slightly less total forage yield than monoculture winter grains, but they provided this yield in the fall and spring, which may be more useful to a producer. Results of this study provide evidence that small grains can provide a fall and/or spring forage source. Depending on when forage is most needed, a producer could seed oat or barley for maximum fall forage yields, seed winter wheat or rye for maximum spring yields, or seed oat or barley with winter wheat or rye for both fall and spring needs.

Estimation of Population Density of the Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) from the Proportion of Grain Tillers with Different Tally Thresholds of Aphids

Sampling summer and fall populations of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis Noxia (Mordvilko), on winter wheat, spring wheat, and barley in the northwestern United States (Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington) from 1988 to 1991 resulted in 120 estimates of mean aphid density (m aphids per tiller) and the proportion of tillers with ≤ T aphids (PT), where T is defined as the tally threshold. T was set to 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 for the summer populations and 0, 1... 5,8, and 10 for the fall populations. For each T , an empirically determined functional relationship between m and PT was developed using parameters estimated from the linear regression of In(m) on In[-In(PT)]. Variability associated with the m and PT relationship was found to differ greatly among the T values concerned, generally decreasing with increasing T , for the summer populations. Small T values, particularly empty tillers ( T = 0), may lead to spurious estimates of m from PT. The tally threshold of 20 or 25 aphids per tiller is suggested for use in monitoring summer populations of D. noxia to reduce the variability and achieve an acceptable error level. The variability was low for fall populations on winter wheat despite a variable range associated with the values of T, but was minimized when T = 2, 3, or 4. Using these T values, half-widths of the 95% CIs are usually <0.5 (which equals an error level [SE/ m ] of ≈0.25). These T values are also recommended for use in estimating the aphid populations infesting spring grains during the late spring or early summer.

Nitrogen Use by Northern‐Adapted Barley Genotypes Under No‐Till

AbstractNo‐till planting can restrict the growth and productivity of spring grains in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Cooler soil temperatures, compared to conventional tillage, may contribute to lower productivity. Therefore, genotypes bred in cold climates may better adapt to notill management. Eleven spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes were evaluated for N content and dry matter accumulation under direct drilling at 45 and 90 kg N ha−1. These genotypes originated in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) or the Northern European (Nordic) countries Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. The Nordic genotypes were developed under cooler, wetter soil conditions than the PNW genotypes, and were therefore predicted to be better adapted to no‐till management. Barley was drilled into stubble of spring cereals in a Palouse silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxeroll). The Finnish genotypes, HJA Potra, HJA 80201, and HJA 78003, generally had greater above‐ground dry matter and N content than the domestic genotypes prior to anthesis. These differences were not sustained through rain filling, however, and PNW genotypes accumulated more N and dry matter per unit area by maturity. Steptoe was the only genotype that consistently absorbed N during grain filling, while many genotypes exhibited net N losses. Nitrogen remobilization and N harvest index tended to be greater in 6‐row genotypes compared to 2‐row genotypes. The PNW genotypes generally outyielded the Nordic genotypes with the exception of ‘Nordal’. Nevertheless, if the physiological traits of the Nurdic genotypes associated with efficient N uptake during cold soil conditions could be incorporated into an existing PNW genotype, improved N use efficiency may be obtainable.

Forage Production of Triticale Relative to Other Spring Grains1

AbstractSmall grains have been used in various regions of the United States and Canada as a source of forage; however, forage yield and quality from spring seedings have not been evaluated adequately. A field study was conducted on a Palouse silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic pachic Ultic Haploxerolls) to compare the forage production of two spring seeded triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) lines (VT75229 and CF76) to currently grown oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in eastern Washington. Forage yield, percent crude protein, and crude protein yield were determined at the heading and the soft‐dough stage of development from an early and a normal date of planting for the area. Forage yields were not significantly affected by planting date or any of the interactions containing planting date; however, there was a significant increase in percent crude protein with all species except barley when seeded at the normal compared to an early planting date. Triticale CF76 had a mean forage yield averaged over years and planting dates generally equal to the other spring grain species at the soft‐dough stage, but lower than barley and oats at the beading stage. Crude protein yield for the triticales was similar to the other spring grains under the majority of planting dates and harvest stages. These data indicate that triticale will have forage yields and crude protein yields equal to other spring grains in the Pacific Northwest; however, management factors, i.e., planting date and stage of harvest, need to be considered in making recommendations to producers in order to obtain maximum forage potential.

Estimating Emergence Date of Spring Small Grains Using Landsat Spectral Data1

AbstractRemotely acquired data using the Landsat satellite system provide a means for initiating crop growth simulation models and crop phenology models at a field level over a large geographic area. A model based on Landsat spectral data has been developed that estimates a spectral emergence of the crop at a pixel (field) level. This spectral emergence date is evaluated using dates of planting and emergence reported by farmers for their fields of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) located in North and South Dakota. The differences between model predicted emergence date and farmer reported is found to be 4.9 ± 7.7 days. The model can provide a means of understanding the distribution of crop emergence across all pixels of a region. This knowledge of emergence date of spring grains from satellite data provides an ability to run crop development and yield prediction models at field level.

Crop Identification in a Parkland Environment Using Aerial Photography

SUMMARYThe estimation of crop production using remote sensing techniques first requires a correct identification of the crops found in a given area. In Western Canada, the identification of field crops is hampered by the occurrence of confusion crops such as spring grains. These follow crop calendars and/or possess spectral signatures similar to each other. The results of an interpretation test using color and color infra-red photography show a higher percent correct identification of spring grains with the color photography. This is attributed in part to the differences in visible colors often noted in the field during the vegetative period between darker green wheat crops and lighter green oat and barley crops. A higher percent correct identification of fallow fields was attained with the color infra-red photography. Relatively high percent commission errors were made for grain and hay crops with both types of photography.

The Behavior and Survival of Adult Cereal Leaf Beetles1,2

The adult cereal leaf beetle population was studied in an 1842-acre area in Kalamazoo County, Michigan from 1970-74. Adults were found to survive winter in highest densities at the edge of the woodlots. Other habitats include sparse woods, fence rows, dense woods, and croplands (in order of “preference”). Emergence from overwintering is temperature-dependent and, although cumulative emergence is quite regular on a degree- day scale, differences occur between years. Following emergence, the adult beetle population moves among wild grasses and grain fields as it decreases rapidly clue to mortality. The density within a field depends on the size of the regional population and the stage of development of the crop during this period of mobility. Generally early-planted winter grains and late-planted spring grains maintain lower populations than normal plantings of each. The cereal leaf beetle population in the study area declined between 1970 and 1974 and several factors were investigated as possible causes. This decline was apparently not caused by spring mortality rates, planting dates, or relative acreages of crops, however a shift of the majority of the population from oats to wheat was associated with the declining densities and may be a factor in population regulation.

The Cereal Leaf Beetle Today (Oulema melanopus L.)

AbstractThe history, biology, hosts, present control, and current research on the cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus L.) are presented as parts of a continuing project on the control of this pest. The beetle is a serious pest of spring grains, and a lesser pest of fall grains. It is spreading and increasing rapidly in the northeastern USA and southeastern Canada. Insecticides are the only control measure now recommended. Lines of wheats (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) resistant to the pest have been found. Parasites of the beetle have been introduced from Europe and show promise for its control. The biology of the pest is under intensive study for leads toward more effective means for its control. The population dynamics of the beetle are under study and the results of this study will be used to model control strategies for the pest. The breadth and integration of special fields in the cereal leaf beetle project is suggested as a model for the development of rational controls for other insects.

Changes in proteins, free amino acids, and amides accompanying imbibition and vernalization of wheat grains

Vernalization has a negligible effect on the total protein content of spring and winter grains. However, large increases in the total alcohol-soluble amino acid and amide fractions were observed. The proportional distribution of amino acids and amides varied both between grain parts and between spring and winter wheats.Three bases of computing the amino acid and amide data were used in all cases, i.e. protein, dry weight, or grain part. Apparent differences in the magnitude of change with vernalization were dependent upon the base from which the data was calculated. This study indicates that data expressed on a dry weight basis alone may lead to an erroneous picture of metabolic change.

The Relation of Winter Temperature to the Distribution of Winter and Spring Grains in the United States1

Agronomy JournalVolume 9, Issue 1 p. 21-24 Article The Relation of Winter Temperature to the Distribution of Winter and Spring Grains in the United States1 S. C. Salmon, S. C. SalmonSearch for more papers by this author S. C. Salmon, S. C. SalmonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1917 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1917.00021962000900010003xCitations: 2 1 Contribution from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume9, Issue1January 1917Pages 21-24 RelatedInformation