Spread Of Pollutants Research Articles

Air pollution in heavy industrial cities along the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang: characteristics, meteorological influence, and sources.

The spatiotemporal characteristics, relationship with meteorological factors, and source distribution of air pollutants (January 2017-December 2021) were analyzed to better understand the air pollutants on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains (NSTM) in Xinjiang, a heavily polluted urban agglomeration of heavy industries. The results showed that the annual mean concentrations of SO2, NO2, CO, O3, PM2.5, and PM10 were 8.61-13.76μgm-3, 26.53-36.06μgm-3, 0.79-1.31mgm-3, 82.24-87.62μgm-3, 37.98-51.10μgm-3, and 84.15-97.47μgm-3. The concentrations of air pollutants (except O3) showed a decreasing trend. The highest concentrations were in winter, and in Wujiaqu, Shihezi, Changji, Urumqi, and Turpan, the concentrations of particulate matter exceeded the NAAQS Grade II during winter. The west wind and the spread of local pollutants both substantially impacted the high concentrations. According to the analysis of the backward trajectory in winter, the air masses were mainly from eastern Kazakhstan and local emission sources, and PM10 in the airflow had a more significant impact on Turpan; the rest of the cities were more affected by PM2.5. Potential sources included Urumqi-Changj-Shihezi, Turpan, the northern Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, and eastern Kazakhstan. Consequently, the emphasis on improving air quality should be on reducing local emissions, strengthening regional cooperation, and researching transboundary transport of air pollutants.

Numerical Analysis of the Impact of the Use of Personal Protective Equipment on the Face in the Process of Pollutants Spreading Emitted During Breathing

Abstract The study presents the results of a numerical analysis of the effectiveness of the use of personal protective equipment of various designs on the spread of pollutants marked with CO2 emitted during human breathing. In the study of 3D geometry the upper part of the human torso and head was developed. The simulated person was supplied with different personal protective equipment covering the human face (PPE). Two types of face shields worn at a different distance from the face and one fabric face mask was analysed. The reference geometry with no personal protective equipment was also analysed. Transient calculation with full breathing model including breath-in and breath-out and species transport were simulated. The results showed that different PPE generates different airflow patterns in the vicinity of the human face. The most efficient in reducing infection risk is by wearing a face mask or face shields at a small distance from the face, as they most effectively reduce CO2 concentration in the surrounding air. However, they also increase the re-inhalation risk of high CO2 concentration which affects human well-being.

Numerical investigation of indoor air quality in health care facilities: A case study of an intensive care unit

The risk of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is higher in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) and high dependency units (HDU). Currently, most ventilation studies focus on specialized areas, mainly isolation rooms and operating rooms. This paper focuses on the ventilation of multiple-bed hospital wards in developing countries. This study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to model and investigate airflow and the spread of pollutants. The study aims to investigate ICUs with various ventilation system designs. These predicted behaviors and characteristics were compared numerically to determine compliance with the requirements of airflow patterns, airborne contaminant distribution, and current international standards. The case study simulations were carried out using ANSYS Fluent simulation software as a solution tool. Three different ventilation systems, Vertical Laminar Airflow Ventilation (VLAF), Horizontal Laminar Airflow Ventilation (HLAF), and Temperature-Controlled Airflow Ventilation (TcAF), were modeled within five different designs to determine the most effective possible distribution of air inside the patient's room, based on different categories, primarily temperature distribution, CO2 concentration, and airflow distribution. The authors applied the TcAF technique in an ICU room, comparing the results of the proposed technique with those of other common techniques (HLAF and VLAF). It was found that TcAF showed the most effective airflow distribution around patients, isolating each patient from the others. However, the temperature distribution was excluded from the ASHRAE standard. HLAF with two exhausts is the most suitable option, with a lower CO2 concentration than the alternatives and a temperature that meets ASHRAE standards.

Pemetaan Kualitas Air Tanah Desa Sambibulu Kabupaten Sidoarjo di Area Tempat Penampungan Sampah Sementara

Garbage and water are two important things for human life. Water is one of the natural resources needed by all living things in the world, both humans, animals and plants. Therefore, it must be protected and preserved so that it is not contaminated. One type of pollution is placing garbage close to groundwater sources so that it produces leachate which contaminates the soil. Sidoarjo has a TPS Sambibulu which is a temporary storage area for waste that uses open land because there is no solution to divert it, before finally being disposed of in the Jabon TPA. The location is Jalan Sambibulu, Sambibulu Village, Sidoarjo Regency, East Java 61257. This TPS serves 8,466 people. The average amount of TPS waste is 1024 kg/day, consisting of 39% inorganic waste and 61% organic waste. The purpose of this work is to determine the soil water content in the wells around the TPS with the parameters tested, namely. ammonia (NH3), phosphate (PO), organic matter (KMnO) and groundwater pH at several distances from TPS Sambibulu, and identification. the spread of waste pollution from TPS to groundwater. Based on the results of the study it is known that the majority of pollutant at TPS 0 m, 10 m, 50 m and 100 m exceed PP RI No. 82 of 2001 and PERMENKES RI no. 92/MENKES/PER/IV/2010, but the concentration values of all parameters at a distance of 100 meters from TPS meet the approved quality standards.

Evaluation of the pollution extent of heavy metals in the sediment of the Nile Delta, Mediterranean Coast, Egypt

The Nile Delta coast extends along the middle region of Egypt’s Mediterranean coast, from Port Said eastward to Alexandria westward. Six short sediment cores were collected across the Nile Delta sector to assess the pollution level of nine heavy metals: Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ba. Geochemical analysis of the core samples revealed their sediment features. The predominant sediment was Nile fine-grained sand, with fluctuations in organic matter, carbonate, and heavy metal content. They correspond mainly to an exposure scale to effluent discharges, relevant to anthropogenic factors influencing the coastal ecosystem. The applied environmental indices demonstrated that the western and middle sites of the Nile Delta are classified as unpolluted areas, while the eastern edge, represented by the Port Said core, is identified as polluted area. Variations in the metal contamination level were recognized, ranging from high contamination with Cd to considerable contamination with Cr, and moderate contamination with Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn, and Fe. Port Said site is significantly affected by the anthropogenic impact of industries and port activities. It is recommended to mitigate ecological threats and limit pollution spreading westward to prevent further degradation of the Nile Delta coast.

Интегрированная платформа мониторинга водной среды прудового хозяйства

The article highlights the problem of integrated monitoring of the aquatic environment, which is technical part of monitoring the aquatic environment. It includes the information management module, a module for analyzing and evaluating the aquatic environment, a module for early warning and forecasting the state of the aquatic environment, 
 a module for integrated monitoring of the aquatic environment, a geographic information system (GIS) and a module 
 of data monitoring. The above problem includes preventing the spread of pollution in areas and elements with potential safety hazards by periodically collecting information about each sub-area (information about pollution sources around each monitoring point). The quality of water at monitoring points is assessed, the trend of water quality deterioration is analyzed, a forecasting model is built that allows preventing dangerous processes in advance, identifying the area of pollution of the aquatic environment and the level of pollution, as well as accurately assessing the scale of the accident, timely processing the incoming information and taking the effective measures against the emergency consequences. Due to using the proposed platform integrated monitoring of the aquatic environment is improved.

Applicability of the WASP Model in an Assessment of the Impact of Anthropogenic Pollution on Water Quality—Dunajec River Case Study

This article covers the analysis of the impact of agricultural and municipal pollution on surface waters in a selected pilot section of the Dunajec River in Poland. The analysis was performed using the dynamic Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) model. The operational use of the WASP allows the assessment of current and future changes in water quality and the planning of measures to reduce adverse impacts on surface waters. Based on the acquired and processed data, the model simulated the impact of the pollutant supply on the water quality in the selected section. The simulations were carried out in three developed scenarios. The results of the simulations of the spread of pollutants in the riverbed show that the adopted scenarios, including an increased supply of pollutants and unfavorable hydrological conditions, will not adversely affect the operation and efficiency of the water intake. Thus in the considered cases, the risk will not reach an unacceptable level. However, a serious threat may be caused by the failure of the sewage treatment plant located in the vicinity of a water intake. The conducted analyses indicate that the WASP may have significant application potential in the risk assessment for surface water intakes.

Geoenvironmental approaches in an old municipal waste landfill reclamation process: Expectations vs reality

Nowadays, environmental geotechnics and engineering are facing several challenges to be addressed during landfill reclamation works. The purpose of the technical paper is to present examples of reclamation works designed to reduce the soil–water environment impact of an old municipal solid waste landfill and to ensure geotechnical safety. The authors tried to prove that even though the initially designed reclamation works could be difficult to implement and execute, they could bring the desired effect in real conditions. Several technical solutions to re-engineer shape the landfill body and reinforce the slope stability are discussed in the article. Commonly known pollution-reducing methods were also presented and discussed. For many years of operation, a landfill study area was located in difficult hydrogeological conditions, with no systems in place to prevent contamination. Using monitoring and numerical modelling, it has been shown that reclamation works increase the quality of groundwater and improve the conditions for landfill slope stability over time. The study also showed that both vertical barriers and leachate drainage systems can improve the condition of plant communities in landfill surroundings. Accordingly, reclamation works do not fundamentally change the function of a landfill but do limit its negative impacts on the environment, such as reducing the spread of pollutants into soil and water, protecting the slopes from erosion, reducing dust, allowing establishing of new vegetation cover, and improving the visual quality of the landscape. The research proved that expected reclamation results could only be reached if complex approaches and constant monitoring are provided when executing the reclamation works.

THE CONCEPT OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

The world’s natural capital is shrinking faster and faster. Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services is caused by changes in habitats, mainly due to land use change, the spread of invasive species, environmental pollution and climate change. Current unsustainable consumption and production patterns also contribute to the depletion of natural resources and threaten the services provided by ecosystems. At the moment, relatively little is said about ecosystem services, attempts have been made to gather the experience of different countries, but in reality only a few municipalities pay much attention to this issue.

Correlation analysis of urban building form and PM2.5 pollution based on satellite and ground observations

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is a key issue affecting the health of urban residents. To explore the impact of urban building form on PM2.5 pollution, this study focused on Wuhan, a Chinese megacity. Based on the urban building data, various building form indices were first calculated in grids to quantitatively present the spatial distribution of urban buildings. The city-scale PM2.5 distribution was obtained with satellite remote sensing and ground air pollution monitoring data. The impact of urban building forms on PM2.5 pollution distribution was then analyzed. The results show that the changes in PM2.5 concentration in Wuhan in the north–south direction have a relatively obvious correlation with the windward area ratio of buildings. The dense north–south buildings can slow the spread of near-surface particulate pollution. This finding demonstrates that the building blocking effect of PM2.5 diffusion in Wuhan is significant. The results of this study can provide a reference for urban planning, architectural design, and air pollution control strategies.

Surrogate grid model of an atmospheric pollutant spread

This paper presents a method for developing computationally-efficient surrogate models for the spread of air pollution. Mitigating the pollution of Seveso-type accidents and designing evacuation scenarios require long-term prediction, which is obtained with numerical simulations of the spread of air pollution. Sophisticated simulation programs frequently possess high computational load and are not suitable for real-time computational studies and experiments. Data-driven surrogate models that are computationally fast are used for such investigations. We propose a grid of independent dynamical Gaussian-process models (GP-GIM) to simulate the spread of atmospheric pollution. This is demonstrated using a realistic example of limited complexity based on a thermal power plant in Šoštanj, Slovenia. The results show an acceptable behaviour match between the surrogate and original models, with a tenfold decrease in computational load. This confirms the feasibility of the proposed method and makes the resulting surrogate model suitable for further experiments.

ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ПРИРОДНОЙ СРЕДЫ ПРИ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ НЕФТЯНОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ В КАРСТОВОМ РАЙОНЕ

A comprehensive geo-ecological survey of the territory of an oil field located in a karst region was carried out. The study of an oilfield technogenesis on the territory of a karst region includes detection of the features of mechanogenesis, hydrocarbon flows, salt migration in soils and watercourses, and the spread of atmospheric pollutants. To determine the severity of these man-made processes in space, remote sensing methods were used. The potential capacity for hydrocarbon accumulation in the karst massif of the Arapov Klyuch ravine can be up to 350.239 tons. Geochemical methods and bioindication established that bituminization covered kars cavities, springs, streams of the upper reaches of the Yasyl River, as well as bottom sediments and soils. Technogenic halogenesis is expressed in an increase in the concentration of chlorides and hydrocarbonates near the technical objects of the oil field, and also halophilic microorganisms were found. The geoecological map reflects the patterns of technogenic processes in the karst region during oil production. The developed methodological complex of geoecological research can be used in the study of other karst regions.

Гравитационное движение грунтов на склонах и их влияние на состояние водных объектов

The purpose of the research is to study the features of the movement of particles, aggregates and geological bodies (landslides) downhill under the influence of a number of natural and man-made factors, to study the most common natural and man-made objects that reduce the activity of the development of slope processes. Two of the most common slope exogenous geological processes are considered – surface flushing and landslide. These processes contribute to the entry of silt fraction into the sediments of water bodies. The study of pollution of water bodies with heavy metals still remains relevant when assessing the geo ecological state of the environment. On the Volga River basin the principles are proposed and the zoning is presented. According to natural and technogenic objects, four categories of sites were allocated hierarchically for monitoring the pollution of the territory with heavy metals. The zoning of the bed of water bodies for the distribution of silty sediments – sorbents of pollutants was carried out. The elements of the energy approach are presented, giving an understanding of the most likely locations of pollutants – energy traps and potential barriers. Practical examples of the spread of pollutants in the natural and man-made environment and the interaction of natural and man-made processes in the landslide system are given. For the landslide process, the most typical interactions between a geological body and man-made objects are presented. On the example of the most typical landslides for the European part of Russia, the measures aimed at their stabilization, as well as the impacts contributing to their activation, are presented. Natural and man-made potential barriers to the landslide process are considered.

Numerical modelling of long waves in wide rectangular channels in lagrangian coordinates

The paper discusses the possibility of using Lagrangian coordinates to predict the transformation of long waves of different origins near the coasts, necessary in the design, construction, and operation of protective structures, as well as a wide range of environmental problems related, among others, to the spread of pollutants. Results of numerical investigations, compared with analytical solutions, showed satisfactory coincidence.

Modeling release and distribution of harmful substances in river

The development and analysis of a computational algorithm for mathematical models of the release and spread of harmful substances is an important area of research that can help mitigate the impact of pollution on the environment and human health. Mathematical models of the distribution of harmful substances in the river are useful for predicting the spread of pollutants and identifying potential environmental and public health risks. The computational algorithm for the problem of diffusion of harmful substances can help researchers and policymakers to understand the mechanisms of pollutant dispersion and identify effective strategies for mitigating the impact of pollution. The algorithm can simulate the release and spread of harmful substances in various scenarios, including accidental spills, industrial discharges, and natural disasters. The results of a computational experiment can provide valuable insights into the behavior of pollutants in different environmental conditions and help identify potential risks and areas of concern. By analyzing the results of a computational experiment, researchers can develop effective strategies for managing and mitigating the impact of pollution on the environment and public health.

COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIMENTS ON SOLVING GRID ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS BY SOME PARALLEL ITERATIVE METHODS ON THE K60 CLUSTER

The paper deals with the problem of preserving natural water systems, as well as maintaining their integrity, not only through the enterprise of organizational, engineering and technical solutions, but also through the development of highly effective mathematical modeling techniques that make it possible quickly and efficiently, based on interconnected high-precision models of hydrophysics and hydrobiology, predict the processes of pollution spreading and the occurrence of hazardous phenomena in coastal systems. The article considers algorithms for solving grid equations developed for high-performance cluster systems. A model of parallel computations is proposed, which makes it possible, when choosing the appropriate method for solving the problem of aquatic ecology, to estimate the cost of calculations, which is defined as the product of the time of parallel solution of the problem and the number of processors used. An estimate of the optimal amount of information packet for exchange between processors is obtained. The adaptive modified alternating-triangular method of minimum corrections is described, the results of numerical experiments for the parallel variant of this one are presented.

A Comparison of Advection Diffusion Equation Solutions, Observed Data, and Statistical Results

In this paper, the statistical procedure is compared to the analytical solutions of an advection-diffusion equation describing air pollution spread in a limited atmospheric boundary layer from a continuous point source. The equation is formulated by assuming the eddy diffusivity and wind velocity as the constant and the power law of vertical height. It has been observed that the expected concentration for eddy diffusivity and wind velocity as constants has a worse agreement with the actual concentration than the expected concentration for wind speed and eddy diffusivity as variables.

Potential of Computed Aided Facility Management for Urban Water Infrastructure with the Focus on Rainwater Management

This article focuses on the information modeling of buildings and its subsequent extension to the information modeling of cities, which can be considered as the main topics of the construction industry development. It offers new knowledge for city management, facility management and other fields of construction sector. Information modeling of buildings and cities creates a suitable basis for the creation of various simulations (acoustic, thermal, environmental influence, sunlight or the spread of pollution) and analyses. Simulations and results obtained from them can help us in the decision-making phase, they predict problems or unexpected situations during the life cycle of cities and buildings, and thus make it possible to prevent their occurrence. In the second part of the contribution, an innovative model, the so-called R-WIM, is presented. BIM modeling methods were used for the research and extended to the public environment. The expansion of the public environment digitization enables to obtain a sufficient amount of information about the public space and then subsequently combine them with static weather data. This model deals with Urban Water Infrastructure with the focus on Rainwater Management and has been developed for the particular needs of individual municipalities in the process of solving problem situations associated with rainwater, which is very current due to climate change, and municipalities require appropriate tools to predict the behavior of rainwater so that various compensatory measures can be created.

Evaluating Preventive Measures for Flooding from Groundwater: A Case Study

Groundwater (GW) flooding mechanisms differ from river flooding, both spatially and temporally, and preventative methods against groundwater flooding must take this into account. Although groundwater flooding caused by a rise of river water seldom occurs, it can occasionally become severe and last for a long time if the river is significantly flooded. In the southwest portion of the research domain, Friedrichshafen, Germany, with a few urban communities, the level of the groundwater table was discovered to be roughly 1 m below the surface. In the study region, it is typical for the bottom level of the foundation of a single-story building to extend up to a depth of about 1.5 m. Therefore, flood mitigation methods are taken into account for the southwest portion of the study region. In this study, FEFLOW is used to explore the preventative methods for groundwater flooding caused by river water increase in urban settings, the spread of contamination, and the strategizing of effective mitigation solutions for flooding. The installation of a pumping well, drainage, and a barrier in the affected area are three different flood control strategies that are taken into consideration for the study area. Pumping well installation, reducing up to 1.5 m of hydraulic head, was found to be the most effective flood control measure locally in a small region. By contrast, removing groundwater by building drainage and barriers was shown to be ineffective for lowering the groundwater table over an extended region, and was significantly more expensive than the installation of wells. Additionally, when river flooding is taken into account, compared to the default scenario where no intake of water from the river is included along the western border of the study area, it was discovered that the spread of pollution (nitrate concentration) is significantly greater.

Analysis of Leachate Water Distribution in Bakung Final Waste Disposal Location (TPA) Using Resistance Geoelectric Methods in Keteguhan Permai Housing Bandar Lampung

Poor waste management is one of the most frequent environmental problems in Indonesia. We know that the waste generated as a result of daily human activities will be transported, then disposed of at the Final Disposal Site (TPA). The lack of attention to WWTP maintenance at the Daffodil TPA can be seen from the thickness of the sediment at the WWTP dam. The thickness of the sediment in the WWTP causes leachate from the TPA not to fully enter the WWTP but flows directly into the river and seeps into the ground. Thus, this research was conducted as an aim to explain the spread of leachate pollution in shallow groundwater in the Keteguhan Permai housing complex. The method is quantitative. The results of this study indicate that groundwater is shallow in the study area, namely, Keteguhan Permai housing has been polluted by leachate. The average leachate intrusion depth in this study area is less than 13 meters with a resistivity value of less than 10?m.