Spread Of Innovations Research Articles

Problems of building up entrepreneurial resources in order to accelerate the economic development of the state and improve the quality of life

Small and medium-sized businesses in a highly developed international market are determined by functional specialization and direct contribution to the social order and market economy. One of the factors behind the accelerated growth of national GDP is the spread of innovation among small businesses. It is this area that creates the predominant number of new jobs, solves problems with employment and unemployment. The development of small business contributes to solving the problem of creating a «middle class», which is a fundamental link in social stability and political well-being of society. Receiving benefits from the sphere of small and medium-sized businesses at the moment is not a priority area of activity for the state apparatus. Although the presence of the state's interest in various declarations can be traced, in practice, the issue of building up entrepreneurial resources in order to accelerate the economic development of the state and improve the quality of life of the social stratum takes an insignificant share of attention. This article examines the main problems of increasing the entrepreneurial resource in order to accelerate the economic development of the state and improve the quality of life.

Paleolithic Personal Ornaments from Xiaogushan Cave: The Formation of Early Symbolism and Its Regional Features in Northeast China

This article presents the results of a comparative study of personal ornaments from Xiaogushan Cave in the interregional and regional context of the formation of modern behavior. Xiaogushan is a Paleolithic and Neolithic site in Northeast China. In the Upper Paleolithic layers of the site, apart from tools, personal ornaments were found— pendants made from animal teeth, and a decorated bone disc. The date of the site is a matter of debate; ornaments from layers 2 and 3 date to ~30 ka BP. Like other bone artifacts (harpoon, needles, point), and together with types of stone tools and lithic technology, they mirror the local process of Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. We focus on similarities between the Xiaogushan ornaments and Upper Paleolithic pendants from northern China and Eurasia in general, attesting to modern behavior during the transitional period and being an important marker of the spread of Upper Paleolithic innovations from the centers to the periphery. Xiaogushan is the fi rst Upper Paleolithic industry in Northeast China known to date, and demonstrates skills and symbolic behavior typical of the initial Upper Paleolithic. The Xiaogushan pendants follow the general tendencies, while being specifi c markers of the evolution of symbolic behavior in Eastern Eurasia.

Ретроспектива розвитку професії бухгалтера: цивілізаційний підхід

Over the last decade, several lists of professions that will disappear soon have been published. In this aspect, the rapid development and spread of innovation, and digitalization of management processes threaten the existence of the accounting profession in its current traditional form. The article aims to outline the patterns of further evolution of the accounting profession in terms of scientific and technological progress based on the analysis of the history of the emergence and formation of accounting as a professional activity. The role of the accountant in the socio-economic structure of the world's major civilizations was analyzed from the emergence of the profession to the present time. The key features of accounting formation in the context of formational and civilizational approaches to understanding the historical process were considered. The scientific idea about the development of the accountant profession was deepened by highlighting the civilizational approach. In contrast to the formational approach, this approach involves cyclical development of the profession, variability of its manifestation and development in different parts of the world, and dependence on factors (economic, social, political, cultural, religious). The study results show that the development of the accounting profession follows a civilizational approach. Therefore, the potential replacement of some of its functions by technological solutions is not a threat to the profession's existence but rather a new stage of its development. A retrospective analysis of the accounting profession through the prism of a civilizational approach allows us to outline new accounting patterns and use them as a basis for its transformation to achieve compliance with the profession's future needs and challenges.

STRATEGIES OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE INNOVATION DISSEMINATION

The main goal of the research is formation of the concept and methodological approaches concerning the strategies of socio-economic development based on the spread of innovations in social and economic systems. The following tasks are fulfilled in order to achieve the goal: to consider the main principles of disseminating innovations in social and economic systems, distinguish peculiarities of the process of developing and implementing the strategies for disseminating innovations in social and economic systems, carry out a survey on the methods for disseminating innovations in social and economic systems, develop a mechanism of disseminating innovations in social and economic systems, establish the influence of a model of disseminating innovations in social and economic systems on the economic growth. Among the researched and offered methods, there has been chosen one of the main and most widespread methods for modelling the development of social and economic systems and effectiveness of the capital and labour usage – the usage of the productive function. The following results have been obtained: it has been established that the strategy for distributing innovations in social and economic systems must include a mechanism of conducting interrelated conversions in all fields where social and economic systems function. There has been explained the significance of creating a structure of distributing the strategy for disseminating innovations in social and economic systems. Several directions of innovation dissemination strategies have been distinguished which are necessary to achieve results. Creation of the innovation potential management system has been established to be an important stage in the strategy development. Methodological approaches for investigations of strategies for disseminating innovations in social and economic systems have been developed and offered. The conclusions include the fact that nowadays the economic growth is substantially influenced by science and technology, therefore the issue of creating strategies for disseminating innovations is becoming more and more urgent and timely and is being largely studied. The strategy for disseminating innovations is based on the principles of a systematic approach and must be aimed at creating innovative and financial functioning of the systems. In the process of developing a mechanism of disseminating innovations in social and economic systems, conditions have been established that are necessary for building determinate factor models: factors must be real measured values, logically connected with each other and initial elements of the system, must be quantitatively expressed with measurement units specified. It must also be taken into account during the mechanism creation that measurement of the influence on the innovative development of the system is its integral part. An essential component in the process of developing and implementing management decisions on disseminating innovations is a necessity to estimate the effectiveness of such decisions.

Ways to strengthen financial and real sector integration

Improving the efficiency of the economy, ensuring sustainable economic growth on an innovative basis requires a more detailed analysis of economic relations and relationships that have developed between the financial and real sectors of the economy at the present stage. The relationship between the financial and real sectors of the economy is expressed through economic relations occurring at different levels of management. The role of financial institutions in the formation of investment resources of institutions of the real sector of the economy is significant. A variety of theoretical approaches to studying the interaction between the financial and real sectors of the economy has given rise to heated discussions and there is still no consensus on many fundamental issues. On the one hand, the barriers to the generation and diffusion of innovations, the spread of innovations in the economy are the lack of a balanced interaction between the financial and real sectors of the economy, primarily the insufficient level of development and quality of financial institutions. On the other hand, institutions of the real sector of the economy, having free funds, instead of investing them in new technologies and equipment, themselves rushed into the financial sector for speculative purposes in order to obtain high profits. From these positions, the need to study the problem of interaction between the financial and real sectors of the economy seems to be relevant now.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ МОДЕЛІ КОНСАЛТИНГОВИХ ПОСЛУГ

The article considers the periodization of the development of the global consulting market in terms of industrial revolutions, institutional and social transformations from consulting 0.0 – at its inception to consulting 4.0, which was due to intensive changes in the technological development of the world, the spread of innovation, as a consequence of changing technology growth strategies in all areas of the economy. The purpose of the study is to analyze the historical paradigm of consulting development and study the impact of digital technology on consulting services. The consulting industry began to enter the international market in the early 60's, bringing its management models and expertise to the transformation of European organizations. Over the next thirty years, the consulting industry found itself in a phase of rapid growth in Western markets, far outpacing the growth of the global economy over the same time period. At the core of the industry are six main areas – management consulting, strategic consulting, operational consulting, human resources consulting, financial consulting and technology consulting, combining services and offerings in different functional areas. The transformation of the consulting services model has undergone several transformations: classic model – combined model – digital model. The classic business model of consulting consists of four elements: information, expertise, insight, implementation. To the combined model are added digital technologies, which do not simply complement the work of the consultant, but are directly involved in the consulting process. The digital model of consulting services will be based on the use of all available digital technologies under the control of artificial intelligence. The Covid-19 pandemic has a huge impact on the economy as a whole, which of course has a significant impact on changes in the consulting market as well. Changes in the consulting market are occurring in three ways: by geographic region, by industry, and by the structure of consulting itself. Management decisions related to the pandemic have led to two unexpected results: companies have been forced to adapt their traditional methods to survive the crisis (remote work); companies have accelerated the process of technology adoption, accelerating the transition to an on-demand workforce model.

История создания музея-заповедника «Бозок»

In 2018, a decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the establishment of the State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve «Bozok» in the structure of the Ministry of Culture and Sports was issued. The road to this event took 20 years. The idea of preserving the archaeological site and creating a Museum-Reserve on its basis came from its first researcher K.A. Akishev. Bozok is a unique monument of historical and cultural heritage on the territory of Central Kazakhstan. The history of its discovery and exploration involved a chain of significant circumstances. It could not have been opened earlier, although it has existed for more than a thousand years. Bozok is a kind of message received at a special symbolic moment of the turn of the millennium, which coincided with remarkable events: independence, the transition to a new phase of state building, the establishment of the capital in a new place. All these significant circumstances were confirmed by the discovery of the deep historicity and significance of the Kazakh steppe as the center of the Eurasian continent. It turns out that historical events of a political and creative nature took place here, that there was an accumulation and development of new cultural and technological achievements that influenced the ethno-genesis of the Kazakhs, which formed the genetic code and mentality of the Kazakh ethnos. In ancient times, in the history of the steppe space, there were significant periods of awakening, invention and spread of innovations in the vast areas of the ecosystem of the Ancient East, Central Asia. The article deals with a brief history of the discovery and exploration of the mediaeval settlement of Bozok. The first results of archaeological research have shown the importance of this historical monument. Its origin dates back to the ancient Turkic era of the 7th – 8th century. The archaeological site of Bozok serves as a confirmation of the ethno-genetic memory of the ancient Turkic-speaking population in choosing a site for urban space and shaping it in the tradition of the steppe mentality

Переваги та прогалини існуючих моделей комерціалізації інновацій

Reducing the number of failures in the implementation of innovations is the goal of most enterprises engaged in innovative activities. This should allow them to get higher performance and move to the level of innovative leaders. This can be facilitated by a well-organized and introduced at the enterprise model of commercialization of innovations, which would contain a minimum number of «bottlenecks». Accordingly, the purpose of the article is to establish the main advantages and gaps of existing models of innovation commercialization. In the course of the study five models of commercialization were examined. The essence and specificity of each of these models are described. A critical analysis of the models was also carried out. Grouping of advantages has demonstrated that the directions of strengthening commercialization models are as follows: 1) preliminary valuation of innovation ideas from different points of view, for example, the technical possibility of developing an innovation, its market and marketing values and commercial feasibility of its implementation; 2) presentation of the idea of innovation as a valued proposition with a consumer component; 3) taking into account the influence of external groups of factors on the process of commercialization, in particular economic, ecological and social; 4) prediction of various options for commercialization and further spread of innovations. It is determined that the common gaps of most models are: 1) insufficient attention to the opinions of consumers; 2) separateness from the participants of the commercialization process; 3) lack of intellectual property protection. In addition, the following «bottlenecks» are identified: the model is focused on the rapid introduction of innovation, otherwise it may lose relevance; a large number of stages, which can complicate and delay the process of commercialization; high dependence between participants, which can delay decision-making. Further research will be aimed at developing a new model for the commercialization of innovation. Certain advantages of models can be used in the construction of a model in order to strengthen the result. The identified gaps will reduce the number of weaknesses in the model.

Central Bank Digital Currency: A New Instrument of Monetary Policy

Central bank digital currency is a claim on the central bank, which is accessible by a wide range of customers, digital, flexible and potentially interest-bearing. The new asset is being researched in many countries, and widening the accessibility of financial services, creating the digitalized form of cash with monetary policy considerations being among its motivations. An interest-bearing central bank digital currency could make the central bank’s monetary transmission direct, which could improve the efficiency of monetary policy. Furthermore, the asset could help to strengthen competition among banks and could support the spread of financial innovations. Risks related to the instrument, such as disintermediation, can be counterbalanced by the increasing deposit volumes due to higher interest rates after the introduction of the instrument, and by limits set on the maximum holdings of the asset. An interest-bearing central bank digital currency can make targeted monetary policy possible, furthermore, the direct transmission of interest rates could enhance the efficiency of monetary transmission.

Historical and Comparative Research on Social Diffusion: Mechanisms, Methods, and Data

AbstractHistorical and comparative social scientists are increasingly interested in explaining the spread of innovations—which social scientists commonly refer to as diffusion and, broadly conceived, can include the spread of new ideas, behaviors, technologies, and institutions. However, in spite of the profusion of studies, researchers do not always specify a diffusion model or its underlying causal mechanisms. Whereas many studies document spatial diffusion, not all specify a vector, model flows of influence and information, or show how people and places are connected (tied) to one another. In reviewing some of the most important work on the spread of religion, violent conflict, and social movements over the last few decades, it is clear to us that social network analysis has revolutionized the historical study of diffusion. Even so, many studies have yet to embrace concepts, methods, and measures from social network analysis. Nevertheless, we are convinced that the combination of historical perspectives on change and innovation, new methods of historical data collection and analysis, and growing sophistication in the application of network concepts and models is shedding light on a host of historical questions and contributing to our general understanding of diffusion.

GLOBALIZATION TRENDS INFLUENCE ON THE INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL ECONOMIES

Objective. The objective of the article is the determination of trends and forecasting the impact of globalization trends on the innovative development of national economies. Methods. In the process of the research, the following general scientific methods are applied: comparison, generalization, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, concretization, systematization. Results. It is determined that innovation and creativity are becoming the main success factors of national economic systems. And the strategic management of innovations is the most important task of the company's anti-crisis policy. The reasons for the low level of innovative activity are the shortcomings of the regulatory and legal framework, the high cost of attracting credit funds, the lack of a strategic vision of the future development of the company's activities by the managers of the enterprises. The problem is also the low level of budgetary financing of innovative developments, the lack of incentives from the state for enterprises. Investments in new technologies are providing higher returns than the industry average, and the structure of the economy is also changing. Legal, ethical, aesthetic and moral standards are dynamically changing. The level of education and health care is increasing. Also, the spread of innovations connects various socio-economic subjects into a single entity. One of the factors of increasing the competitiveness and efficiency of the economy at all its levels is the introduction of innovations. The innovation policy of a state should provide for the stimulation of innovation at the state and regional levels, involvement in global innovation networks, investment in research and development, improvement of the regulatory and legal environment, determination of priorities for innovation development at the state and regional levels etc. Globalization opens up opportunities to overcome the technological gap and introduce innovations to increase the competitiveness of the national economy. The main trends of the impact of globalization aspects of development on the innovative development of national economies are determined. The asymmetry of the innovative development of national economies in the conditions of globalization is studied. The reasons for the low level of innovation activity of national economies are established. The important tasks of the state innovation policy and the effective mechanisms and promising trends of the development of the innovative economies of the world are determined. The following effective mechanisms and promising trends in the development of the world's innovative economies are defined: digitization and digitalization, the use of digital technologies for optimizing business processes; robotics as a response to global demographic changes, consisting of an aging population and an increase in the burden on the employed part of humanity; renewable energy; convergence of technologies and knowledge; virtualization of the world and artificial intelligence.

ПРИНЦИПЫВНЕДРЕНИЯ БЫСТРОРАЗВИВАЮЩИХСЯ ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ПРОЦЕССЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ ЛОГИСТИКИ

The relevance of the problem of managing the introduction of innovative technologies in transport and logistics processes is substantiated. Dependences of the spread of innovations on the amount of funding, ownership of the subject of implementation by state authorities or private individuals, and the level of economic development of the region are revealed. Data on financing and innovative development of organizations and sectors of the economy are analyzed. It is confirmed that the level of innovative development does not depend solely on the amount of financing. Social models of innovation distribution are described, of which a network model can be applied in trans-port logistics under the indicated conditions. From the standpoint of the natural-scientific ap-proach, an econophysical model has been identified that allows managing the diffusion of innova-tions. Such requirements for innovations as accessibility and ease of implementation are indicated. An example of an innovative tool for providing omnichannel in supply chain management that meets the specified requirements is given.

The Impact of Innovative Development on the Competitiveness of Enterprises

This article examines the impact of innovative development on the competitiveness of enterprises. The current trend of globalization and the spread of innovation has a comprehensive effect on the economic environment. Businesses that are the driving force of the economy must take into account the current conditions of post-industrial society to maintain their position in the market. With the openness of the domestic market, enterprises operate in terms of inclusion in a single economic, information and communication space, which leads to increased competition and the need to ensure adequate to the new reality of approaches to the activities of enterprises. The factors of competitiveness of enterprises that will ensure high efficiency of their work, competitiveness, stable market position and the possibility of development in accordance with the objectives are analyzed. In a competitive environment, stable positions are occupied by enterprises that are able to form a balanced development program, effectively maneuvering the internal factors of competitiveness and adapting to the conditions of external factors. It is noted that innovative development affects both external and internal factors of competitiveness. External factors of competitiveness under the influence of innovative development tend to improve the conditions for entrepreneurs. The application of innovation to the internal factors of innovation competitiveness is an important element of competitive strength.

Compliance and Attitudes of Critical Care Transport Providers Regarding a Prehospital Rapid Sequence Intubation Checklist

Human factors engineering innovations, such as checklists, have been adopted in various acute care settings to improve safety with reasonable compliance and acceptance. In the air medical industry, checklists have been implemented by different teams for critical clinical procedures such as rapid sequence intubation. However, compliance and attitudes toward these human factors engineering innovations in the critical care transport setting are not well described. In this institutional review board–exempt, retrospective review of checklist usage, we assessed rapid sequence intubation checklist compliance and surveyed providers with 5 questions based on Rogers’ theory of diffusion of innovation to examine why or why not there was compliance. Our results indicated that compliance with checklist implementation was excellent. The survey questions were consistent with process improvement factors that enhance the spread and acceptance of innovation.

Coordination problems on networks revisited: statics and dynamics

Simple binary-state coordination models are widely used to study collective socio-economic phenomena such as the spread of innovations or the adoption of products on social networks. The common trait of these systems is the occurrence of large-scale coordination events taking place abruptly, in the form of a cascade process, as a consequence of small perturbations of an apparently stable state. The conditions for the occurrence of cascade instabilities have been largely analysed in the literature, however for the same coordination models no sufficient attention was given to the relation between structural properties of (Nash) equilibria and possible outcomes of dynamical equilibrium selection. Using methods from the statistical physics of disordered systems, the present work investigates both analytically and numerically, the statistical properties of such Nash equilibria on networks, focussing mostly on random graphs. We provide an accurate description of these properties, which is then exploited to shed light on the mechanisms behind the onset of coordination/miscoordination on large networks. This is done studying the most common processes of dynamical equilibrium selection, such as best response, bounded-rational dynamics and learning processes. In particular, we show that well beyond the instability region, full coordination is still globally stochastically stable, however equilibrium selection processes with low stochasticity (e.g. best response) or strong memory effects (e.g. reinforcement learning) can be prevented from achieving full coordination by being trapped into a large (exponentially in number of agents) set of locally stable Nash equilibria at low/medium coordination (inefficient equilibria). These results should be useful to allow a better understanding of general coordination problems on complex networks.

The Online Social Network and User Innovation

The wide use of social media technology boosts many online innovation platforms, providing effective communication channels for innovation spreading among online users. From the social network perspective, this paper investigates the impact of online interactive relations on user innovation by holistically examining online relations from relational and structural embeddedness, qualified by both the ego-centered and the entire network, respectively. User interaction data from LEGO Ideas are used to empirically test the effects of relational and structural characteristics of online social networks on users’ idea contributions. The results for relational characteristics reveal that the number of online ties has an inverted U-shaped relationship with user innovation, the strength of online ties positively affects user innovation, and neighbor characteristics cannot affect user innovation. For structural characteristics, both centrality and bridge location positively affect user innovation. The findings provide reasonable suggestions for both online users and innovation platforms.

Modelling incipient probabilistic grammar change in real time: the grammaticalisation of possessive pronouns in European Spanish locative adverbial constructions

AbstractThe present paper provides a methodological case study on how underlying incipient grammar change might be discerned even when frequencies of the incoming variant are apparently marginal and stable. Analysing the spread of tonic possessive pronouns in complements of locative adverbial constructions in European Spanish from a probabilistic perspective, more than 11,000 locative constructions from 1900 to 2004 were compiled, and probabilistic grammar change was operationalised as an interactive function between language-internal predictors and real time. The results reveal that numerous intralinguistic factors have been and are active in constraining the variation, with the innovation spreading significantly in spite of apparent stability in frequency. Crucially, the findings demonstrate that, even in a relatively standardised written language where the innovation has a considerably low frequency, the innovation grammaticalises along the same pathway as in colloquial vernaculars where the incoming variant is employed much more frequently.

Bilingual Textual Similarity in Scientific Documents

Maps of science visualizing the structure of science help us analyze the current spread of science, technology, and innovation (ST&I). ST&I enterprises can use the maps of science as competitive technical intelligence to anticipate changes, especially those initiated in their immediate vicinity. Research laboratories and universities can understand their environmental changes and use the map for their research management. However, traditional maps based on bibliometrics, such as citation and cocitation, have difficulty in representing recently published papers and ongoing projects that have few or no references; thus, maps based on contents, i.e., text-mining, have been developed in recent years for locating research papers/projects, for example, using word and paragraph vectors. The content-based maps, however, still pose difficulty in comparing documents in different languages. Therefore, aiming to construct a bilingual (English and Japanese) content-based map of science for the analyses of ST&I information resources in different languages, this article proposes a method for creating word and paragraph vectors corresponding to bilingual textual information in the same multidimensional space. In a comparison of 11 methods for generating document vectors, we confirmed that the best method achieved 87% accuracy of the bilingual content matching based on 10$\,$000 IEEE papers. Finally, we published a map of approximately 150$\,$000 funding projects of the National Science Foundation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and Japan Science and Technology agency from 2013 to 2017.

Time-sensitive Positive Influence Maximization in signed social networks

Influence maximization (IM) in social networks has attracted a wide variety of studies motivated by applications like spread of ideas or innovations in a network and viral marketing of products. How to integrate the factors affecting influence diffusion into influence maximization is an key research direction. Timeliness of influence diffusion and the polarity of influence itself are two important factors, which have been used to extend IM problem by researchers. However, all existing studies only focused on one of two factors individually, this will lead time delay of influence propagation or inaccurate influence estimation. Aiming at this drawback, we propose the Time-sensitive Positive Influence Maximization (TP-IM) problem considering two factors simultaneously, to select the seed node set achieving maximum positive influence spread within the specified time limit. Furthermore, we construct the Heat Diffusion-based Polarity Influence Diffusion (HDPID) model and an improved k-Step Greedy seed node selection algorithm, to solve the TP-IM problem. Experimental results on three signed social network datasets, Epinions, Slashdot, and Wikipedia demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of positive influence spread with time limit.

A Study on the Adoption of the Artificial Intelligence Product Virtual Influencer on Instagram in the Context of the Spread of Innovations by Followers

Yapay zeka ürünü olan sanal etkileyenlerin artık dijital etkileyenlerin yerini almaya başladığı görülmektedir. Sanal etkileyenlerin dijital etkileyenlerden farkı gerçek olmayan fakat gerçekmiş gibi algılanan kurgulanmış karakterler olmasıdır. Büyük şirketler kar elde etmek için yapay zeka ürünü sanal etkileyenleri, pazarlama aracı veya stratejisi olarak kullanmaktadır. Sanal etkileyenlerin fotoğraf paylaşım ağı olan Instagram’da faaliyet gösterdikleri dikkat çekmektedir. Bu araştırma ise, Instagram kullanıcılarının yeniliklerin yayılımı perspektifinde yapay zeka ürünü sanal etkileyeni nasıl algıladığını ele almıştır. Aynı zamanda Instagram kullanıcılarının yaptıkları yorumların yönüne odaklanmıştır. Nitel araştırma kapsamında durum desenine (case study) göre yapılandırılan araştırmada: “Instagram kullanıcıları yapay zeka ürünü sanal etkileyenin paylaşımlarını nasıl algılamaktadır?, Yapay zeka ürünü sanal etkileyeni takip eden Instagram kullanıcılarının yaptıkları yorumların yönü nasıldır?” sorularına yanıt aranmıştır. Elde edilen veriler niteliksel ve niceliksel içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, Instagram kullanıcılarının yenilik olarak görülen sanal etkileyeni kabullenme eğiliminde oldukları görülmüştür. Aynı zamanda kabullenme eğiliminin satın alma davranışına yönlendirdiği de dikkat çekmiştir.