Permethrin Spray Research Articles

Barrier Sprays to Control Argentine Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Insecticide was applied to the perimeter of homes and adjacent areas likely to be visited by Argentine ants, Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr). Treatment configuration consisted of a 1.8- to 2.4-m-wide band of spray around the exterior of the structure. Margins of sidewalks and pathways and around stepping stones, bases of trees, potted plants, and garbage cans were sprayed with 1.2-to 1.8-m-wide bands. Based on monitoring with traps, significant and relevant control was achieved when the number of ants trapped post treatment declined at least 80%. Barrier sprays of 237 mg (AI)/m2 chlorpyrifos, 14.5 mg (AI)/m2 cyfluthrin and 67.2 mg (AI)/m2 cypermethrin provided >80% reductions in the number of ants trapped at 7 d. Chlorpyrifos provided >82% reductions for at least 30 d. The combination of cyfluthrin spray + granules provided >85% reductions in ant trap counts at day 7. Only the combination treatment provided >80% reductions at 60 d. Cypermethrin and permethrin sprays failed to provide >80% reductions for 30 d. Factors that likely contribute to decreased performance of barrier sprays against ants include heavy irrigation, dense ground cover, exposure to direct sunlight, alkaline nature of the stucco and concrete surfaces, and extremely high temperatures.

Resilience of the natural arthropod community on apple to external disturbance

Abstract. A naturally evolved arthropod community in a 6‐year‐old apple orchard was treated with three applications of permethrin; a second naturally evolved community was studied as an untreated control. Disturbance to the community was measured with Shannon's index of species diversity for the phytophagous and beneficial portions of the community. Initially, there was a reduction in diversity of both phytophagous and beneficial arthropods because of the insecticide. Reduction in diversity was a result of both lower number of species and lower evenness of species abundance. Two months after the last permethrin spray, there was no difference between diversity in the phytophagous community, but the beneficial community was more diverse in the treated orchard than in the untreated control. The year after treatment there were few differences between the phytophagous communities, but the beneficial community was more diverse in the treated orchard than in the untreated orchard in May and early June; however, by September the beneficial community was less diverse in the treated orchard. Although diversity statistics of the phytophagous communities were similar 15 months after treatment, differences still remained with the treated community being dominated by more r‐selected species and the control orchard dominated by more K‐selected species. The arthropod community on apple has a high level of stability as reflected by its resilience to a severe external disturbance. This stability would allow for large, but infrequent, disturbances for pest management and still maintain long‐term ecological equilibrium in the community.

Efficacy and Timing of Insecticide Sprays for Control of White Pine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in High-Value Pine Plantations

Permethrin and methoxychlor were tested using two different exposure techniques in the laboratory for control of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck). Applied topically to adult weevils, permethrin was 121–183 times more toxic than methoxychlor. After being sprayed with permethrin, weevils were rapidly knocked down with an EC50 of 0.053 μg/cm2 after 1 d. The LC50 at 14 d was 0.095 μg/cm2. When weevils were exposed to white pine twigs that were dipped in the insecticides, permethrin was 43 times more toxic than methoxychlor. A rapid knockdown effect on adult weevils was also observed when weevils were exposed to white pine twigs that had been sprayed with permethrin. On potted trees, the residual toxicity of permethrin sprays applied at 0.16 and 0.4% concentrations began to decline noticeably after 4 wk; nevertheless, feeding punchues were still reduced by >98%. Field trials with selective leader treatments to jack pine showed that <5% of the leaders were destroyed by white pine weevil after treatment with permethrin at 70 or 140 g (AI)/ha, or with methoxychlor at 1.1kg (AI)/ha when applied soon after the adults emerged in the spring. Timing trials indicated that effective control (<5% leader damage) could still be achieved when permethrin and methoxychlor were sprayed 2–3 wk after the first adults had emerged.

Potential of mass‐production and field efficacy of isolates of the entomopathogenic fungiBeauveria bassianaandPaecilomyces fumosoroseusagainstPlutella xylostella

Abstract Studies were conducted to examine the possibility of using entomogenous fungi to control the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Results from mass‐culturing indicated that rice was most suitable for growth and sporulation amongst the loose‐solid media tested and coconut water for the liquid media. Three applications of spore suspensions of Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus each applied at a dilution of 1 χ 108 spores/ml at a rate of 3.75 χ 1013 spores/ha were required to cause significant reduction (?<·05) in the larval population of DBM. Sprays of permethrin (·025%) on plants already treated with B. bassiana showed no added improvement to the protection of the cabbage leaves. Alternating sprays of cypermethrin (0.01%) and phenthoate (0.1%) did not significantly increase the yield of marketable cabbage heads when compared with plots treated with the entomopathogens. The virulence of both fungal species was maintained throughout the duration o...

合成ピレスロイド剤散布によるカンザワハダニの分散および捕食性天敵への影響

合成ピレスロイド剤散布によるカンザワハダニの分散および捕食性天敵への影響

PERSISTENCE OF INSECTICIDES IN A LOBLOLLY PINE SEED ORCHARD FOR CONTROL OF THE LEAFFOOTED PINE SEED BUG, LEPTOGLOSSUS CORCULUS (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE)

AbstractHigh volume sprays of azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate, permethrin, and phosmet in various concentrations and formulations were simulated on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) foliage in a pine seed orchard in northern Georgia. Persistence of these insecticides under field conditions was determined by weekly bioassays with adult leaffooted pine seed bugs [Leptoglossus corculus (Say)] and gas–liquid chromatography. Fenvalerate was the most persistent insecticide tested. In the first experiment, 0.2% AI fenvalerate caused virtually 100% seed bug mortality in bioassays through the 4th week after treatment, whereas mortality from azinphosmethyl dropped to ca. 14%. By the 6th week, mortality in the fenvalerate treatment was still 91%, even after 10.5 cm of rain. The permethrin treatments persisted for 2 weeks, then mortality declined below 40% at 3 weeks. In the second experiment, fenvalerate at 0.15% AI and 0.075% AI caused 95 and 90% mortality, respectively, after 3 weeks and 16 cm of rain, and the toxicity of the 0.038% and the 0.019% AI fenvalerate treatments lasted only 2 weeks with 12 cm rain. Permethrin in Ambush® EC at 0.2% AI had initial residues of about 150 ppm and caused ca. 84% mortality for 2 weeks with 12 cm rain. Azinphosmethyl WP at 0.2% AI had initial residues of ca. 104 ppm and persisted for 1 week. Seed bug mortality from phosmet at 0.4% AI diminished quickly after 1 week in the field.

Recent developments in the chemotherapy of parasitic infections of poultry

Pyrethroids (permethrin, cypermethrin, flumethrin, deltamethrin) are very effective against Dermanyssid mites (northern fowl mites, red mites). Permethrin sprays are also effective against lice, fleas and other pests like the lesser mealworm and flies. In some experiments, however, medication with established drugs has given more favourable results. In birds, avermectins (abarmectin and ivermectin) have shown a similar broad spectrum of activity as in mammals. Nematode infections in poultry can be controlled by both drugs, but their use in intensive production is unlikely. However, ivermectin was efficacious against mange mites and respiratory mites in budgerigars and canaries and is likely to be used in the therapy of pet birds. Maduramicin is a new ionophorous anticoccidial for use in broiler chickens. Satisfactory control has been observed against isolates of Eimeria tolerant (partly resistant) to other ionophorous antibiotics. Toltrazuril, a non-ionophorous anticoccidial, has been used for therapy of clinical coccidiosis in a variety of bird species and for the prophylaxis of coccidiosis in broilers. It may be given in the drinking water as a n intermittent treatment. Diclazuril, an anticoccidial for use in broiler diets, is currently under investigation. Observations have shown control of Eimeria isolates tolerant to ionophorous drugs and efficacy against all major Eimeria spp. in the chicken. The new generation of insecticides, acaricides, nematocides and anticoccidials is a welcome addition to current control programmes.

Treatment of clothing with a permethrin spray for personal protection against the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae).

The synthetic pyrethroid, permethrin, when applied to clothing with a pressurized spray at an application rate estimated previously to be 4 micrograms a.i./cm2, was found to be 100% effective for personal protection against all three parasitic stages of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls. This tick has been implicated as the primary vector of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) to humans in the far-western United States. Periods of exposure to permethrin-treated cloth as brief as 10 and 45 seconds incapacitated 100% of subadult and adult ticks, respectively, within 1-3 h post-treatment. Under field conditions, permethrin apparently does not repel questing adult ticks, though 100% of ticks recovered from treated clothing after exposures as brief as less than or equal to 15 seconds were moribund 1 h later.

A comparison of permethrin and methomyl insecticides for the control of a multiresistant strain of houseflies (Musca domestica)

AbstractA methomyl sugar bait formulation and permethrin residual spray were compared for the control of a multi‐insecticide resistant strain of housefly in a UK pig farm. The methomyl was applied as a granular scatter bait at the manufacturer's recommended rate of 25 mg m−2 active ingredient (a.i.) to the treated floor area. Permethrin was applied at 32, 64 and 128 mg m−2 a.i. to structural surfaces. The highest deposit rate of permethrin used was four times that recommended by the manufacturer for the control of flying insects. The methomyl bait gave effective control but the permethrin spray failed at all deposit rates tested. The use of permethrin increased resistance to this compound at the KD50 level from x 13 to x 560 within 10 weeks and significantly increased the proportion of flies resistant to natural pyrethrins synergised with piperonyl butoxide (P&lt;0.01).

Relative Effect of Dosage, Droplet Size, Deposit Density, and Droplet Concentration on Mortality of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Treated with Vegetable-oil and Water Sprays Containing Permethrin

The relative effects of deposit characteristics (dosage, droplet size, deposit density, and droplet concentration) of permethrin sprays applied in vegetable oil and water on mortality of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae were observed. Mortality of H. virescens larvae in permethrin/vegetable-oil treatments increased with increasing dosage, decreasing deposit density, and decreasing droplet size. Droplet concentration did not significantly influence mortality. Mortality of H. virescens larvae in permethrin/water treatments increased with increasing dosage, increasing deposit density, and decreasing droplet concentration. Droplet size did not significantly influence larva mortality in the permethrin/water data set. In regression models of the data obtained, dosage appeared to be the most important factor influencing mortality of H. virescens larvae with permethrin applied in both vegetable oil and water. However, results from the application of vegetable oil showed that droplet size was as important as dosage; droplet size, however, was not found to be important in the water applications. A comparison of normal applications of permethrin in vegetable oil and water, using the regression models, indicated no differences in resulting mortality of first instars.

The use of bioassays to assess aquatic arthropod mortality from permethrin drift deposits

Three bioassay methods with 2 aquatic arthropods, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) and Aedes aegypti larvae (Insecta: Diptera), in artificial aquatic habitats were used to assess the acute lethal effects of permethrin due to downwind drift deposits from mistblower applications. In 3 separate tests, all methods produced similar results, namely, that single line sprays of permethrin at 35 g Al/ha resulted in mortality only within 30 m of the insecticide source. An application of 17.5 g AI/ha produced proportionately lower mortality. Mortality of amphipods was generally higher than that of mosquito larvae. The bioassay methods were very sensitive. Standards conducted concurrently with the tests gave LC 50 values of 0.25–0.37 ppb for G. pseudolimnaeus and 0.69–1.85 ppb for A. aegypti larvae.

Chemical Control of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): An Update

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), populations in the southeastern United States are resistant to carbaryl, methyl parathion, trichlorfon, and diazinon, whereas FAW in the mid-south and west of the Mississippi River do not appear to have a high level of resistance to these insecticides. Methomyl has been effective in all areas, but the level of susceptibility in Florida may be declining. The efficacy of insecticide treatments in some crops appears to be related to plant coverage by spray application. Carbaryl, methyl parathion, and permethrin spray applications are reported to be more effective on FAW larvae feeding on seed heads than in the whorls. Chlorpyrifos, sulprofos, and thiodicarb are relatively new materials that have proved to be effective against FAW in many areas, while the synthetic pyrethroids have provided erratic control of FAW larvae. Combinations of pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos at rates lower than recommended give effective FAW control. Resistance or moderate to low levels of resistance to carbaryl, phoxim, methyl parathion, trichlorfon, and/or methomyl have been reported in some areas of Central and South America. Spray applications are most effective when high volumes of aqueous carrier are used with either ground, chemigration or air equipment. Ground equipment with the higher water rates provides higher levels of insect control. Insecticide granules applied in the whorl are effective and may provide an increased level of control of FAW larvae compared to some recommended aqueous spray applications.

Pressurized sprays of permethrin or deet on military clothing for personal protection against Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae).

Pressurized sprays of commercially available permethrin at 0.5% or deet at 20 or 30% concentrations applied to military field uniforms were evaluated as protectants against Ixodes dammini at Great Island, West Yarmouth, Massachusetts, USA, during May 1984. The tick-infested test site was in southeastern Massachusetts, where Lyme disease and babesiosis are zoonotic. A 1-min application of permethrin to the exterior surface of pants and jackets provided 100% protection against attack by all life stages of the tick, while 1-min applications of 20 and 30% deet provided 86 and 92% protection, respectively. These differences were statistically significant ( P ≤ 0.05) for adult ticks and for all tick life stages considered together.

Effects of permethrin sprays on the mite fauna of apple orchards

SUMMARYIn two apple orchard trials, single high volume sprays of 25–50 mg permethrin/ litre greatly reduced numbers of the phytosend predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri whether the spray was timed pre‐bloom at growth stages from ‘bud‐burst’ to ‘late green cluster’ or post‐bloom in June. At ‘bud‐burst’T. pyri were partially protected in hibernating sites on the bark, but the lethal effect of the spray was only delayed; no appreciable selectivity could be obtained by this early timing. Bioassays showed that the persistent toxicity of permethrin residues on bark or on leaves declined to a low level within 20 days, and was related to the decline in residue levels determined by G.C. analyses. Residues were detectable for 3 months or longer. Resurgence of spider mites, Panonychus ulmi, occurred within 2 months after all spray timings, and effective predation by T. pyri was only fully re‐establised after several months. In one trial, apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali also increased when T. pyri was reduced by spraying. Tydeid mites were killed by permethrin.

Effects of Droplet Characteristics of Permethrin Sprays Applied in Vegetable Oil and Water on Control of Heliothis Spp. in Cotton; 1984

Abstract A small plot field study was conducted on the Plant Science Research Farm of the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS, to determine if insecticide carriers (vegetable oil and water) and droplet characteristics (droplet size and droplet concentration) influence control of Heliothis spp. in cotton. Four-row plots (3.87 m × 15.24 m) with 10-row buffers were planted to ‘Stoneville 825’ on 15 May and 1 Jun (2 replications required replanting) in a randomized complete block design. Vegetable oil treatments were varied by manipulating droplet size with Micro Max rotary atomizers set at 1600, 3500 and 5000 RPM and by using 3 different application rates (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 gpa) attained by varying the ground speed. Water treatments were similarly varied by using 3 different droplet sizes, attained with TX-6, TX-4 and TX-1 hollow cone nozzles, and 3 volumetric application rates (3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 gpa) attained by varying the number of nozzles per row and the ground speed. Permethrin (Pounce 3.2 EC) was used at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre for all droplet size-carrier-volumetric application rate combinations. The controls consisted of a water-only treatment, an oil only treatment and an untreated. Treatments were applied on 15, 20 and 27 Aug. Plots were evaluated 17 Aug by randomly pulling 25 squares from plants in each plot and observing the number of squares damaged by Heliothis spp. larvae. On 25 Aug whole-plant observations were made on 5 row feet to observe Heliothis spp. damage and numbers of fruiting structures present. On 5 Oct open bolls, unopened bolls and total bolls were counted on 5 row feet in each plot. Yield data were obtained by mechanically harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 21 Nov.

OBSERVATIONS, MONITORING, AND CONTROL OF CLEARWING BORERS (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) ON APPLE IN CENTRAL ONTARIO

AbstractObservations on Malus domestica (Borkh) in central Ontario between 1981 and 1984 revealed that dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula Harris) larval feeding was primarily associated with burr knots on the above-ground portion of apple rootstocks. Trunk injuries also served as sites of entry. Monitoring with pheromones indicated moth emergence occurred from late June until early August with peak activity occurring near the middle of July. Control of the dogwood borer on apple was obtained with 2 trunk drench sprays of dimethoate, fenvalerate, permethrin plus oil, endosulfan, parathion, chlorpyrifos, or lindane when applied during the period of adult flight activity.

Antifeeding and Oviposition-deterring Effects of Insecticides on Adult Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Antifeeding and oviposition-deterring effects of foliar sprays of permethrin and microencapsulated methyl parathion (separately and in combination) on Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) were measured on the day of application and 1, 3, and 7 days following application in choice trials. Effects of the granular systemics aldicarb, acephate, disulfoton, methamidophos, and oxamyl were measured 1, 5, 7, and 10 days after application in choice and no-choice trials. Permethrin or microencapsulated methyl parathion significantly reduced feeding and oviposition compared to the check. However, the combination of these materials significantly reduced feeding compared with either material applied separately in choice trials. None of the systemic insecticides exhibited antifeeding properties in the choice trials. However, antifeeding effects were observed with the systemics in no-choice trials. Aldicarb, oxamyl, and disulfoton produced oviposition-deterring effects in both choice and no-choice trials.

Evaluation of Ectiban Pour-On and Horse Fly Spray and Rub-On II Against Face Flies on Horses, 1983

Abstract Ectiban Pour-on with 1.0% permethrin (ICI) and Horse Spray and Rub-on II with 1.0% permethrin, 0.5% piperonyl butoxide and 0.05% pyrethrin (Philips Roxane) were tested for efficacy of face fly control on horses. Wipes were applied at 4 oz per horse with particular attention paid to wiping the face and neck. Control treatments consisted of untreated horses on the same farm as the treated animals. Horses treated with a commercial standard, Farnam’s Wipe V, were also used for comparisons. Flies were counted on the faces of five horses from each treatment group. Counts were done at 1, 3, and 24-hr posttreatment, daily for the first wk and biweekly thereafter until effective control ceased.

The Use of Permethrin to Control an Outbreak of Hen Fleas (Ceratophyllus gallinae)

Complaints from workers suffering from insect bites led to the investigation of three broiler breeder houses. These houses were found to be infested with the hen flea, Ceratophyllus gallinae. Large numbers of adult fleas and larvae were extracted by Tullgren funnel from samples of wood shavings used as nest box material. Lower numbers were extracted from the litter under these nest boxes.A pilot trial using infested nest boxes and floor litter showed good control of adult fleas and larvae could be obtained using a .25% spray prepared from a permethrin water dispersable powder. In more extensive trials the following year, almost complete control of hen fleas and larvae was obtained following monthly treatments of nest boxes with a .125% permethrin spray or a 1% permethrin powder.

Inheritance and Persistence of Permethrin Resistance in the Predatory Mite, Amblyseius fallacis1 (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

Genetic analysis of permethrin resistance in the predatory mite, Amblyseius fallacis , indicated a polygenic, recessive basis for resistance. In the laboratory, with and without the immigration of resistant biotypes, permethrin resistance did not decline in mites left untreated over 25 generations. This was comparable to the stability of azinphosmethyl resistance in this same strain. In the field when influenced by large immigrant populations of susceptible biotypes, permethrin-resistant predators persisted initially after a permethrin spray applied in an apple orchard during the early growing season, but by late fall they were flooded out and resistance was diminished through hybridization. The implications of these results for management of S-P-resistant A. fallacis in apple integrated pest management systems are discussed.