Spray Device Research Articles

무인헬기 부착용 원심식 볍씨 살포 장치에 관한 연구

Purpose: While an unmanned helicopter has been extensively used for spraying chemicals on agricultural crops, its low utilization (two months per year from July to August) has recently become an issue. This study aimed to increase the utilization of the unmanned helicopter. The centrifugal rice seeder, a mounting device for rice seeding for unmanned helicopter was developed and assessed its performance. Methods: The concept of the centrifugal spraying device was to obtain design criteria for centrifugal distribution. Four types of blade shapes namely straight, curved, straight wing and curved wing were developed and used. The rotational speed of the blades was tested at 1,000, 1,200 and 1,400 rpm. Results: The blade shapes, rotational blade speed and angle of trajectory were theoretically analyzed and results were validated with a series of laboratory experiments. Conclusions: The curved wing blades provided the distribution uniformity (DU) at 1,200rpm of rotational speed and 60 degree of seed drop point. The spray uniformity of 4.2% was also achieved.

Efficacy of a novel moist cool air device in office workers with dry eye disease

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of new moist cool air device (MCAD) for ocular symptoms, tear film stability and ocular surface status in office workers with dry eye disease (DED). In this prospective single-centre clinical trial, 40 eyes of 20 patients with DED were recruited and randomly divided into two groups (group with MCAD exposure and group without MCAD). All subjects are visual display terminals (VDTs) workers spending at least 4 h/day in front of VDTs. Patients using MCAD underwent moist air applications for 4 h/day for a total of five working weekdays during VDT works at their offices. The other group of patients performed their VDT work without moist cool air device exposure. The change in symptoms of ocular surface (OS) dryness, fatigue and discomfort was evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS) scores. Changes in visual function, tear functions and ocular surface status were evaluated using best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the functional visual acuity (FVA) test, blink rate, BUT measurements, strip meniscometry (SM), tear evaporation rate, fluorescein staining and rose bengal staining scores. Tear film lipid layer interferometry was also performed to assess the status of the lipid layer over the tear film. In addition, adverse events were recorded. In group with MCAD, symptoms of OS dryness during VDTs work, and FVA and BUT were significantly improved. SM and tear evaporation rate were significantly improved. There were no statistically significant differences on lipid layer stability and corneal staining scores in both groups. Blink rate was significantly increased in group without MCAD. No adverse events were reported during this trial. Moist cool air device use provided symptomatic relief of ocular dryness and improvement on tear stability in office workers with DED. This new device seems to be a safe and promising alternative in the treatment of DED.

CFD Modeling of Spray Atomization for a Nasal Spray Device

The purpose of this work is to evaluate numerical modeling techniques for simulation of spray atomization from a nasal spray device to complement experimental measurements previously. In the past, spray breakup models have not been applied to nasal spray applications, but rather for high-pressure applications such as combustion, and industry and agricultural spraying. The parameters in breakup model were not optimized for this kind of low-pressure injection with small-scale atomizer. Thus, there is a need to tune the spray model constants of the linear instability sheet atomization (LISA) model and evaluate its performance for low-pressure applications such as those found in nasal spray devices. Some parameters that were evaluated include the dispersion angle and the liquid sheet constant that influences the droplet size distribution and dispersion. The simulation results were evaluated against experimental data that has been previously performed. It was found that the LISA model provided good comparisons...

Single Cell Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Application of mass spectrometry imaging (MS imaging) analysis to single cells was so far restricted either by spatial resolution in the case of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or by mass resolution/mass range in the case of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In this study we demonstrate for the first time the combination of high spatial resolution (7 μm pixel), high mass accuracy (<3 ppm rms), and high mass resolution (R = 100,000 at m/z = 200) in the same MS imaging measurement of single cells. HeLa cells were grown directly on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass slides. A dedicated sample preparation protocol was developed including fixation with glutaraldehyde and matrix coating with a pneumatic spraying device. Mass spectrometry imaging measurements with 7 μm pixel size were performed with a high resolution atmospheric-pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI) imaging source attached to an Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Selected ion images were generated with a bin width of Δm/z = ±0.005. Selected ion images and optical fluorescence images of HeLa cells showed excellent correlation. Examples demonstrate that a lower mass resolution and a lower spatial resolution would result in a significant loss of information. High mass accuracy measurements of better than 3 ppm (root-mean-square) under imaging conditions provide confident identification of imaged compounds. Numerous compounds including small metabolites such as adenine, guanine, and cholesterol as well as different lipid classes such as phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, diglycerides, and triglycerides were detected and identified based on a mass spectrum acquired from an individual spot of 7 μm in diameter. These measurements provide molecularly specific images of larger metabolites (phospholipids) in native single cells. The developed method can be used for a wide range of detailed investigations of metabolic changes in single cells.

Phenotypical characterization of 6–21-week gestational age human dermis and epidermal cell isolation methods for in vitro studies on epidermal progenitors

Cell banked epidermal skin progenitor cells have the potential to provide an “off-the-freezer” product. Such cells may provide a skin donor area-independent cell-spray grafting therapy for the treatment of burns. We first characterized fetal skin samples of gestational ages ranging from 6 to 21 weeks. As the results suggest that the phenotypic differentiation occurs after 10 weeks, which may complicate follow-up in vitro studies, we developed and compared different cell isolation techniques for human fetal skin-derived epithelial cells from tissue ages 6 to 9 weeks. We initially screened seven methods of characterization, concluding that two methods warranted further investigation: incubating the epidermal tissue in Petri-dishes with culture medium for spontaneous cell outgrowth, and wiping the epidermal tissue onto a dry Petri-dish culture surface followed by adding culture medium. Non-controllable culture contamination with dermal cells was the reason for excluding the other five methods. The results suggest that epidermal cells can be isolated from tissue exhibiting a single homogeneous layer of CK15+ basal keratinocytes up to week 9. At later gestational ages, the ongoing skin differentiation results in a multi-layer basal structure and progenitors associated with the hair bulb would have to be considered. Spraying the resulting cells with a clinical spray device was successfully demonstrated in an in vitro model. ConclusionGestational age 6–9 weeks epidermal human fetal skin cells from the basal layer can be reproducibly isolated and transferred into culture for studies on the development of skin cell transplantation therapies.

Experimental Analysis on the Environment of Internal Plasma Spraying Techniques

The effects of internal spraying environment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of plasma spraying NiCrBSi+15%Mo coatings were investigated. For experimental analysis of spraying environment, a specialized internal plasma device and its test unit were developed. Firstly, microstructures of spraying coatings and powders were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the boding strength, porosity and micro-hardness of the coatings were investigated and determined separately. According to these properties of plasma spraying coating, the influence of spraying environment on the coating properties and specimen temperature could be investigated. The results show that that the coating performances decreased because of the dust, smog and high temperature of the internal spraying environment. The high-performance internal coatings can be obtained by properly designing spraying process and using the special spraying device.

Description of a novel approach for intraperitoneal drug delivery and the related device

Two significant limitations of intraperitoneal drug therapy are limited drug distribution and poor penetration into peritoneal nodules. A possible solution is the application of the so-called "therapeutic pneumoperitoneum," taking advantage of the gaseous nature and the pressure of capnoperitoneum during laparoscopy. Our objective was to develop a device able to apply such therapeutic pneumoperitoneum. The technology presented here is a spraying device and can be introduced through a trocar. It is driven by mechanical pressure and consists of an injector, a line, and a nozzle. An in vivo experimental study was performed in five pigs. A transvaginal cholecystectomy was performed. At the end of the procedure, a standard dose of methylene blue was sprayed/infused into the abdominal cavity for 30 min (4 test animals w/therapeutic pneumoperitoneum (12 mmHg CO(2)) and 1 control animal w/conventional lavage (2 l intra-abdominal volume with extracorporeal circulation)). At the end of the procedure, all animals were autopsied and the peritoneum was analyzed. Outcome criteria were: (1) drug distribution (as assessed by the stained peritoneal surface at autopsy), and (2) diffusion into the peritoneum (presence or not of macroscopic staining of the outer aspect of the peritoneum immediately after surgery). Stained peritoneal surface was larger after aerosol application compared with peritoneal lavage, and staining more intense. Hidden peritoneal surfaces and the anterior abdominal wall were stained only in the aerosol group. In contrast to peritoneal lavage, the outer aspect of peritoneal membrane was immediately stained after pressurized spraying. This device and the related approach significantly improve both distribution and penetration of a test substance into the peritoneal cavity in a large animal model. This might be a significant progress in treating intraperitoneal disease, in particular peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Research on Mobile Water Spray Device Reducing the Temperature of Metro Fire

Reducing the temperature is one of the key technologies in the metro fire emergency rescue, so it is the basic work to be done. Rapid and effective cooling can reduce the casualties caused by the metro fire. Water spray can quickly absorb a lot of heat for its large surface area. Water spray can quickly cool down the temperature of the metro fire and reduce the casualties caused by high temperature. Mobile water spray device is used in emergency rescue of the metro fire in this paper. Research on the mobile water spray device can do contribution to reduce casualties caused by metro fire.

High‐resolution matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging of tryptic peptides from tissue

The analysis of proteins by mass spectrometry imaging is an important biomedical application as spatial distributions can be used to identify markers for pathological processes. The direct detection and identification of proteins on tissue can be hindered by a number of factors including limited mass range and fragmentation efficiency as well as incompatibility with formalin-fixed samples. To overcome some of these limitations, on-tissue digestion of proteins was followed by detection of the resulting peptides. Trypsin was applied by a spraying device. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging experiments were performed with a home-built atmospheric-pressure imaging source attached to a LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The mass accuracy under imaging conditions was better than 3 ppm RMS. This allowed for confident identification of tryptic peptides by comparison with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) measurements of an adjacent mouse brain section. A spatial resolution of 50 µm was obtained for tryptic peptides on tissue. Several tryptic peptides of myelin showed matching spatial distributions, and numerous tryptic peptides of other proteins were identified. MS images were generated with a bin size (mass range used for image generation) of Δm/z = 0.01 u. Examples demonstrate that MS images with lower selectivity can result in misleading information about the spatial distribution of tryptic peptides. The presented method combines a significantly improved spatial resolution for tryptic peptides with low-ppm mass accuracy in a single experiment and thus provides highly reliable and specific information.

External and Near-Nozzle Spray Characteristics of a Continuous Spray Atomized from a Nasal Spray Device

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of nasal drug delivery often neglect the initial spray particle conditions (e.g., particle velocity) and instead introduce particles entrained by the inhaled airflow into the nasal cavity. The results presented in this study aim to provide some insight into spray droplet formation after atomization of a drug formulation from a nasal spray device. A commercial nasal spray device was tested under a constant flow in order to better understand its spray formation and characteristics. External characteristics such as the spray cone angle define the shape of the atomized spray that exits from the device, while the internal characteristics such as the droplet size distribution help to determine the likelihood of inertial impaction within the nasal cavity. The experimental method makes use of particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle/droplet image analysis (PDIA) to obtain droplet diameters and spray velocities in different spray regions. Image processing techniq...

Development of Experimental Pulsed SprayDevice for Spot Application

An experimental pulsed spray device was developed and studies were conducted on targeted spraying and spray application rate. The discharge of carrier fluid and chemical were measured at different set of pressures by using two types of hollow cone nozzles viz BAN nozzle and NMD hollow cone nozzle. Carrier fluid pressure was maintained from 0.05 to 0.2 MPa and the chemical tank pressure was varied from 0.05 to 0.3 MPa. The important characteristics of pulsed spray system were evaluated at different pressures and it was found that, at pressure 1 MPa the VMD was medium spray and at pressure 0.15 to 0.4 MPa VMD was fine spray. It is noticed that the applied volume per unit area is uniform when the pressure is within 0.15 to 0.4 MPa. The results showed that the quantity of chemical applied per pulse varied between 0.4 to 1.2 ml per pulse for different operating pressures and target widths. From the prediction equation, the quantity of chemical applied over the plant was calculated as 2.6 ml when the area of the plant is 78 cm2 . Hence the application rate of chemical was estimated as 0.33 ml/cm 2.

Thermal Behavior of a Flow in a Pulsed Detonation Thermal Spraying Device

In the present work, a numerical investigation has been performed to study the thermal behavior of a flow through a pulsed detonation thermal spray device that employs a hydrogen-air mixture. In this device, a detonation wave travels inside a detonation tube and eventually exits the tube and impinges against a substrate. Two types of substrates have been investigated, namely, a sphere and a flat-plate. The present model is based on solving the two dimensional, axisymetric Euler reactive flow equations with temperature-dependent specific heats. A global single step finite rate reaction has been considered. The present results demonstrate the effects of two main parameters on the thermal performance of the device under consideration. These parameters are: the size and shape of the substrate, and the stand off distance.

On-Board Applicability of Mems-Based Autonomous Navigation System on Agricultural Aircrafts

In practical terms of agricultural flights, the success of the mission has been largely determined by the airmanship, experience and visual reference of the pilot. By using microelectro-mechanical system (MEMS) devices, a complex onboard system can be designed which increases flight safety and improves the efficiency of pest control. With the help of dead reckoning navigation system using MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes, the spatial attitude and geographic location of the aircraft can be obtained. By measuring the surrounding local air pressure and applying the mathematical model of particular aircraft types´ vortex and stream systems and the properties of the pesticides deployed the accuracy of the crop spraying can be improved while the spraying device can be operated automatically in a control loop. With real-time data processing the pesticide coverage is more uniform, the overlap spraying of the fields can be avoided, and the lateral distance limit between fields and urban built-up areas can be better controlled. It follows that the environmental load can be decreased and the usage of chemicals and pesticides can be optimized.

Comparison of VOP and Doppler ultrasound in measuring forearm blood flow during direct heating

PURPOSE Venous occlusion plethysmography (VOP) is the gold standard for measuring forearm blood flow to obtain maximal skin blood flow. We sought to compare this method to Doppler ultrasound. METHODS Seven subjects (four female, three male; BMI = 23±3 kg.m−1) underwent a ramped local heating protocol. Local heating was achieved by heating the forearm with a water spray device. Doppler ultrasound of the brachial artery and forearm VOP were measured during five stages: under thermoneutral conditions (33oC), after 15 minutes of heating at 36oC, 39oC, and 42oC, and after 30 minutes of heating at 42oC. The protocol aimed to produce a linear rise in blood flow with each subsequent stage. Doppler ultrasound and VOP blood flow measurements were compared by linear regression analysis. RESULTS The protocol was successful in covering a wide range of blood flow, from normal baseline to near maximal values. Measurement of forearm blood flow using Doppler ultrasound and VOP were shown to be highly correlated, with a regression coefficient of R2 = 0.773. CONCLUSION Comparable changes in forearm blood flow can be measured using either Doppler ultrasound or VOP.

Preliminary Evaluation of Paecilomyces lilacinus HY-4 to Control Tetranychus urticae

The virulence against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was evaluated with entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson HY-4 which is isolated from coleopteran insect and registered to Korean and US patents. Virulence tests were conducted with conidial suspensions (<TEX>$1.5{\times}10^6conidia/ml$</TEX>) of P. lilacinus HY-4 against T. urticae adults and positive results were recorded in laboratory conditions. The spraying device was also developed for the efficient and exact evaluation of treatment. The developed spraying device was named as SD-tower sprayer and its efficacy of spraying conidia was evaluated. The accumulated mortality caused by P. lilacinus HY-4 using SD-tower spray was about 73% at 6 days after inoculation. This suggest that the isolate P. lilacinus HY-4 may be considered as promising for a new approach to prevent adult infestations by T. urticae.

LEGENDRE, BESSEL AND BOUBAKER POLYNOMIALS THEORETICAL EXPRESSIONS OF LOW TEMPERATURE PROFILE IN A PYROLYSIS SPRAY MODEL: CASE OF GAUSSIAN DEPOSITED LAYER

In this paper, a solution to heat equation in a spherical model is proposed. The model takes into account conjointly the boundary conditions and the transfer equations in a spray device. The deposited layer is supposed to be Gaussian and not uniform like most recent studies. The solution, using Legendre, Bessel and Boubaker polynomials expansions, presents the advantage of being continuous and indefinitely derivable. These features make the resolution connectable to any heat transfer similar model.

MP-27 表面弾性波伝搬経路に溝構造を持つ局所噴霧デバイス(ポスターセッション)

MP-27 表面弾性波伝搬経路に溝構造を持つ局所噴霧デバイス(ポスターセッション)

Simulation of sprayed particle deposition in a human nasal cavity including a nasal spray device

Effective nasal drug delivery is highly dependent on the delivery of drug from the nasal spray device. Atomisation of liquid spray occurs through the internal atomizer that can produce many forms of spray patterns and two of these, hollow-cone and full-cone sprays, are evaluated in this study to determine which spray pattern produced greater deposition in the middle regions of the nasal cavity. Past studies of spray particle deposition have ignored the device within the nasal cavity. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), two computational models of human nasal cavity model were reconstructed from CT-scans, where the difference between the two models was the presence of the nasal spray device accounting for the airway blockage at one of the nostrils. Experimental measurements from Particle Droplet Image Analyser (PDIA) were taken in order to gain confidence in determining the initial particle conditions for the computational models. An airflow field is induced through a negative pressure flow condition applied at the pharynx instead of constant flow rates at the left and the right nasal cavities. Subsequent airflow patterns and its effects on particle deposition, with and without a spray device, are compared. Contours and streamlines of the flow field revealed that the presence of a spray device in the nasal vestibule produced higher levels of disturbed flow, which helped the dispersion of the sprayed particles. Particle deposition was found to be high in the anterior regions of the nasal cavity caused by its inertia. Evaluation of the two spray types found that hollow spray cones produced more deposition in the middle regions of the nasal cavity. This paper also demonstrates the CFD methodology used, which can help in better understanding the design of future atomizers for nasal spray use.

The application of “in-flight” laser diffraction to the particle size characterization of a model suspension metered dose inhaler

Laser diffraction (LD) has been used to measure the particle size of pharmaceutical aerosols. In this study, the application of LD for measuring the particle size of a model suspension metered dose inhaler (MDI) containing a hydrofluorocarbon propellant was investigated using a Sympatec LD apparatus with an automatic spray device. In order to obtain meaningful results, test parameters such as spray distance and temperature needed to be optimized for this model formulation and then well-controlled during testing. Using a suitable LD test methodology, it was found that particle size variations as a function of nonvolatile excipient levels as well as changes to the suspended drug substance could be observed and, in some cases, correlated to cascade impaction results. Based on these studies, it is believed that the methodology is a valuable rapid screening tool for investigating variations in or permutations to suspension MDI formulations. Nonetheless, the trends in the LD droplet size are complicated by the presence of drug-free droplets. Consequently, the results are not always consistent with other particle sizing techniques such as cascade impaction in which the droplets associated with drug are evaluated. Therefore, for suspension MDIs, the “in-flight” LD method would probably best be utilized as a complementary sizing technique during formulation development.

AIR-ASSISTED SPRAYING AND ITS DRIFT

The main objective of this investigation is to study and evaluate the spraying factors affecting on spray drift and the environment pollution using air-assisted spraying technique (twin spraying technique). The air-assisted spraying device was modified and fabricated in some private local workshops at Dmanhour city, EL-Behira Governorate, Egypt. The experiments were divided in two operation conditions, as with and without air-assistance. The variables of study were four levels of spray height 30, 40, 50 and 60 cm , three types of nozzle (flat fan 110o) tip sizes 1, 3 and 5mm and four levels of operation pressure 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 bar. The performance indicators of spraying device were coefficient of uniformity (CU%) of spray patternator distribution. The results were as: The maximum values of (CU%) due to using air assisted unit were 87.25, 96.06 and 88.24% at spray height 40 cm and spray pressure 2.5bar by using nozzle tip size of 1mm, 3mm and 5mm, respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest values were 77.54, 86.23 and 80.81% at spray height 60 cm by using nozzle tip size of 1mm, 3mm and 5mm, respectively without air. The off-target distance decreased from 7 to 4 m at spray height 40 cm by using nozzle tip size of 3 mm, average wind speed 1.26m/s using air assistance technique. The obtained values of (VMD) increased by using the same nozzle tip size 3mm and spray height 40 cm from 209.98 µm without air assistance to 235.18 µm with air assisted unit. The values of deposition rate increased to 0.472, 0.468, 0.446 and 0.462 mm3/cm2 at the top plant level and increased to 0.389, 0.384, 0.360 and 0.360 mm3/cm2at the bottom plant level when using nozzle tip size of 1mm and with air assisted unit at spray height of 40 cm and spray pressure levels of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 bar respectively. Recommendation: using air assisting technique for increased of uniformity and decreased the drift.