Spray Device Research Articles

The Selection of Ceramic Dry Granulating Machine Spray Device Based on the DPM Model

In order to improve the dispersity of true particles in the process of ceramic dry granulation, by adding a sprayer in the upper of granulation chamber to make water spray into droplets, which greatly increases the contact area of liquid water and powder. The atomization flow field of plain-orifice-nozzle, pressure-swirl-nozzle, air-blast-nozzle, effervescent-nozzle with 1mm nozzle diameter is simulated based on the DPM model, obtaining the droplet size distribution cloud picture and atomization flow field simulative cloud picture of four kinds of nozzle. The simulation results show that the average droplet size of pressure-swirl-nozzle is the minimum and the disperisity of atomization flow field of air-blast-nozzle, effervescent-nozzle, pressure-swirl-nozzle, plain-orifice-nozzle increases in turn. In terms of the average droplet size and the dispersity of atomization flow field, the droplet dispersity of pressure-swirl-nozzle is better and the average droplet size is the minimum, which is most beneficial to solve the problem of fully dispersity of really particle. Therefore, pressure-swirl-nozzle is best fit for the spray device of ceramic dry granulation.

Modeling of the Evaporative Cooling of Running-Down Liquid Films in the Slit Channel of the Spraying Device of a Cooling Tower

This paper presents the results of computational modeling of the nonstationary evaporative cooling of a liquid film running down a vertical surface cooled by a turbulent vapor-air counterflow. The heat and mass transfer problem has been formulated in conjugate form. The calculation data on the total heat flow density at the interface for various instants of time are given.

Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum DKL 109 using External Ionic Gelation Method.

The aim of this study was to apply the external ionic gelation using an atomizing spray device comprised of a spray gun to improve the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum DKL 109 and for its commercial use. Three coating material formulas were used to microencapsulate L. plantarum DKL 109: 2% alginate (Al), 1% alginate/1% gellan gum (Al-GG), and 1.5% alginate/3% gum arabic (Al-GA). Particle size of microcapsules was ranged from 18.2 to 23.01 μm depending on the coating materials. Al-GA microcapsules showed the highest microencapsulation yield (98.11%) and resulted in a significant increase in survivability of probiotic in a high acid and bile environment. Encapsulation also improved the storage stability of cells. The viability of encapsulated cells remained constant after 1-mon storage at ambient temperature. The external ionic gelation method using an atomizing spray device and the Al-GA seems to be an efficient encapsulation technology for protecting probiotics in terms of scale-up potential and small microcapsule size.

Experimental Study of Self-Suction Spraying with Pressure Gas and Water

In order to find out the factors influencing self-suction spraying with pressure gas and water performance, the working principle of the spray was analyzed, orthogonal experiments were conducted, in which influenced of different air flow, bronchia-nozzle distance, nozzle diameter as well as the diffusion angle on the effective rang and spray particle size were tested, the optimal matching of parameters was obtained. The results showed that, the optimal configuration parameters could be obtained by orthogonal test of self-suction spraying with pressure gas and water, to provide data support for the design of efficient spraying device.

Parents’ attitude toward multiple vaccinations at a single visit with alternative delivery methods

Last decades, the number of routine childhood vaccinations has increased considerably, which consequently has led to multiple vaccine injections per consultation. Implementation of additional vaccines will probably lead to more than 2 vaccine injections per consult, which might be a barrier for parents to vaccinate their child. A decrease in vaccination coverage, however, increases the risk of disease outbreaks. Less stressful alternative methods for vaccine delivery might lead to an increased acceptance of multiple childhood vaccinations by parents. The present questionnaire study was set up to explore the maximum number of vaccine injections per visit that is acceptable for parents, as well as to gauge parents’ attitude toward alternative needle-free methods for vaccine delivery. For this purpose, the parents’ opinion toward a jet injector, a patch, a microneedle system, and nasal spray device as methods for vaccine delivery was assessed. The majority of the 1154 participating parents indicated that 3 vaccine injections per visit was perceived as too much. Most participants had a positive attitude with respect to the jet injector and the patch as alternative vaccine delivery method, whereas the microneedle device and an intranasal spray device were not perceived as better than the conventional syringe by the parents. Parents indicated that both the jet injector and the patch might increase their acceptance of giving their children more than 2 vaccinations at the same time. This should encourage vaccine developers and manufacturers to put efforts in developing these delivery methods for their vaccines.

A self-converging atomized mist spray device using surface acoustic wave

We developed a surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomizer, which can produce a narrow mist spray of submillimeter width. The atomized mist spray converges spontaneously and thus requires no additional spray converging system. Key features in achieving the self-converging atomization are two-port interdigital transducers (IDTs) with a groove in between. The SAW is driven by applying an electric field on IDTs patterned on a piezoelectric substrate. The two-port IDTs drive SAWs in opposite directions toward the groove, which then separates the SAW-driven streaming on each side of the groove. Two types of self-converging atomizer were experimentally demonstrated, a line and a point atomizer. While the former uses parallel IDTs to atomize water from the groove into a thin-planar-shaped spray, the latter uses arc-shaped SAW lenses to focus the SAW into a certain point in the groove to atomize water into a narrow point spray. In addition, by adding a water reservoir, continuous operation of up to 30 s was achieved with the submillimeter narrow point atomizer.

Postmarketing safety of biologics and biological devices

Background contextRegardless of study design, the approval process of biologics and biological devices cannot identify every possible safety concern. Postmarketing safety surveillance can provide information based on real-world use of medical products in heterogeneous populations and is critical for identifying potentially serious adverse events, events that are too rare to be detected during premarketing studies, late complications, and events involving individuals or uses that were not evaluated in clinical trials. PurposeTo review why adverse event reporting is important and how the information is used, with emphasis on the points that are most applicable for surgeons and other spine professionals. MethodsThis is an overview of postmarketing safety surveillance. ResultsReview of adverse event reports has resulted in safety notifications, label changes, and publications regarding the safety of biologics and biological devices, such as the risk of airway compromise after the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein in cervical spine fusion, the occurrence of a fatal air embolism after the use of a fibrin sealant that had been applied with a spray device, and infections after allograft transplantation of human tissues. ConclusionsIn light of the rapid development of new biologics, postmarketing surveillance is imperative for ensuring that these products are as safe as possible. By reporting adverse events, surgeons and other health care professionals play a key role in improving and refining our understanding of the safety of biologics.

The Improvement of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Steel Deposits Obtained by Thermal Spraying in Electric Arc

Steel depositsobtained by thermal spray arc have physical-chemical and mechanical properties dependent on operational parameters of the spraying process. Thus, the electric current intensity, the spray distance, the velocity, respectively the driving gas pressure are the parameters that influence the mechanical properties of the steel deposits obtained by thermal spraying. The interaction between particles- gas drive seen in the classic arc spray has the effect the lowering of particles temperature and implicitly of the physical and mechanical properties of the deposit. Using a new device, combined, in which over the thermal field, created by the electric arc, would overlap a second thermal field, created by a gaseous fuel burning, would determine the maintaining of high temperature of the particles and implicitly changes of the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the deposit. Such a combined spraying device would be called device for spraying in electric arc-thermally activated. The paper aims to present a comparative study of the physic chemical and mechanical properties of steel deposits obtained with two spraying processes: the classical process and the combined spraying process - in electric arc thermally activated.Investigations carried out on the structure of deposits by electron microscopy SEM, XRD analysis and image analysis performed at zone level Layer-Substrate as well the deposits adherence assessment in accordance with EN 582-allows the highlighting properties, the arguing of differences between the properties of the deposits made by the two methods as well as the establishing advantages and disadvantages using those processes.

An Analysis of Design Factors for Developing Opuntia Humifusa Spines Removal Device

Purpose: Opuntia Humifusa has been used in the food and beauty industry after removing spines and glochids clearly. This study compared the methods used in removing spines and analyzed the design factors for developing a spine removal device. Method: This study compared the spine removal ratios in accordance with the length of brush, water spray pressure, the number of water spray, and the size of Opuntia Humifusa in a rotating brush device and a water spray device. In addition, this study compared the reversal ratios according to the inclination angle of a conveyor, the drop height of Opuntia Humifusa, and the speed of the conveyor to analyze the reversal factors. Results: The spines were not removed clearly in the rotating brush method, and the glochids were nailed deeply. The spine removal ratio was 96.9% with the water spray pressure of 20 <TEX>$kgf/cm^2$</TEX> and the conveyor speed of 10 cm/s in the water spray method. The number of water spray was correlated with the spine removal ratio, and the average spine removal ratio was 95.6% with three cycles of water spray. The reversal ratio was 97% with the inclination angle of the conveyor <TEX>$20^{\circ}$</TEX>, the drop height of 380 mm, and the conveyor speed of 10 cm/s. Conclusions: In order to develop a Opuntia humifusa spine removing device, this study compared the rotating brush and water spray methods. As a result, each spine removal performance of the rotating brush and water spray methods was 96.9% and 95.6%, respectively. Although the performance of the rotating brush method was slightly higher than that of the water spray method, the water spray method was suitable for removing spines from stem because the epidermis of stem was damaged and the glochids were nail deeply in the rotating brush method. Further studies on appropriate arrangement of spray nozzles, maintaining the optimal water spray pressure, the speed and angle control of the feeding conveyor, and devices for inducing the stem to the center will be needed in combining the water spray device and the reversal device.

Clean combustion in gas turbine engines using Butyl Nonanoate biofuel

Developing new and renewable biofuels for ultra-low emission gas turbine combustors is much desired to secure future power needs. Several fuels are being developed to replace fossil fuels with minimal carbon footprint and pollutants emission. Ease of transition between fossil fuels and biofuels is also desired for fuel flexibility in engine operation. In this paper, the performance of Butyl Nonanoate biofuel is evaluated and compared to both Hydrogenated Renewable Jet (HRJ) fuel and JP-8. The atomization characteristics are examined using Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) for favorable condition of fuel introduction to the combustor. The Biofuel provided 10–15% larger size droplets compared to JP-8 for a given atomizer and operational pressure. The combustion behavior of biofuel was also examined in a swirling colorless distributed combustor with focus on pollutants emission under high intensity simulated gas turbine conditions. The liquid fuels were directly fed into the path of the air stream prior to combustion without using any atomizer or spray device. The biofuel provided 6 PPM of NO and 35 PPM of CO at an energy release intensity of 27MW/m3-atm at 0.6 equivalence ratio. The recorded emissions are about 15% lower as compared to JP-8 for equivalence ratio higher than 0.65. For lower equivalence ratios, NO emissions were identical. The Butyl Nonanoate biofuel also exhibited lower NO emissions than HRJ biofuel. The CO emissions were lower with Butyl Nonanoate as compared to JP-8 (this is in contrast to HRJ biofuel which showed an increase in CO compared to JP-8). The examined biofuel did not show any instability with smooth transition between different fuels. These results provide promising behavior of Butyl Nonanoate biofuel for use in future energy needs without any modifications to the combustor injectors, while maintaining high performance.

Identification and assay of underivatized urinary acylcarnitines by paper spray tandem mass spectrometry

A new analytical approach, using paper spray tandem mass spectrometry, has been developed for assay of carnitine and acylcarnitines in urine. Paper spray (PS) is a very promising technique, especially in clinical investigations, because of its simplicity, low cost, and rapid sample preparation. A home-made paper spray device was used for assay of urinary acylcarnitines (C2-C18). The performance of solvents with different elution efficiency and paper substrates with different porosity grade and structure were tested by use of spiked synthetic urine. Tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was optimized to obtain better specificity and sensitivity. Analyte signals were evaluated for stability and reproducibility. Calibration with [(2)H3]propionylcarnitine (C3-d3), [(2)H3]octanoylcarnitine (C8-d3), and [(2)H3] palmitoylcarnitine (C16-d3) as internal standards was used for quantification. Very good linearity was obtained, with correlation coefficients >0.99 for C0-C12 and C16 acylcarnitines and >0.96 for C14 and C18 acylcarnitines. Accuracy and precision (RSD, %) of the proposed procedure were tested at concentrations of 0.8, 8, and 20 mg L(-1) with very satisfactory results: overall mean accuracy was 98.9% and overall mean relative standard deviation 1%. Limits of detection (LOD) between 6 and 208 μg L(-1) for propionylcarnitine and tetradecanoylcarnitine, respectively, can be regarded as very satisfactory. Application of the method to real urine proved that paper spray tandem mass spectrometry is a simple, rapid, and direct tool (no derivatization is required) for assay of carnitine and C2-C12 acylcarnitines in urine.

Comparison of nasal sprays and irrigations in the delivery of topical agents to the olfactory mucosa

Sinonasal diseases are often treated with topical agents administered through various application techniques, but few prior studies have examined their distribution to the olfactory mucosa. The purpose of this study was to compare the distribution of nasal irrigations to sprays within the olfactory cleft. Human cadaveric study. Eight cadaveric heads, providing a total of 15 nasal sides, underwent treatment with methylene blue solution. Application utilized a pressurized spray device followed by an irrigation squeeze bottle, both used according to manufacturer instructions. Videos and images from six standardized anatomical positions were recorded by rigid nasal endoscopy prior to and following each method of agent delivery. Using the acquired images, three reviewers blinded to the means of application scored the approximate surface area stained. An image-analysis program was additionally calibrated and used to measure pixel intensity in order to quantify surface delivery of methylene blue. Based on both blinded reviewer ratings and image pixel intensity measurements, irrigations demonstrated a greater extent and intensity of staining than sprays within the sphenoethmoid recess, superior turbinate, and superior olfactory cleft (all P < 0.05). Sprays and irrigations, however, were comparable in the extent of staining at the nasal vestibule (P > 0.05), inferior turbinate (P = 0.04), and middle turbinate (P > 0.05). Compared to sprays, irrigations provide a more effective method of delivering topical agents to the posterior and superior aspects of the nasal cavity. The thorough distribution of irrigations has important clinical implications for improving the delivery of therapeutic agents to the olfactory mucosa.

Venous air embolism from Tisseel use during endoscopic cranial vault remodeling for craniosynostosis repair: a case report

Venous air embolism (VAE) is a potential complication during cranial vault remodeling requiring early detection and prompt therapeutic intervention. The incidence of VAE has been reported to be as high as 82.6% during open craniectomy for craniosynostosis repair. On the other hand, two separate studies reported a much lower incidence of VAE (8% and 2%) during endoscopic strip craniectomy. As surgical advancements progress, minimally invasive neurosurgical procedures are increasing in the pediatric population with reported benefits of decreased blood loss and need for transfusion, shorter hospital stay, decreased cost, lower morbidity, and mortality. In addition, there is a heightened emphasis on achieving hemostasis, which has led to the use of products such as antifibrinolytics and fibrin sealants. We present a case where a VAE causing significant hemodynamic instability (grade III) ensued immediately following aerosolized fibrin sealant application. Exploration of the potential source of VAE pointed to the high pressure and close proximity (between spray device and tissue) during application of the sealant, likely forcing air into the vascular system.

Considerations in selecting rapid-onset opioids for the management of breakthrough pain

Correspondence: Suzan Leake Archimedes Pharma, One Crossroads Drive, Bedminister, NJ 07921, USA Email suzanleake@archimedespharma.com Dear editor We read with great interest the recent publication by Smith. This article provides a valuable perspective on the selection of an agent to manage breakthrough pain. Smith recognizes the importance of a fast onset-of-action and the identification by Farrar et al of a 33% (often $2 point) change in the pain intensity difference as a measure of a ‘clinically important improvement’. For these reasons, Smith focuses on the various transmucosal fentanyl formulations that offer a rapid onset and he provides a nice summary of the key features of each of the available products. Smith also provides some ‘advantages and disadvantages’ of different routes of administration which can be used to select an appropriate formulation for an individual patient. We agree with much of the commentary presented, but feel that the grouping of dissimilar formulations based on route of administration is potentially too simple. For example, Smith includes two different products in the intranasal route discussion, despite earlier recognition of key formulation differences, and in doing so allocates weaknesses of one formulation to the other. We would like to inform readers of three important points regarding one intranasal fentanyl formulation: • First, fentanyl pectin nasal spray (Lazanda/PecFent Archimedes Development Ltd, Nottingham, UK) includes the unique PecSys technology that forms a bioadhesive gel on the nasal mucosa, which significantly reduces run-off/drip compared with a simple solution. This means that the fentanyl is retained in the nasal cavity and that variable absorption associated with nasal drip or swallowing is not an issue for fentanyl pectin nasal spray. Other formulations (nasal and oral) explicitly acknowledge in their prescribing information, the potential for variable absorption. • Secondly, the absorption of fentanyl from fentanyl pectin nasal spray has been specifically studied in patients with rhinitis; in that setting the absorption of fentanyl was not affected by nasal inflammation (area under the curve from time 0 to time of last quantifiable plasma concentration, area under the curve from time 0 to 1 hour after administration, maximum plasma concentration, and time to maximum plasma concentration) – which by implication suggests that patients with colds or illnesses that result in changes to the nasal mucosa are suitable candidates for fentanyl pectin nasal spray. • Finally, data from fentanyl pectin nasal spray Phase III trials show that patients did not have difficulty using the spray device; in fact the vast majority reported a high degree of satisfaction. Dovepress

Spraying starch to improve strength of containerboard produced from weak recycled furnish

Producers of recycled furnish–based testliner and corrugating-medium grades often struggle to reach required strength properties compared to producers of packaging grades produced from virgin fibers. Starch can be used on a size press to compensate for the lost fiber strength, weakened from recycling. However, conventional size-press technologies have limitations when large starch pickup amounts are targeted, or when speeds are relatively high in modern packaging board machines. Spray sizing overcomes many roadblocks, and sufficient strength improvements are achieved for recycled testliner and corrugated medium. Dongil Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in South Korea is a pioneer in the use of spray technology, with three spray units already in production. The spray device provides a large window for starch application and gives an exceptional transfer rate to the web. Clean operation, no wearing parts, and ease of running are other advantages when operating a starch-spray device. The theoretical provisions for effective starch transfer to the web and control of starch penetration are described in this paper. The theories are supported by pilot trial results as well as production experience. Starch application with spray is a new and innovative approach for producing packaging board grades economically from a fully recycled fiber source.

Micropulverizador de precisão para aplicação de entomopatógenos

An inexpensive, portable and easy handling spraying device was developed to apply several entomopathogens in dose-response bioassays. The micro-sprayer was calibrated using different settings of pressure and time to apply a wide range of doses on a plain surface. Filter paper cards sprayed with dye solutions were used to examine the deposition uniformity. Also, the relationship between conidial suspensions of fungal entomopathogens and dose applied was determined. As a result, the combination of 10 PSI and 3 s provided the most uniform coverage and applied a volume of 2.15 µL cm-2 (= 215 L ha-1) and dose of 150 conidia mm-2(= 1012 conidia ha-1) at a concentration of 1×107conidial mL-1.

New technologies aiding dietary programmes for weight control: the oral glucose spray

To determine whether the administration of small amounts of glucose through an oral spray device (GSD) facilitates weight loss in overweight/obese subjects involved in a lifestyle modification programme. We randomly assigned 56 overweight/obese subjects to either the treatment group (n = 32) or the control group (n = 24). All subjects in both groups followed a structured dietary programme of 6,280.2 kJ (1,500 kcal)/day and exercised minimum 150 min a week and were followed-up for a period of 60 days. Subjects assigned to the treatment group were asked to spray, during early symptoms of neuroglycopenia, 10 puffs by GSD. GSD is a device that delivers to the buccal mucosa 50 mg of glucose per puff. A mean weight loss of 3.5 ± 3.0 kg in GSD-treated group compared to 1.7 ± 2.1 kg in control group (p = 0.01) was observed. Significant differences regarding reduction of BMI (-1.3 ± 1.0 vs. -0.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2; p = 0.01) and waist circumference (-3.5 ± 3.2 vs. -0.9 ± 3.5 cm; p = 0.02) were also detected. A short-term use of GSD, in association with dietary restriction and exercise, is helpful in improving weight loss and in reducing waist circumference in overweight/obese subjects.

Fuel flexible distributed combustion for efficient and clean gas turbine engines

The need for fuel flexible ultra-low emission gas turbine combustors is imminent to secure future power needs. Distributed combustion technology is demonstrated to provide significant performance improvement of gas turbine combustors including uniform thermal field in the entire combustion chamber (improved pattern factor) at very high combustion intensity, ultra-low emission of NOx and CO, low noise, enhanced stability, higher efficiency and alleviation of combustion instability. Distributed reaction conditions were achieved using swirl for desirable controlled mixing between the injected air, fuel and hot reactive gases from within the combustor prior to mixture ignition. In this paper, distributed combustion is further investigated using a variety of fuels. Gaseous (methane, diluted methane, hydrogen enriched methane and propane) and liquid fuels, including both traditional (kerosene) and alternate fuels (ethanol) that cover a wide range of calorific values are investigated with emphasis on pollutants emission and combustor performance with each fuel. For liquid fuels, no atomization or spray device was used. Performance evaluation with the different fuels was established to outline the flexibility of the combustor using a wide range of fuels of different composition, phase and calorific value with specific focus on ultra-low pollutants emission. Results obtained on pollutants emission and OH* chemiluminescence for the specific fuels at various equivalence ratios are presented. Near distributed combustion conditions with less than 8PPM of NO emission were demonstrated under novel premixed conditions for the various fuels tested at heat (energy) release intensity (HRI) of 27MW/m3-atm. and a rather high equivalence ratio of 0.6. Higher equivalence ratios lacked favorable distributed combustion conditions. For the same conditions, CO emission varied for each fuel; less than 10ppm were demonstrated for methane based fuels, while heavier liquid fuels provided less than 40ppm CO emissions. Lower emissions of NO (<4.5PPM) were also demonstrated at lower equivalence ratios. This demonstration outlines the combustor ability for fuel flexibility without any modifications to the combustor injectors, while maintaining high performance. Further reduction of NOx can be possible by establishing true distributed combustion condition, in particular at higher equivalence ratios.

External Characteristics of Unsteady Spray Atomization from a Nasal Spray Device

The nasal route presents an enormous opportunity to exploit the highly vascularized respiratory airway for systemic drug delivery to provide more rapid onset of therapy and reduced drug degradation compared with conventional oral routes. The dynamics of atomization at low injection pressure is less known as typical spray atomization studies have focused on industrial applications such as fuel injection that are performed at much higher pressure. An experimental test station was designed in house and an alternative method to characterize the external spray is presented. This involved the use of high-speed camera to capture the temporal development of the spray as it is atomized through actuation of the spray device. An image-processing technique based on edge detection was developed to automate processing through the large number of images captured. The results showed that there are three main phases of spray development (prestable, stable, and poststable) that can be correlated by examining the spray width. A comparison with a human nasal cavity is made to put into perspective the dimensions and geometry that the spray atomization produces. This study aimed to extend the current existing set of data to contribute toward a better understanding in nasal spray drug delivery.

Anaesthetic safety of the Macintosh® oral laryngeal spray device

Primary hypothesis: A single, maximal hand squeeze of the Macintosh® laryngeal spray atomiser bulb may deliver a toxic dose of local anaesthetic to the oral mucosa of small infants.Method: Two anaesthetists, A and B, completed 10 single maximal bulb squeezes per individual Macintosh® atomiser (five for each anaesthetist). Seven atomisers in daily use at a children's hospital were tested. Spray volumes were compared between devices and individual anaesthetists, using a repeated measures analysis of variance model.Results: The mean volume ± standard deviation of 2% lignocaine spray delivered per single maximal squeeze of the seven Macintosh® atomiser bulbs by anaesthetists, A and B, was 0.54 ± 0.7 ml, and 0.31 ± 0.4 ml, respectively. The range was 0.025–2 ml. This is equivalent to 10.8 mg ± 14 mg and 6.2 mg ± 8 mg of lignocaine, respectively. The difference between the two anaesthetists was statistically significant (p-value < 0.0001) and ranged from a maximum of 1.0 ml to a minimum of 0.05 ml.Conclusion: There is a difference in the amount of local anaesthetic delivered when two anaesthetists use a single maximal squeeze of the Macintosh® spray atomiser bulb from the seven Macintosh® spray devices tested. The dose delivered was not dependent upon the user. In order to prevent a toxic dose being administered, it is recommended that the plastic chamber of the atomiser is filled with a safe dose of local anaesthetic calculated for each child, particularly small infants, before the upper airway is sprayed.