Spraying Machine Research Articles

Frequent Low Volume Sprays of Horticultural Mineral Oil (HMO) for Psyllid and Leafminer Control

Author(s): Jones, Moneen M.; Stansly, Philip A. | Abstract: Low volume (LV) aerial and ground sprays have become an important method of application in Florida citrus. During Feb 2011, we started a trial in a 10.9 acre plot of 'Valencia' orange in Lee County comparing LV spray of 435 HMO with the Grower Standard (GS) and an Untreated check (UC) in 3x3 Latin square design. A Proptec rotary atomizer P400D spray machine was used for all treatments. HMO was applied every 2 weeks at 2 gpa. Significantly fewer ACP were seen on during May 2011 on GS trees than HMO trees, but during June these differences disappeared. Between Aug – Oct 2011, mean adult ACP populations were lowest for GS, followed by HMO and UC. Thus, LV oil treatments suppressed ACP, though not as effectively as the GS. However during winter 2011 HMO treatments were as effective as GS. Also, highest pound solids were seen from trees receiving HMO followed by UC and GS. Citrus leafminer (CLM) damage assessments (May/July 2011) using a modified Horsfall-Barratt scale showed less damage with GS compared with Oil which in turn was less than UC. However, CLM trap catches in Nov were significantly lower with HMO compared to GS and UC even though highest flush density was present on HMO-treated trees. Canker ratings (2012) for HMO and GS have been significantly less than UC. Thus, LV application of 435 horticultural mineral oil (HMO) for control of ACP and CLM have shown promising results the last 2 years.

Tuning the properties of sprayed CuZnS films for fabrication of solar cell

CuZnS is a promising material for solar cells, having mixed structure of CuxS and ZnS. In CuZnS thin films prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis, it was observed that the material can be changed from n-type to p-type and electrical conductivity can be increased by 4 orders by just varying the Cu concentration. Increase in concentration of Cu also leads to decrease of band gap from 3.4 eV to 1.8 eV. Films of high concentration of Cu can be used as good absorber and Cu-poor films as buffer/window layer in solar cells. A bilayer heterojunction photovoltaic device could be fabricated using automated spray machine. Here, CuZnS was the absorber layer and In2S3 was the buffer layer. Using Ag as top electrode, J-V characteristics of the cell was recorded. For the optimum doped cell, the parameters obtained were Voc = 0.451 V, Jsc = 5.47 mA/cm2, FF = 42.2%, and η = 1.04%.

Force Analysis on Piston Assembly of Mine Rotor Wet Spraying Machine

The force of the concrete pumping work of mine rotor wet spraying machine is analysis in this paper, focusing on the piston assembly and cylinder bore rotor stress analysis during nesting, selecting the important structural parameters and optimizing the structure, to ensure the normal and efficient function of wet spraying working to improve the stability of wet spray machine work and life, and providing an important reference for the structural design of the piston assembly.

Analysis for Different Positions of Nozzle on Air-Assisted Boom Sprayer

Natural wind, relative position between the nozzle and the outlet of the ram in the air-assistant spray have a great influence on performance. Air-assisted boom sprayer model is developed based on CFD. According to the data of the related parameters of the spray machine, variables of 3-D model were defined. With velocity of natural wind and inlet of the ram , the spraying flow keeping constant, the relative position between the nozzle and the outlet being a research variable, this article calculates the drift rate of the droplets respectively, then analyzes the results scientifically and gets the corresponding conclusion. At the same time, in order to confirm the reliability of the simulation results, this paper makes an experiment, which is done in Shandong agricultural university spray performance laboratory. Studies have shown that drift rate is significantly lower when the nozzles located under outlet position than on the downwind or the upwind .

The Development of Hydraulic Control System for Large Highland Hydraulic Intelligent Pesticide Spraying Machine

In this paper, we research and develop a new machine called large highland hydraulic intelligent pesticide spraying machine. The pesticide spraying machine adopts hydraulic electric control technology, and adapts to all tall or short crops for pesticide spraying. The machine employs large intelligent computer control technology, and adjusts the spraying dose according to the pest density measured by intelligent sensors. Furthermore, the machine adopts the technology of self-filter and dilutes the pesticide with absorption water automatically. This paper presents hydraulic control system, and puts forward the hydraulic control principle of the walking part, the hydraulic control principle of the work part and main technical parameters.

New Intelligent and Efficient Pesticide Sprayers in Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering

In view of the traditional low mechanization,degree of automation and lack of humanization etc, a n-ew intelligent and efficient pesticide spraying machine can be created to add pesticide to cotton.Completed parametric design of the device's virtual prototype by SolidWorks,and we apply virtual prototyping technologyto key parts to go on dynamics simulation analysis,to verify the reasonableness of this mechanism design and correctness of the function to achieve.

Processing and properties of spray-applied, 100% solids polyurethane coatings from rapeseed oil polyols

Rigid polyurethane (PU) coatings were obtained from rapeseed oil (RO), triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine, and glycerol polyols. The dynamic mechanical analysis of PU coatings showed that the β-transition process occurs at −60°C for these PU networks. At 20°C, the tensile storage modulus (E′) is higher for those PU networks that are characterized with higher cohesive energy density (CED). There is a good correlation between the theoretical molecular weights between two crosslinking points (Mc) of the PU network and Mc that has been calculated from E′ based on the ideal rubber theory. PU coatings from a RO/TEA polyol and polymeric 4,4′-methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (MDI) were sprayed using a Graco Reactor E-10 industrial spraying machine with a volume ratio of the components A:B = 1.0:1.0. Eco-friendly volatile organic compounds-free, 100% solids, fast-curing two pack (2 K) PU coating compositions were formulated. The kinetics of gel formation was studied for PU coatings from RO/TEA, chain extenders, and polymeric MDI under adiabatic conditions; the temperature range was from 10 to 50°C. It was found that gel formation occurs with activation energy (Ea) 26.56–33.43 kJ/mol. When a PU coating is spray-applied on a substrate under nonadiabatic conditions, the gel formation time of the coating is not significantly influenced by the temperature of the components in the range 20–50°C.

Vibration transmitted to operator’s back by machines with back-pack power unit: a case study on blower and spraying machines

To correctly evaluate the vibration transmitted to the operators, it is necessary to consider each body’s point interested by the vibratory stimulus produced by machines. All the body’s part in contact to the vibration, when a portable device with internal combustion engine is used, are: hands, back and shoulders. Some information for wholebody vibration are available in the ISO 2631-1997 standard, which otherwise refers to a seated operator. ‘C’ type standards for the vibration analysis exist for some portable machines with an internal combustion engine which is comprehensive in the machine (chainsaw, brush-cutter, blower). If the engine is not inside the machine, but it is on the operator’s back, ‘C’ type standards on vibration measurements are quite incomplete. The IMAMOTER institute of CNR, the DISAFA Department (University of Turin) and the Occupational Medicine Department of the University of Catania started some tests to verify the vibration levels transmitted to an operator working with backed engine devices. Two machines have been examined: a blower and a spraying machine. Two operative conditions have been considered during all the tests: idling and full load. Three operators have been involved and each test has been repeated three times. The spraying machine has been tested both with the empty tank and with 10 litres of water, to simulate the load to be caused by the presence of liquid inside the tank. In this work the comfort condition of ISO 2631-1 standard was considered, using the frequency weighting Wc curve with the weighting factor 0.8 for X axis (back-ventral direction) and the Wd curve for Y and Z axis (shoulder - shoulder and buttocks - head) with weighting factors 0.5 and 0.4 (respectively for Y and Z axis). Data were examined using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software package. The statistical analysis underlined that the running condition is the main factor to condition the vibration levels transmitted to the operator’s back, while the ballast and the operators are influent when the running conditions are distinguished. Concerning medical investigation, lower back and shoulders are the main critical part of the body interested by vibration transmitted to each operator.

Study on Expert Decicion System for Spraying of Trellis Crop

Bases on accurate spraying of the trellis crop, the expert decision-making technology was used to provide the decision support. The intelligent decision support system was combined with accurate spraying technology of pesticides. According to the differences of relevant factor of accurate spraying, the expert decision-making system of job parameters of trellis spraying machine was researched and set up. And systematic target, system expansion and system architecture were analyzed. Through C4.5 algorithm, the expert decision-making system was to decide if the trellis crop was sprayed under different climatic conditions, and the decision tree of spraying was constructed. It provided intelligent decision support to accurate spraying.

Spraying Pattern Overlap and Movement Design of Automatic Electrostatic Top Spraying Machine

The high-speed spinning bell electrostatic automatic machine is the key equipment of the automotive coating line. A simplified mathematical model of the process of spraying aggradation was proposed by analyzing the working principle of electrostatic spray. Furthermore, the relationships among spraying distance, spraying speed and number of spraying pattern overlap were investigated and revealed. And the expressions for the velocities of both side spraying machine and top spraying machine are derived. This work provides an important theoretical basis for the spraying trajectory planning .

Design of Pneumatic Rotor Pump Mechanism and Dynamics Analysis

To meet the special needs of the bolting and shotcreting work environment of coal mine, a new pneumatic spring-piston mechanism was designed. The derivation process of the pressure loss equation was described based on S.Morinaga formula. The concrete pumping machanism kinetic model was constructed and analysed using Lagranges Equation. The work of this paper lays a theoretical foundation for optimization design of wet spraying machine system.

Design and Development of the Trunk Spraying Machine

In order to protect the trees, prevent pests and frostbite, designed and developed a medicine which can spray liquid medicine on tree trunks. This paper expounds the working principle of trunk spraying machine, and introduces the components of manipulator structure in details. The manipulator with four degrees of freedom, including move up and down, horizontal direction stretch and fold, sway back and forth, sway left and right. Prototype tests show that, this machine can be applied to different shape of trees. It just takes about 20 seconds of the spraying process, so the machine can greatly reduce labor intensity and improve work efficiency.

Design and Application of the Solar-Mobile-Spray-Machine

A new Solar-Mobile-Spray-Machine (SMSM) is investigated. The ordinary electric vehicle is used as walking mechanism and solar cell components are installed on it. The number of accumulator battery and solar photovoltaic modules (SPM) are calculated with the designing of switching circuit. The mechanism can provide power in real time for every driving device meanwhile it can administer the charging and discharging for accumulator battery effectively. The recorded data shows that the device can provide 17% energy for the spray machine during a whole day working time. The device makes a reasonable application of solar and has the characteristics of simple structure, unique form and reliable operation. The device has the versatility characteristic because it can be used not only in crop spraying but also in farm disinfection and facility horticulture in insecticide.

Research on Self-Propelled High Spray Machine Steel Stamping Forming

In this paper through simulation a single factor analysis and research four parameters of Self-propelled high Spray Machine steel stamping forming ,including die gap(), die radius(r), friction coefficient(f) and drawbead height(h), on the impact of sheet forming. Considering the defects of steel forming in the actual production, the most important parameters is determined and four parameters and three level orthogonal experiments are carried out. The drawbead height (h) is the most important parameter affecting in steel forming that should be strictly controlled in the actual production. The die gap () is secondary. The die radius (r) and the friction coefficient (f) affect the least. In order to improve the quality of stamping, the3r2f3h3 process combination should be adopted, which provided some theoretical guidance in actual production

Vibration transmitted to operator’s back by machines with back-pack power unit: a case study on blower and spraying machines

To correctly evaluate the vibration transmitted to the operators, it is necessary to consider each body’s point interested by the vibratory stimulus produced by machines. All the body’s part in contact to the vibration, when a portable device with internal combustion engine is used, are: hands, back and shoulders. Some information for wholebody vibration are available in the ISO 2631-1997 standard, which otherwise refers to a seated operator. ‘C’ type standards for the vibration analysis exist for some portable machines with an internal combustion engine which is comprehensive in the machine (chainsaw, brush-cutter, blower). If the engine is not inside the machine, but it is on the operator’s back, ‘C’ type standards on vibration measurements are quite incomplete. The IMAMOTER institute of CNR, the DISAFA Department (University of Turin) and the Occupational Medicine Department of the University of Catania started some tests to verify the vibration levels transmitted to an operator working with backed engine devices. Two machines have been examined: a blower and a spraying machine. Two operative conditions have been considered during all the tests: idling and full load. Three operators have been involved and each test has been repeated three times. The spraying machine has been tested both with the empty tank and with 10 litres of water, to simulate the load to be caused by the presence of liquid inside the tank. In this work the comfort condition of ISO 2631-1 standard was considered, using the frequency weighting Wc curve with the weighting factor 0.8 for X axis (back-ventral direction) and the Wd curve for Y and Z axis (shoulder - shoulder and buttocks - head) with weighting factors 0.5 and 0.4 (respectively for Y and Z axis). Data were examined using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software package. The statistical analysis underlined that the running condition is the main factor to condition the vibration levels transmitted to the operator’s back, while the ballast and the operators are influent when the running conditions are distinguished. Concerning medical investigation, lower back and shoulders are the main critical part of the body interested by vibration transmitted to each operator.

Modeling of Shotcrete Application for Use in a Real‐Time Training Simulator

AbstractSimulators provide significant advantages in training operators of concrete spraying machinery, such as economic savings, the practical absence of safety risks, and environmental and educational benefits. The main challenge in developing a real‐time training simulator for concrete spraying machinery lies in the modeling of shotcrete application. This article presents a novel method that models and simulates in real time the three main factors influencing shotcrete sprayability: adhesion, cohesion, and rebound. Furthermore, thanks to the addition of an obstacle model, the method makes it possible to spray onto additional supporting elements, which is a typical shotcrete application. The proposed method considers a wet‐mix thick flow spraying process and is based on experiments that were run with a real concrete spraying machine and complemented by expert advice. The method was developed and evaluated using a user‐centered methodology, resulting in realistic shotcrete application modeling that meets the needs for training concrete spraying machinery operators.

Overview of Pneumatic Pump Reversing Mechanism

Pneumatic pump use compressed gas as power source, outputting straight reciprocating motion. It is widely applied in high pressure airless spray machine. Reversing mechanism is the core component of pneumatic pump. According to the different ways of distributing and reversing gas, pneumatic pump reversing mechanism can be divided into two major categories of pneumatic control type and mechanical type. We summarize the history of the development and the present situation of research and compare various reversing mechanisms in the realization principle, design of structure, manufacturing, vibration noise and cost of production etc. Then we put forward the direction of its research and development, providing theoretical basis for the subsequent development of high quality and efficient pneumatic pump.

Development on small pesticide spraying machine with real-time mixing and remote-control spraying

Development on small pesticide spraying machine with real-time mixing and remote-control spraying

Surface coating by means of velocity shear instability in plasma

In this paper the effect of different parameters like magnetic field, homogenous direct-current electric field, shear scale length, temperature anisotropy, inhomogeneity in direct-current electric field and density gradient on ions velocity is discussed. A mathematical model for ions/micron size particles velocity is discussed and its values are calculated by taking experimental parameters and by applying computer technique. A model of plasma spray machine is also suggested, which contains plasma production with velocity shear instability in laboratory, powder injection and mass and momentum transfers between particles. The coating process by means of velocity shear instability in plasma has possibility to spray hard and arduous material (alloy) with minimum defects and maximum technical and economic efficiency.

Yttria coating synthesized by reactive flame spray process using Y-EDTA complex

To obtain thick metal oxide films with low energy consumption at a low cost, metal ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA) complexes were applied to the flame spray method as raw materials. This new method actualized the synthesis of yttria using a conventional flame spray machine with C2H2 and O2. A micrometer-thick yttria film was deposited from a Y-EDTA complex powder within 1min on a stainless steel plate. The organic components in the EDTA raw material were completely decomposed by the addition of oxygen into the flame, and the deposited films contained crystalline phases of Y2O3. We demonstrated that the reactive flame spray process using metal-EDTA complexes is convenient for obtaining metal oxide films at a low cost.