Spray Forming Research Articles

The challenge of downstream processing of spray dried amorphous solid dispersions into minitablets designed for the paediatric population – A sustainable product development approach

Poorly water-soluble drugs present a significant challenge in the development of oral solid dosage forms (OSDs). In formulation development the appropriate use of excipients to adjust solubility, and the choice of manufacturing method and pharmaceutical processes to obtain a dosage form to meet the needs of the patient group, is crucial. Preparing an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a well-established method for solubility enhancement, and spray drying (SD) a common manufacturing method. However, the poor flowability of spray dried materials poses a significant challenge for downstream processing. Promoting sustainability in OSD development involves embracing a versatile formulation design, which enables a broader spectrum of patients to use the product, as opposed to altering existing dosage forms retrospectively. The objective of the current study was to develop a formulation of spray dried indomethacin ASD suited to the production, by direct compression, of instant release paediatric minitablets. Excipients evaluated were PVP or HPMCAS in solid dispersions at the preformulation phase, and MCC and lactose as a filler in direct compression. From the studied formulations, a 3:1 ratio blend of Vivapur 200/Pharmatose 200 M (MCC/lactose) with 0.5% (w/w) magnesium stearate was found to be the most promising in tableting, and minitablets containing a 6.22% content of spray-dried ASD of indomethacin/PVP K 29–32 could be obtained with desired tablet hardness and pharmaceutical quality, complying with tests of weight variation and fast disintegration in an aqueous environment. As a case example, this study provides a good foundation for further studies in harnessing a sustainable approach to the development of pharmaceutical formulations that can appropriately serve different patient sub-populations.

In brief: A new OTC naloxone nasal spray (RiVive).

The FDA has approved RiVive (Harm Reduction Therapeutics), a 3-mg naloxone nasal spray, as an over-the-counter (OTC) product for emergency treatment of opioid overdose.1 Two 4-mg naloxone nasal spray formulations, Narcan and one of its generics, were approved for OTC sale in 2023.

ОПЫТ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ЛАБОРАТОРНЫХ КРЫС ПРИ НОТОЭДРОЗЕ

The purpose of the study is to compare the acaricidal effectiveness of the drugs Dironet spot-on and Delcid for notoedrosis of laboratory rats (Wistar breed). To evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of the drugs, two groups of white rats (Wistar breed) of 25 animals each (with approximately the same body weight – 250 g), spontaneously infested with Notoedres musculi mites, were selected. The diagnosis was made based on characteristic symptoms and microscopy results of deep skin scrapings using the vital method. Acarological studies were carried out in the scientific laboratory of the department of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Verkhnevolzhsky State Agrobiotechnological University (Ivanovo) in 2020–2022. In the first experiment, when using Dironet spot-on (on the skin indivi-dually, by drop method in a dose of 0.1 ml (three drops per head), twice with an interval of 10 days), the drug showed high effectiveness against ticks (after the first treatment EI = 20 %, EE = 80), and after the second – EI = 0%, EE = 100 %. After the second treatment, no parasites were found in skin scrapings. In the second experiment, when using Delsid (in the form of manual total spraying at a dose of 0.005 % (according to DB), twice with a difference of 10 days), the drug turned out to be less effective than the first. After the first treatment, EI = 40 %, EE = 60 %, after the second – EI = 12 %, EE = 88 %. After the second treatment, mites were found in skin scrapings on 12 % of treated heads. After using acaricides, the animals were observed daily, taking into account their condition, appetite and skin integrity. Microscopic exa¬minations were carried out before and after the use of drugs, as well as every 10 days for two months after the last treatment of animals. Treatment experience indicates that these acaricides are highly effective drugs. They can be used as a means of therapy and prevention for notoedrosis in rats twice with an interval of 10 days.

(005) Can Novel SDS-089 Nasal Vardenafil Spray Solution Achieve Satisfactory Drug Plasma Level Similar to Oral Vardenafil Formulation? A Bioanalysis Study Comparing Vardenafil Nasal vs Oral Formulations Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Introduction The nasal drug delivery system offers many advantages when compared with oral administration, such as a faster onset of action, easily accessible, less drug degradation, and a high rate of absorption. The SDS-089 nasal Vardenafil (VDF) solution is a unique drug formulation designed to be delivered as a spray formulation. Objective To assess the bioavailability of SDS-089 nasal Vardenafil solution in human plasma levels using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry analysis. Methods The SDS-089 Vardenafil HCl formulation was prepared with the active pharmaceutical ingredient to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standard (batch 1704002361). The SDS-089 nasal spray solution was filtered (0.22 μm filter) and fitted with a nasal spray device to deliver 100 μL per spray which is equivalent to 2 mg Vardenafil HCl alcoholic solution per spray. This study received approval from the Institutional Review Board and Biosafety Committee (FB18/IRB/099). Blood samples from participants were collected at time 0 (pre-dose) and across different time intervals up to 10 hours and analyzed using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS) to quantify the level of Vardenafil and the internal standard. This protocol allows for the preparation and analysis of human samples, quality controls (QC), standard curve preparation, and instrumental analysis. During the validation experiments, each calibration standard and QC sample was prepared by spiking a specified amount of Vardenafil in human plasma with oral Vardenafil drug served as the internal standard for comparison. The concentration of analytes in each standard was quantified using LC/MS and detected using multiple-reaction monitoring for each of the respective analytes. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was defined as the lowest concentration that could be quantified with accuracy and precision within 20%, as calculated from chromatograms for the independent samples. Intra- and inter-run accuracy and precision were calculated for the three QC samples, and independent triplicate measurements with best-fit lines were selected using a linear regression model with a 1/x2 weighting factor in the calibration curves. Results The SDS-089 nasal Vardenafil solution showed excellent accuracy (mean 100, Standard Deviation, SD 4.1, % Relative Standard Deviation, RSD of 4%) and good precision (mean 50.1, SD 2.1, %RSD of 4%) on high (50ng/ml) QC assay tests. Similarly, the stability of QC on high (50ng/ml) plasma assay tests showed excellent accuracy (mean 100.8, SD 3.7, %RSD of 4%) and good precision (mean 50.4, SD 1.8, %RSD of 4%) on high (50ng/ml). Comparison between pharmacokinetic parameters of Vardenafil SDS-089 nasal spray (4mg) and oral tablet (10mg) showed T1/2 (2.52±0.99 vs 2.46±0.73 hour), Tmax (0.17±0.54 vs 0.97±0.35 hour), Cmax (time concentrations) (9.21±4.11 vs 11.24±7.83 ng/mL) and AUC0-inf (area under the curve from zero to infinity) (21.03±12.54 vs 37.25±41.51 ng/mL*h) (see Table 1: Pharmacokinetic parameters of Vardenafil HCI as SDS-089 nasal spray vs. oral tablet using non-compartmental analysis WinNonlin software). Conclusions SDS-089 nasal formulation appeared to deliver a high plasma concentration level of Vardenafil drug based on pharmacokinetic LC/MS data analysis with robust accuracy and precision. Disclosure Yes, this is sponsored by industry/sponsor: LTR Pharma Clarification: Industry funding only - investigator initiated and executed study

(065) A Randomized, Single-Dose, Bioavailability and Safety Study on Novel SDS-089 Nasal Vardenafil 4mg Spray Solution in Comparison to Oral Vardenafil Tablet 10 mg in Healthy Volunteers

Abstract Introduction Oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) is recognized as an effective first-line medical therapy for males with erectile dysfunction. However, oral PDE5i drug adherence and satisfaction rates were not high due to the need for oral ingestion, lack of sexual spontaneity, and delay in time to clinical effect. Hence, a nasal delivery of PDE5i drug may circumvent these limitations. Objective To assess the bioavailability and safety profile of SDS-089 nasal Vardenafil spray compared to oral Vardenafil 10mg tablet. Methods Following approval from Institutional Review Board and Biosafety Committee (FB18/IRB/099), 13 subjects out of the 32 healthy volunteers met the study criteria and were randomized to receive SDS-089 nasal Vardenafil spray (4 mg) or oral Vardenafil tablet (10 mg). The vardenafil HCl formulation SDS-089 was prepared with the active pharmaceutical ingredient meeting the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standard (batch 1704002361). Blood tests were conducted on the subjects to evaluate Vardenafil drug bioavailability and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) data was collected. Results All 13 subjects completed the study. Based on the drug pharmacokinetics data, SDS-089 nasal spray was shown to have a faster onset and achieve optimal dose with a lower amount of drug compared to oral formulation. Of the 42 recorded TRAEs, 33 TRAEs were associated with the nasal spray, and 9 TRAEs were related to oral drugs. Transient headache is the most common TRAE in the nasal group and was very tolerable. The reported headaches showed no relationship with Cmax (peak concentration) and AUC0-inf (the total drug exposure across time) based on the Vardenafil drug levels. Conclusions SDS-089 nasal spray formulation Vardenafil HCl at 4 mg successfully achieved a similar Cmax with that of oral Vardenafil 10 mg tablet, and while it appeared to have more TRAEs, these were transient and well-tolerated by the subjects. Disclosure Yes, this is sponsored by industry/sponsor: LTR Pharma. Clarification: Industry funding only - investigator initiated and executed study.

Comparative Efficacy of Pyrethroid-Based Paints against Turkestan Cockroaches.

The Turkestan cockroach, Periplaneta lateralis (Walker), is an invasive urban pest prevalent in dry areas of the southwestern United States. Treatment with liquid spray formulations containing insecticides is the most conventional method to decrease Turkestan cockroach population abundance around buildings. Intensive application of insecticide treatments near natural environments has prompted concerns regarding the impacts on non-target aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Technologies embedding insecticides in a paint matrix have successfully been used for the long-term reduction in disease-vector populations in tropical areas. Here, we evaluated the potential effectiveness of three pyrethroid-based paints against Turkestan cockroach nymphs on common surfaces inhabited by this species. Turkestan cockroaches continuously exposed for 1 h to 1-month aged alphacypermethrin and deltamethrin paints applied to concrete, metal, or PVC caused moderate to high mortality. Evaluations using choice boxes indicated that deltamethrin and transfluthrin paints had combined lethal and repellent effects on cockroaches. Alphacypermethrin also caused repellency and killed cockroaches rapidly. We discuss the implications of these findings on cockroach control practices.

Airway Diseases Related to the Use of Cleaning Agents in Occupational Settings

Exposure to disinfectants and cleaning products (DCP) is now a well-established risk factor for work-related asthma (WRA). However, questions remain on the specific causal agents and pathophysiological mechanisms. Few studies have also reported an association between DCP and rhinitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This review discusses the recent evidence pertaining to airway diseases attributable to occupational exposure to DCP. In contrast to other agents, the incidence of WRA due to DCP has increased over time. The use of DCP in spray form has clearly been identified as an added risk factor. The mechanisms for WRA associated with DCP remain poorly studied, however, both allergic and nonallergic responses have been described, with irritant mechanisms thought to play a major role. An early diagnostic work-up based on clinical assessment accompanied by evaluation of lung function, immunological and airway inflammatory markers is important to guide optimal care and exposure avoidance to the implicated agent. Future research should focus on the effects of “green” products, pathophysiological mechanisms and quantitative exposure assessment including the use of barcode-based methods to identify specific agents. There is an urgent need to strengthen preventive measures and interventions to reduce the burden of airway diseases associated with DCP.

Control of Rhipicephalus microplus on taurine cattle with fluralaner in a subtropical region

BackgroundIn Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, a region with a subtropical climate, Rhipicephalus microplus is present in taurine cattle raised for beef and milk. In addition, ticks resistant to multiple acaricides are present in this region. Recently, fluralaner (isoxazoline) was launched on the market. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the effects of fluralaner for the control of R. microplus on taurine cattle. In addition, occurrence of myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae after tick parasitism and weight gain of cattle during the experimental period were evaluated.MethodsThirty naturally infested cattle were divided into two experimental groups: T01, treated with fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) pour-on; T02, control. T01 received fluralaner on Days 0 (early summer in January), 42 and 84 (early autumn), whereas T02, a control group, received palliative treatment with a spray formulation when the group mean was ≥ 30 ticks. Counts of R. microplus females and calculation of the efficacy of fluralaner were performed on Days 3, 7, 14, 28, 35, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112 and 126. The occurrence of myiasis was assessed throughout the study period. In addition, the weight, weight gain and daily weight gain of the animals were evaluated.ResultsIn the 12 evaluations performed, the parasitic load of T01 was near zero. Fluralaner showed 99.5% efficacy on the 3rd day after the first treatment and 100% efficacy from Day 7 to Day 126. Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae (n = 6; p = 0.0251) were found only in the control group (T02). At the end of the study, the animals subjected to treatments with fluralaner gained 32.8 kg more than the animals in the control group.ConclusionsApplication of fluralaner in summer and autumn, with 42-day intervals between treatments, was effective to control R. microplus on taurine cattle, which also gained more weight than control cattle. Additionally, no cases of myasis were documented in animals treated with fluralaner.Graphical

Utilization of Wungu leaf extract (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff.) in the formulation of spray sunscreen as a halal cosmetic preparation

Ultraviolet (UV) A and Ultraviolet (UV) B rays can also hurt the skin, and sunscreen helps keep the skin awake. Wungu leaf has some potential for sunscreen because it has antioxidant activity that allows it to absorb UV light. Besides considering the security aspect, the formulation of the sunscreen spray also observes the halal critical points of the ingredients used. This study aims to formulate a more comprehensive sunscreen spray halal extract of wungu leaves with variations in the concentration of glycerin, a humectant. Data collection techniques run through descriptive analysis. This is made with variations in glycerin concentration: 5%, 10%, and 15%. The availability of formulated physical evaluations then included organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, and test patterns of spraying. According to this study, availability in green, homogenous pH stands at 5.42 – 5.73, viscosity in the 1571 – 1983 cPs, and the targeting pattern at about 3 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm at 5.67 – 16.6 cm. Therefore, in this study, the conclusion is that the availability of sunscreen spray with variations of glycerin has more physical properties that could be used. The more glycerin is used, the more available viscosity will increase.

Action of Carduus marianus 6cH on Hepatopathy and Gallstone in Ambystoma mexicanum (Axolotl): Case Report.

Carduus marianus is a Mediterranean plant used for treating liver diseases. One of its properties is that it inhibits fat peroxidation, which can contribute toward the prevention of metabolites that are harmful to the liver. The aim of this study was to describe the treatment of fatty liver disease in an axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). An approximately 6-year-old female specimen of A. mexicanum, of length 21 cm and weight 153 g, presented edema in the rostral region and inappetence. Ultrasound showed hepatopathy and a gallbladder stone. A globule of C. marianus 6cH was diluted in 30 mL distilled water and administered in spray form over the animal twice a day. Twenty days after the beginning of the treatment, improvement of the facial edema and return of appetite were observed. Ultrasound showed improvement in the appearance of the liver and reduction in the size of the gallstone. The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy score was +9 in this case, thus suggesting a causal relationship between the use of homeopathic medicine and the clinical outcome. C. marianus 6cH appeared to be effective in treating fatty liver disease and gallstone in this specimen of A. mexicanum.

P80 natural essence spray and lozenges provide respiratory protection against Influenza A, B, and SARS-CoV-2

Seasonally circulating viruses, such as Influenza, as well as newly emerging viruses and variants thereof, and waning immunity urge the need for safe, easy-to-use and inexpensive drugs to protect from these challenges. To prevent transmission of these viruses and subsequent excessive inflammatory reactions on mucous membranes, we tested the efficacy of the natural essence P80 as spray and in form of lozenges against respiratory infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs), influenza A (H3N2) and influenza B (Victoria). P80 natural essence, a Dimocarpus longan extract, shielded highly differentiated human airway epithelia from SARS-CoV-2 wildtype and Omicron variant as well as Influenza A and B infection and dampened inflammation by down-modulating pro-inflammatory cytokine and anaphylatoxin secretion. A single application of P80 natural essence spray maintained tissue integrity long-term. This also significantly reduced the release of infectious viral particles and the secretion of IP10, MCP1, RANTES and C3a, all of which mediate the migration of immune cells to the sites of infection. Even P80 lozenges dissolved in distilled water or non-neutralizing saliva efficiently prevented SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza-induced tissue destruction. Consequently, our in vitro data suggest that P80 natural essence can act as antiviral prophylactic, both in form of nasal or oral spray and in form of lozenges, independent of circulating respiratory challenges.

Досвід застосування засобу «Біоплазмікс спрей для горла» в комплексному лікуванні гострих вірусних фарингітів у дітей з атопічним фоном

The problem of therapy of acute respiratory infections in children remains relevant. The most common infectious pathology of the upper respiratory tract in both children and adults is acute viral pharyngitis. Irrational prescribing of antibiotics leads to medication-induced side effects and the spread of resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics in society. Topical application of respiratory probiotics may be an important component in the supportive treatment of acute respiratory infections and reducing antibiotic dependence. The use of probiotics in children with an atopic background is of particular importance due to the possible occurrence of adverse reactions. Purpose - to assess the safety and effectiveness of the local application of Bioplasmix throat spray in the complex treatment of acute viral pharyngitis in children with an atopic background. Materials and methods. 45 children aged 6-18 years with acute viral pharyngitis took part in the study. 2 research groups were formed: the Group I - main (n=25) - received protocol treatment + Bioplasmix throat spray locally and the Group II - comparison (n=20) - only protocol treatment. All patients were assessed for the severity of clinical symptoms (fever, headache, sore throat, scratching, cough) and oropharyngoscopy data (hyperemia, swelling of the mucous membrane of the oropharynx, granularity of the back wall of the pharynx) on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 7th days of using the product. Results. The use of the local application of Bioplasmix throat spray for acute pharyngitis in children ensures a faster reduction in the severity of the main clinical manifestations and signs of inflammation of the oropharynx. In the Group I, compared to the Group II, there were better indicators of a decrease in the severity of cough (1.2±0.91 points vs. 1.76±0.85 points), a scratching (1.12±0.92 points vs. 1.7±0.86 points), sore throat (1.6±0.81 points vs. 2.23±0.76 points) and hyperemia of the pharynx (1.4±0.7 points vs. 2.1±0.9 points) from the 3rd day, swelling of the pharynx (1.22±0.86 points vs. 1.8±1.04 points) from the 4th day. Adverse reactions were not noted during the use of the local application of Bioplasmix throat spray. Conclusions. Local probiotic therapy is an important component of the complex therapy of acute pharyngitis, the use of bacteria of the genus Bacillus in the form of Bioplasmix throat spray shows a positive effect on the course of acute viral pharyngitis in children, which manifests by a faster decrease in the severity of subjective symptoms of pharyngitis and inflammatory signs of the oropharynx. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Influence of Cu Addition on the Wear Behavior of a Eutectic Al–12.6Si Alloy Developed by the Spray Forming Method

In the present study, the influence of the addition of copper (Cu) on the wear behavior of a Al-12.6Si eutectic alloy developed using the spray forming (SF) method was discussed, and the results were compared with those of as-cast (AC) alloys. The microstructural features of the alloys were examined using both optical and the scanning electron microscopy, and the chemical composition and phase identification were achieved by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results revealed that the microstructure of binary the SF alloy consisted of fine primary and eutectic Si phases, evenly distributed in the equiaxed α-Al matrix, whereas the Cu-based SF ternary alloy consisted of uniformly distributed fine eutectic Si particulates and spherical-shaped θ-Al2Cu precipitates, uniformly distributed in α-Al matrix. In contrast, the AC ternary (Al-12.6Si-2Cu) alloy consisted of unevenly dispersed eutectic Si needles and the coarse intermetallic compound θ-Al2Cu in the α-Al matrix. The addition of Cu enhanced the micro hardness of the SF ternary alloy by 8, 34, and 41% compared to that of the SF binary, AC ternary, and binary alloys, respectively. The wear test was conducted using a pin-on-disc wear testing machine at different loads (10–40 N) and sliding velocities (1–3 ms−1). The wear tests revealed that SF alloys exhibited an improved wear behavior in the entire applied load and sliding velocity range in comparison to that of the AC alloys. At a load of 40 N and a sliding velocity of 1 ms−1, the wear rate of the SF2 alloy is 62, 47, and 23% lower than that of the AC1, AC2, and SF1 alloys, respectively. Similarly, at a sliding velocity of 3 ms−1, the wear rate of the SF2 alloy is 52%, 42%, and 21% lower than that of the AC1, AC2, and SF1 alloys, respectively. The low wear rate in the SF2 alloy was due to the microstructural modification during spray forming, the precipitation of fine Al2Cu intermetallic compounds, and increased solid solubility. The SF alloys show an increased transition from oxidative to abrasive wear, while the AC alloys demonstrate wear mechanisms that change from oxidative to abrasive, including delamination, with an increase in sliding velocity and load.

Tanning Melanotan Jabs and Nasal Spray: Safe or Not?

Cultural values among young population are focused on the concept of skin tanning as a perception of health and attractiveness. This has populated the development of using synthetic tanning agents especially with the advertisement coming from the social media. Synthetic tanning agents in forms of nasal spray or injections have gained publicity of use within society through the web and other uncontrolled sourcing routes. Warnings have been issued by UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, and Irish Medicines Board against the use of subcutaneous injections labelled as Melanotan, after the upsurge in consuming tanning injections that has noticed in recent years [1].

A Study to Develop a Device to Aid in the Administration of Corticosteroid Nasal Spray to Improve Efficacy

Allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis represent conditions stemming from two pivotal pathophysiological factors: hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation.(Bjermer et al., 2019; Liva et al., 2021; Nur Husna et al., 2022) Patients afflicted with chronic rhinosinusitis experience symptoms that profoundly impact their quality of life. (Sapsaprang et al., 2015) Consequently, treatment guidelines consistently advocate for the utilization of intranasal corticosteroids (INC) in cases of severe disease or disruptive symptoms. (Bousquet et al., 2020; Dykewicz et al., 2020; Emeryk et al., 2019; Scadding et al., 2017) However, clinical evidence suggests that during episodes of nasal mucosal inflammation, tissue edema can hinder the comprehensive dispersion of INC particles into deeper nasal recesses, thus impeding their therapeutic reach to affected regions. (Abdelhafeez, 2022; Rollema et al., 2022; Sher & Ross, 2014) Conversely, presently available nasal spray formulations, particularly aqueous solutions commonly employed in Thailand, exhibit limitations in achieving efficient particle dispersion. Consequently, the effective delivery of INC is significantly contingent upon proper medication administration techniques, including bottle priming and synchronized inhalation during actuation. Literature reviews have divulged that many INC users frequently mismanage or inefficiently apply the medication, particularly during the actuation process.(Al-Rasheedi, 2023; May & Dolen, 2019) Common issues include improper alignment of the nasal spray nozzle, inadequate force exerted during actuation, and failure to synchronize inhalation with medication release, collectively contributing to suboptimal treatment outcomes.

Manufacturing and formulation of natural products based on the Chitosan as active ingredientin the forms of gel and spray

The purpose of this work is to make based on natural polysaccharide compounds such as chitosan for the microorganism testwhich led to the destruction of Escherichia coli bacteria, Candida albicans vegetative cells and Aspergillus niger spores and Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). Chitosan products in the forms of gel and spray have bactericidal, fungicidal and virucidal properties as antiseptic products. Chitosan polysaccharides with high molecular weight are extracted from aquatic organisms such as shrimp.Physical and chemical analysis, identification test of Chitosan as active ingredient and also non-sensitizing test of these products in the forms of gel and spray have been done on the rabbit's skin that did not show no sensitivity and inflammation. It seems that natural products in the forms of gels and sprays based on chitosan, as alternative products for alcohol and chemical compounds, have a useful and promising role as antiseptic in eliminating bacteria, fungi and viruses left on the skin of the hands.

Effectiveness of Citronella and Basil Essential Oil Spray as Repellents against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

Background: In 2023, Dengue Fever cases in Indonesia reached 35,694 cases from January to May. Dengue Fever is caused by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Mosquito control efforts have been widely conducted, including the use of chemical insecticides. The use of chemical insecticides can lead to environmental contamination and cause skin irritation. An alternative approach that can be taken is to use natural insecticides. One of the natural insecticides that can be used as a repellent is citronella and basil essential oils. Citronella and basil essential oils contain geraniol and citronellal, which can cause mortality in mosquitoes. This study intends to evaluate the effectiveness of a spray mixture of basil leaves and citronella essential oil as a mosquito repellent. Materials and Methods: Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, basil leaf essential oil, citronella essential oil, propylene glycol, glycerin, butylated hydroxytoluena and etanol 96% v/v. Subsequently, an evaluation of physical properties was conducted, including organoleptic testing, pH, and viscosity evaluation, as well as irritation and repellent activity test. Results: The spray formulations in the control and F1 are clear in color, while F2 and F3 are clear with a slightly yellowish hue. The scent produced has the characteristic smell of citronella. The pH and viscosity tests resulted in pH values consistent with the skin's pH range of 4.5-7 and viscosity within the range of 1-1000 Cp. The spray formulation did not irritate after 48 hours of observation. The results of the effectiveness test indicate that F2 can protect against mosquito bites for 1 hour, while F3 can protect for 3 hours. Conclusion: Citronella essential oil and basil leaves are effective as a repellent for the Aedes aegypti mosquito for 3 hours of use in concentration 15%.

Benzodiazepines for the Treatment of Seizure Clusters.

Patients with epilepsy may experience seizure clusters, which are described by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as intermittent, stereotypic episodes of frequent seizure activity that are distinct from a patient's usual seizure pattern. Untreated seizure clusters may increase the risk for status epilepticus, as well as decrease quality of life and increase burden on patients and care partners. Benzodiazepine therapies are the mainstay for acute treatment of seizure clusters and are often administered by nonmedical care partners outside a healthcare facility. Three rescue therapies are currently FDA-approved for this indication, with diazepam rectal gel being the first in 1997, for patients aged ≥ 2 years. Limitations of rectal administration (e.g., positioning and disrobing the patient, which may affect ease of use and social acceptability; interpatient variation in bioavailability) led to the investigation of the potential for nasal administration as an alternative. Midazolam nasal spray (MDS) was approved by the FDA in 2019 for patients aged ≥ 12 years and diazepam nasal spray (DNS) in 2020 for patients aged ≥ 6 years; these two intranasal therapies have differences in their formulations [e.g., organic solvents (MDS) vs. Intravail and vitamin E for absorption and solubility (DNS)], effectiveness (e.g., proportion of seizure clusters requiring only one dose), and safety profiles. In clinical studies, the proportion of seizure clusters for which only one dose of medication was used varied between the three approved rescue therapies with the highest single-dose rate for any time period for DNS; however, although studies for all three preparations enrolled patients with highly intractable epilepsy, inclusion and exclusion criteria varied, so the three cannot be directly compared. Treatments that have been used off-label for seizure clusters in the USA include midazolam for injection as an intranasal spray (indicated for sedation/anxiolysis/amnesia and anesthesia) and tablet forms of clonazepam (indicated for treatment for seizure disorders) and lorazepam (indicated for anxiety). In the European Union, buccal and intranasal midazolam are used for treating the indication of prolonged, acute convulsive seizures and rectal diazepam solution for the indication of epileptic and febrile convulsions; duration of effectiveness for these medications for the treatment of seizure clusters has not been established. This paper examines the literature context for understanding seizure clusters and their treatment and provides effectiveness, safety, and administration details for the three FDA-approved rescue therapies. Additionally, other medications that are used for rescue therapy in the USA and globally are discussed. Finally, the potential benefits of seizure action plans and candidates for their use are addressed. This paper is intended to provide details about the unique characteristics of rescue therapies for seizure clusters to help clarify appropriate treatment for individual patients.

Simultaneous HPLC method development for azelastine HCl and fluticasone propionate nasal spray formulation

Abstract: Azelastine HCl and Fluticasone Propionate nasal spray drug product is commonly used to treat moderate to severe allergic rhinitis and rhino-conjunctivitis. To date, a simultaneous HPLC method for active sub-stances and impurities of this product has not been reported. Acetonitrile and buffer (Octane-1-Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt and Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate) were used as a mobile phase. The separation was achieved using Phenomenex Phenyl-hexyl (150 cm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column at 1 mL/min flow rate in gradient elution mode. The chromatograms were monitored at 240 nm. The validation parameters such as linearity, limit of quantification, limit of detection, accuracy, precision, robustness and specificity were investigated for the nasal spray. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the development and validation of an efficient analytical method for assessing the quality and stability of a combination of Azelastine HCl and Fluticasone Propionate nasal spray.

Perspectives on Tribological Properties of Spray Formed Al–Pb Alloys

AbstractThis article addresses the tribological characteristics and the influence of mechanical work on the porosity of spray formed Al–Si–Pb alloys. Al‐alloys are extensively utilized in industry due to their self‐lubricant qualities, particularly in the bearing company. In the case of immiscible alloys, the spray approach is the most convenient way to adopt since it allows for single‐step fabrication. The spray process has a high cooling rate, which affects the microstructure of alloys and results in equiaxed grain morphology. Spray deposition and several factors affecting to it are discussed here. This study examines the effect of secondary processes such as cold rolling, hot rolling, extrusion, and so on on porosity, hardness, tensile strength, and tribological behavior. A comprehensive knowledge of the principles of spray techniques and their respective influence on tribological properties are discussed in this perspective by comparing the available literatures, and a future scope for better development is emphasized.