Spray-drying Technique Research Articles

Spray-dried tenofovir alafenamide-chitosan nanoparticles loaded oleogels as a long-acting injectable depot system of anti-HIV drug

The development of suitable drug delivery systems for prolonged action against HIV receives great attention in recent research. Herein, a long-acting injectable (LAI) of Tenofovir alafenamide-chitosan polymeric nanoparticles loaded oleogels developed with sesame oil and ethyl cellulose for prolonged release of the drug is reported for the first time. The research resulted with unique long-acting parenteral formulation for chronic anti-retroviral therapy, based on our experimental in-vitro and ex-vivo studies. The chitosan nanoparticles with 49 % drug content were produced through the spray-drying technique and characterized for their size (106–540 nm) and the other physico-chemical features through SEM, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and DSC. The ethyl cellulose and sesame oil oleogels were developed through a heat-cool process by incorporating the drug-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. The oleogels exhibited extended release (56 %) of the drug for 16 days, which could be prolonged further to achieve the maximum drug release. Also, the ex-vivo permeation studies of the nanoparticles loaded oleogels demonstrated about 10-fold decrease in the flux and the permeation of the drug due to prolonged release of the drug across dual barriers of chitosan nanoparticles and ethyl cellulose gel matrix. The result provided proof-of-evidence that the developed Tenofovir alafenamide-chitosan polymeric nanoparticles loaded with ethyl cellulose oleogels could be potentially used as the long-acting injectable system for the treatment of patients infected with HIV/AIDS.

Stable Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Eplerenone Prepared with Water Soluble Polymer by Spray Drying Technique

Class II in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System, eplerenone (EPL) is a selective aldosterone antagonist. Due to its poor solubility, EPL has limited bioavailability. Here, an innovative spray-drying method was used to transform a water soluble polymer into an amorphous dispersion of the EPL. Different polymer SOL/EPL ratios were tested to determine EPL’s solubility and dissolution enhancement properties. In order to learn more about the physical and chemical properties of this novel amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), methods like powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size distribution (PSD) using a Malvern instrument, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. There was no chemical interaction between the binary mixture of EPL and SOL which was confirmed from the FTIR spectra obtained. The enhancement in the solubility and dissolution of EPL and binary mixture prepared were due to the amorphous conversion of EPL in the SOL polymer (amorphous solid dispersion), which was confirmed from DSC thermogram, PXRD spectra obtained and was also confirmed from the solubility study, in-vitro dissolution study. Finally, ex-vivo intestinal absorption study performed on the goat intestine using amorphous solid dispersion and pure EPL, also improved intestinal absorption of EPL through amorphous solid dispersion prepared.

Sasol ECOFT and Deutsche Aircraft join forces to accelerate power-to-liquid (PTL) aiming for carbon-neutral flight

T he dissolution rates of indomethacin (IMC) and nifedipine (NIF) as poorly water-soluble model drugs have been significantly improved by encapsulating their molecules in the porous structure of engineered-particles of lactose as a new biocompatible porous carrier. The formulation method used in this study utilized a template-based spray-drying technique for in-situ production of porous lactose followed by two solvent-based drug-loading methods: (i) adsorption from organic solution, and (ii) incipient wetness impregnation to incorporate the drugs inside the porous lactose. In both cases, the results of DSC and XRD have revealed the deposition of nano-sized crystals of drugs inside the nanopores due to the nanoconfinement phenomenon. Greater extents of drug loadings have been achieved during the indomethacin adsorption due to the hydrogen-bonding interaction with the surface of lactose, as determined by FTIR spectroscopy. The in vitro release studies in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) have shown faster release rates for the impregnated particles compared with drug-loaded particles via the adsorption method.

From Sweet Corn By-Products to Carotenoid-Rich Encapsulates for Food Applications

In the present study, carotenoids were recovered from processing sweet corn by-products (SCB). The total carotenoid content determined in the SCB extract was 1.19 mg/100 g DW, and the principal carotenoids identified by the HPLC technique were zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and lutein. Freeze- and spray-drying techniques were applied for the encapsulation of SCB extract; for this purpose, four different wall materials were used: two proteins (soy and pea) and two carbohydrates (maltodextrin and inulin). The physicochemical characteristics of eight encapsulates were determined to assess their stability. The obtained results indicate that, by using the freeze-drying method, better water activity, moisture content as well as encapsulation efficiency were achieved. Spray-drying resulted in better flowing properties. All obtained encapsulates were microbiologically safe for food applications due to the fact that the obtained results are in agreement with the requirements for consumer safety, i.e., for further food applications and scale-up processes. Chemometric classification and ranking techniques were applied to observe potential grouping among the investigated encapsulates and to select the most favorable encapsulates regarding the used wall materials and encapsulation techniques for the assessment of sustainability in food products. The most suitable wall material and encapsulation technique for the assessment of sustainability in food products was produced by freeze-drying pea protein as a wall material (FDP).

Enhanced antimicrobial, antibiofilm and ecotoxic activities of nanoencapsulated carvacrol and thymol as compared to their free counterparts

Essential oils active components emerged as captivating antimicrobials to control biofilms developed on food contact surfaces. Free and nanoencapsulated carvacrol (CAR) and thymol (THY) were assessed as antimicrobials against Salmonella Enteritidis biofilms adhered to stainless steel. The developed spherical nanocapsules using the spray-drying technique showed an average size ranged between 159.25 and 234.76 nm and zeta potential values ranged between 23.60 and 24.66 mV. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of free THY and CAR were both 1.25 mg L−1. Nanoencapsulation reduced MIC values to 0.62 mg L−1 (THY) and 0.31 mg L−1 (CAR). Furthermore, the exposure to free and nanoencapsulated CAR and THY induced a destabilization of bacterial membranes with obvisous morphological deformations and a pronounced leakage of potassium ions and green fluorescent proteins. Eradication of S. Enteritidis biofilms developed on stainless steel was achieved following a 15 min treatment with nanoencapsulated CAR and THY at 2 MIC. Free antimicrobial exposures induced up to 4.27 log CFU cm−2 reductions. Additionally, the ecotoxicity tests against Daphnia magna crustaceans reported a non-toxicity of both free and nanoencapsulated CAR and THY after 48 h exposure. Thereby, both CAR and THY antimicrobials proved to be promising natural surface disinfectants that require further exploration and incorporation in food industries.

Effect of Different Drying Processing Method on the Physicochemical Properties of Watermelon Powder

Watermelon is a seasonal fruit high in essential ingredients such as lycopene. Due to high water content and water activity, watermelon fruit is susceptible to microbial and enzymatic deterioration. Thus, drying fruit juices into powders has been one of the common methods used to preserve the fruit. A study was conducted to produce watermelon powders using spray dryer and freeze dryer techniques. The major concern is to produce high-quality watermelon fruit powders. Four watermelon extract samples were used on two concentrations of maltodextrin, which were 5% and 13% towards spray drying and freeze-drying technique. The powders were analysed for water content, water activity, colour, and solubility. Results demonstrated that the water activity of watermelon powder using the spray drying technique is less than freeze-drying (0.23-0.27 and 0.44-0.47, respectively). The colour analysis showed that freeze-dried watermelon powder has higher redness (a* value), and yellowness (b* value) than the spray dried powder. The water content of the watermelon powder showed that spray-drying yields lower water content than freeze-drying techniques for both 5% (w/w) and 13% (w/w) of maltodextrin. The solubility of the watermelon powder showed that freeze-drying has a higher solubility time than spray drying. The study found that the spray drying technique is the preferable method to preserve and producing high quality watermelon powder.

Impact of Freeze- and Spray-Drying Microencapsulation Techniques on β-Glucan Powder Biological Activity: A Comparative Study.

The study compares the impact of freeze- and spray-drying (FD, SD) microencapsulation methods on the content of β-glucan, total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), phenolic acids (PA), and antioxidant activity (AA) in commercially β-glucan powder (Pleurotus ostreatus) using maltodextrin as a carrier. Morphology (scanning electron microscopy- SEM), yield, moisture content (MC), and water activity (aw) were also evaluated in the samples. Our examinations revealed significant structural differences between powders microencapsulated by the drying methods. As compared to non-encapsulated powder, the SD powder with yield of 44.38 ± 0.55% exhibited more reduced (p < 0.05) values for aw (0.456 ± 0.001) and MC (8.90 ± 0.44%) than the FD one (yield: 27.97 ± 0.33%; aw: 0.506 ± 0.002; MC: 11.30 ± 0.28%). In addition, the highest values for β-glucan content (72.39 ± 0.38%), TPC (3.40 ± 0.17 mg GAE/g), and TFC (3.07 ± 0.29 mg QE/g) have been detected in the SD powder. Our results allow for the conclusion that the SD microencapsulation method using maltodextrin seems to be more powerful in terms of the β-glucan powder yield and its contents of β-glucan, TP, and TF as compared to the FD technique.

Gastro-Resistant Microparticles Produced by Spray-Drying as Controlled Release Systems for Liposoluble Vitamins.

In the present study, gastro-resistant microparticles (MPs) were produced using the spray-drying technique as controlled-release systems for some model liposoluble vitamins, including retinyl-palmitate, retinyl-acetate, β-carotene, cholecalciferol and α-tocopherol. The gastroprotective action of three different gastro-resistant excipients, the anionic methacrylic copolymer (Eudraguard®® Biotic, E1207), the cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) and whey proteins (WPs), was compared. The latter was used to produce a novel delivery system manufactured with only food-derived components, such as milk, and showed several improvements over the two synthetic gastro-resistant agents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a quite homogeneous spherical shape of all microparticle batches, with an average diameter between 7 and 15 μm. FTIR analysis was used to evaluate the effective incorporation of vitamins within the microparticles and the absence of any degradation to the components of the formulation. The comparison graphs of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed that the spray drying technique generates a solid in which the physical interactions between the excipients and the vitamins are very strong. Release studies showed a prominent pH-controlled release and partially a delayed-release profile. Ex vivo permeation studies of retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate and α-tocopherol revealed greater transmucosal permeation capacity for microparticles produced with the WPs and milk.

Food-Grade Microencapsulation Systems to Improve Protection of the Epigallocatechin Gallate.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a catechin and one of the most abundant polyphenols in green tea, and it is under research for its potential benefit to human health and for its potential to be used in disease treatments, such as for cancer. However, the effectiveness of polyphenols depends on preserving their bioactivity, stability, and bioavailability. The EGCG was microencapsulated by a spray-drying process, using different biopolymers as encapsulating agents (gum arabic, modified chitosan and sodium alginate), in order to overcome some of the limitations of this compound. The microparticles showed a diameter around 4.22 to 41.55 µm (distribution in volume) and different morphologies and surfaces, depending on the encapsulating agent used. The EGCG release was total, and it was achieved in less than 21 min for all the formulations tested. The EGCG encapsulation efficiency ranged between 78.5 and 100.0%. The release profiles were simulated and evaluated using three kinetic models: Korsmeyer–Peppas (R2: 0.739–0.990), Weibull (R2: 0.963–0.994) and Baker–Lonsdale (R2: 0.746–0.993). The Weibull model was the model that better adjusted to the experimental EGCG release values. This study proves the success of the EGCG microencapsulation, using the spray-drying technique, opening the possibility to insert dried EGCG microparticles in different food and nutraceutical products.

Spray-Dried Griseofulvin-Lactose Matrix for Enhanced Solubility Using a Spray-Drying Biochemical Process

Griseofulvin (GF) is a hydrophobic drug with a low solubility. In order to improve the solubility of GF, which has low water solubility, this report uses the spray-drying technique to prepare complexes with lactose to promote the solubility and oral bioavailability of GF. The solution samples were spray dried using different ratios of ethanol or acetone solutions as dissolution media. By characterization of the obtained spray-dried powders, we found that the solubility of the different groups of samples obtained by spray drying was increased, and similarly, their dissolution rates were also increased to different degrees. By comparison, the greatest increase in solubility was obtained in an aqueous acetone solution, showing the greatest ability and efficiency of acetone in promoting the solubility of GF during the spray-drying process.

Encapsulated phenolic compounds from Ferula gummosa leaf: A potential phytobiotic against Campylobacter jejuni infection

This research was performed to encapsulate the phenolic-rich fraction (PRF) obtained from Ferula gummosa (F. gummosa) leaves by utilizing the spray-drying technique. Further, the physicochemical properties and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the PRF were evaluated against Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) infection in mice. The results showed that the PRF encapsulated in modified starch, maltodextrin, and whey protein concentrate as wall material possessed a capsulation efficiency of 83.7% with a particle size of 314.6 nm. The phytochemical analysis of developed phytobiotic confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, vanillic acid, pyrogallol, cinnamic acid, ellagic acid, naringin, and chrysin. The developed phytobiotic could potentially improve the growth parameters, liver enzymes, and lipid peroxidation, enhance the ileum's morphometric parameters, and inhibit the ileal population of C. jejuni in the mice challenged by C. jejuni infection. Consequently, the phytobiotic developed based on F. gummosa leaf phenolic compounds could be considered a promising natural alternative to antibiotics. Practical applications There is an increasing interest in the use of medicinal plants as natural alternatives to synthetic drugs to combat antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Microencapsulated products are extensively utilized in a wide spectrum of life science technologies, that is, healthcare, biosensors and biomedicine, cosmetics, veterinary medicine, and agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. Microencapsulation is simple, low cost, and one of the approaches to protect and improve the stability of natural bioactive components, including phenolic components. Encapsulation by the spray-drying technique is a feasible approach to secure plant bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and to increase chemical/biological stability thereof. The microencapsulated phenolics from Ferula gummosa leaves investigated in the present study could be a promising and sustainable phytobiotic approach to combat campylobacter jejuni infections without any side effects.

Production of high loading insulin nanoparticles suitable for oral delivery by spray drying and freeze drying techniques

Insulin nanoparticles (NPs) with high loading content have found diverse applications in different dosage forms. This work aimed to evaluate the impact of freeze-drying and spray drying process on the structures of insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, with or without mannitol as cryoprotectants. We also assessed the quality of these nanoparticles by redissolving them. Before dehydration, the chitosan/sodium tripolyphosphate/insulin crosslinked nanoparticles were optimized to 318 nm of particle size, 0.18 of PDI, 99.4% of entrapment efficiency, and 25.01% of loading content. After reconstitution, all nanoparticles, except the one produced by the freeze-drying method without using mannitol, maintained their spherical particle structure. The nanoparticles dehydrated by spray drying without mannitol also showed the smallest mean particle size (376 nm) and highest loading content (25.02%) with similar entrapment efficiency (98.7%) and PDI (0.20) compared to mannitol-containing nanoparticles dehydrated by either spray drying or freeze-drying techniques. The nanoparticles dried by spray drying without mannitol also resulted in the fastest release and highest cellular uptake efficacy of insulin. This work shows that spray drying can dehydrate insulin nanoparticles without the need for cryoprotectants, creating a significant advantage in terms of greater loading capacity with lower additive requirements and operating costs as compared to conventional freeze drying approaches.

Microencapsulation of probiotic starter culture in protein–carbohydrate carriers using spray and freeze-drying processes: Implementation in whey-based beverages

The production of functional beverages has gained more attention because of growing consumers' interest in personal health. The process of carrier production and characterization of a novel type of protein-carbohydrate carriers for functional beverages with a focus on cell protection during fermentation, gastrointestinal, and storage conditions are shown in this study. Probiotic starter culture was microencapsulated using spray and freeze-drying techniques and then implemented in whey-based beverages. Encapsulation materials used are whey protein concentrate, whey, and sodium alginate. The encapsulation efficiency results were over 76.8% and 81.4%, after spray and freeze-drying respectively, depending on the carrier formulation. The culture in freeze-dried carriers reached a higher survival rate (>7.5 log 10 (CFUg −1 )) than one's encapsulated by spray-drying technique during storage. Microencapsulation of the culture significantly improved cell viability in gastrointestinal and storage conditions compared with free cells. Usage of both encapsulation techniques showed potential regarding cell preservation in production and storage. • Probiotic starter culture was microencapsulated by spray and freeze-dying methods. • Survivability of the culture is higher in the carriers with the addition of WPC. • SEM showed cell adhesion affinity especially for the carriers with WPC. • Protein–carbohydrate carriers improved cell preservation in GI and storage conditions. • The culture was successfully implemented in beverages, and viability remained high.

Recent Advances in Water-Soluble Vitamins Delivery Systems Prepared by Mechanical Processes (Electrospinning and Spray-Drying Techniques) for Food and Nutraceuticals Applications-A Review.

Water-soluble vitamins are essential micronutrients in diets and crucial to biochemical functions in human body physiology. These vitamins are essential for healthy diets and have a preventive role against diseases. However, their limitations associated with high sensitivity against external conditions (temperature, light, pH, moisture, oxygen) can lead to degradation during processing and storage. In this context, microencapsulation may overcome these conditions, protecting a biomolecule’s bioavailability, stability, and effectiveness of delivery. This technique has been used to produce delivery systems based on polymeric agents that surround the active compounds. The present review focuses on the most relevant topics of water-soluble vitamin encapsulation using promising methods to produce delivery vehicles—electrohydrodynamic (electrospinning and electrospraying) and spray-drying techniques. An overview of the suitable structures produced by these processes is provided. The review introduces the general principles of the methods, advantages, disadvantages, and involved parameters. A brief list of the used physicochemical techniques for the systems’ characterization is discussed in this review. Electrospinning and spray-drying techniques are the focus of this investigation in order to guarantee vitamins’ bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Recent studies and the main encapsulating agents used for these micronutrients in both processes applied to functional food and nutraceutical areas are highlighted in this review.

High-performance supercapacitor based on a ternary nanocomposites of NiO, polyaniline, and Ni/NiO-decorated MWCNTs

BackgroundAlthough high theoretical capacitance, low cost, and superior cycling reversibility make NiO a promising material for preparing supercapacitors, poor conductivity and ionic transport have limited its applicability. MethodsTo overcome these drawbacks, in this study we prepared ternary composites from porous NiO nanosheets, polyaniline:poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI:PSS), and Ni/NiO-decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Using a spray-drying technique, the conductive PANI:PSS was bound tightly to the porous NiO nanosheets to form PANI:PSS/NiO (P-NiO) microspheres. Here, the PANI:PSS infiltrated the nanopores of NiO and modified the NiO surface, thereby decreasing the internal resistance and avoiding restacking of the NiO nanosheets. Moreover, we synthesized MWCNTs decorated with Ni/NiO dual-phase nanoparticles; here, the deposition of the Ni/NiO nanoparticles improved both the electrical conductivity and capacitive behavior of the MWCNTs. Significant findingsAs a result, the modified MWCNTs (m-MWCNTs) functioned as a novel additive that lowered the external resistance among the P-NiO microspheres. An asymmetric supercapacitor employing the designed ternary system and active carbon as electrodes achieved a remarkable specific capacitance of 105.6 F/g at 0.5 A/g, a maximum energy density of 33 W h/kg, and superior cycling stability.

Operando investigation on the fast two-phase transition kinetics of LiFePO4/C composite cathodes with carbon additives for lithium-ion batteries

In this study, we demonstrate the effect of adding one-dimensional (1D) vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) as a carbon additive to increase the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4 cathode. Because, the 1D VGCF structure can provide rapid and long-pathways for electron transfer and regulate a better phase transition effect on LiFePO4 cathode compared to the other-dimensional carbon additives. Here, the olivine-type LiFePO4/C composite (LFP/C) cathode is basically derived from a sol-gel method, followed by a spray-dry technique to obtain a homogenous spherical morphology. The carbon additives of 0D super P, 1D VGCF and 2D or 3D porous reduced graphene oxide (PGO) nanosheets containing cathodes-based, such as bare LFP/C, LFP/C/VGCF and LFP/C/PGO, half-cells were fabricated and tested at a cut-off voltage of 2.0 – 3.8 V (vs. Li/Li+). Interestingly, the LFP/C/VGCF showed better performance than the bare LFP/C and LFP/C/PGO. Especially at high-rate cycle-life, the LFP/C/VGCF cathode attained capacity retention of 100% for 100 cycles at 1C/1C and 98.83% for 100 cycles at 1C/10C. It is due to the higher electronic conductivity (ca. 2.36 × 10−4 S cm−1) and Li+ ion diffusion coefficient (ca. 2.56 × 10−13 cm2 s−1) of LFP/C/VGCF cathode than the other electrodes. It can also provide better reversibility in a phase transition of LiFePO4/FePO4 phases during the charge/discharge cycle, further confirmed by in-situ XRD and micro-Raman techniques. The results indicated that the LFP/C/VGCF cathode displayed much faster kinetics behavior than bare LFP/C cathode.

Microencapsulation of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium extract using pectin as a carrier matrix and its characterization

Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz (LS, Fabaceae) is one of the folklore medicines in Thailand. The previous studies have demonstrated several pharmacological activities and high polyphenolic substances possessed by this plant. However, the suitable encapsulation of LS extract has not been discovered. This study aimed to develop LS microcapsules using spray-drying technique with pectin as a carrier. Moreover, the powder analysis and characterization were also conducted. The effects of inlet temperatures (80, 100, and 120°C) and carrier concentrations (1, 5, and 10 %w/v) on the encapsulation yield (EY), encapsulation efficiency (EE), total phenolic content (TPC), and main markers (trilobatin and yanangdaengin) of LS microcapsules were studied. Finally, the characterization was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results indicated that S2 microcapsule formulation, pectin to extract ratio 10:1 (w/w) at inlet temperature of 100°C, was chosen as the optimal condition because of the positive tendency to acquire higher EE as pectin level was increased. On the contrary, the level of TPC and markers was reduced due to the more addition of pectin. The FTIR, XRD, and DSC results suggested that the well-encapsulated microcapsules were obtained for S2 formulation and SEM represented the semi-spherical structure of its microstructures. The development of LS microcapsules with the proximity to gain the advantageous powder analysis and characteristic has been achieved. Therefore, this approach could be used for the subsequent manufacturing of LS extract.

Dual targeting powder formulation of antiviral agent for customizable nasal and lung deposition profile through single intranasal administration

Unpredictable outbreaks due to respiratory viral infections emphasize the need for new drug delivery strategies to the entire respiratory tract. As viral attack is not limited to a specific anatomic region, antiviral therapy that targets both the upper and lower respiratory tract would be most effective. This study aimed to formulate tamibarotene, a retinoid derivative previously reported to display broad-spectrum antiviral activity against influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), as a novel dual particle size powder formulation that targets both the nasal cavity and the lung by a single route of intranasal administration. Spray freeze drying (SFD) and spray drying (SD) techniques were employed to prepare tamibarotene powder formulations, and cyclodextrin was used as the sole excipient to enhance drug solubility. With the employment of appropriate atomizing nozzles, particles of size above 10 μm and below 5 μm could be produced for nasal and lung deposition, respectively. The aerosol performance of the powder was evaluated using Next Generation Impactor (NGI) coupled with a glass expansion chamber and the powder was dispersed with a nasal powder device. By blending powder of two different particle sizes, a single powder formulation with dual aerosol deposition characteristic in both the nasal and pulmonary regions was produced. The aerosol deposition fractions in the nasal cavity and pulmonary region could be modulated by varying the powder mixing ratio. All dry powder formulations exhibited spherical structures, amorphous characteristics and improved dissolution profile as compared to the unformulated tamibarotene. Overall, a novel dual targeting powder formulation of tamibarotene exhibiting customizable aerosol deposition profile was developed. This exceptional formulation strategy can be adopted to deliver other antimicrobial agents to the upper and lower airways for the prevention and treatment of human respiratory infections.

Double layer encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus by Emulsion and spray-drying Techniques: Study of characteristics and survival of microcapsules under simulated gastrointestinal conditions

Double layer encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus by Emulsion and spray-drying Techniques: Study of characteristics and survival of microcapsules under simulated gastrointestinal conditions

Physicochemical Properties and Whey Proteomes of Camel Milk Powders Produced by Different Concentration and Dehydration Processes.

Camel milk powder production is an alternative to preserve the perishable milk for later-date consumption. However, the impacts of dehydration processes on bioactive compounds in camel milk are largely unknown. Hence, the present study attempted to compare the physicochemical properties and protein profiles of camel milk powders produced by different concentration and dehydration processes. Six camel milk powders were produced by freeze- and spray-drying methods in conjunction with two liquid concentration techniques, namely spray dewatering and reverse osmosis. The results of proteomic analysis showed that direct freeze-dried camel milk powder had the least changes in protein profile, followed by direct spray-dried powder. The camel milk powders that underwent concentration processes had more profound changes in their protein profiles. Among the bioactive proteins identified, lactotransferrin and oxidase/peroxidase had the most significant decreases in concentration following processing. On the contrary, glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1, peptidoglycan recognition protein 1, and osteopontin increased in concentration. The results revealed that direct freeze drying was the most ideal method for preserving the bioactive proteins during camel milk powder production. However, the freeze-drying technique has cost and scalability constraints, and the current spray-drying technique needs improvement to better retain the bioactivity of camel milk during powder processing.